Reference
- Abbanat D, Macielag M, Bush K. Novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 379–399 (2003).
- Livermore D. B-Lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance. Clin. Microbial Rev. 8, 557–584 (1995).
- NCCLS. Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters; approved guideline — second edition. M23-A2 (2001).
- NCCLS. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: fourteenth information supplement. NCCLS document M100-S14 (2004).
- Ziha-Zarifi I, Llanes C, Kohler T, Pechere JC, Plesiat P. In vivo emergence of multi-drug resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa overexpressing the active efflux system MexA—MexB—OprM. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 287–291 (1999).
- Blazquez J, Negri MC, Morosini MI, Gomez-Gomez JM, Baquero F. A237T as a modulating mutation in naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM-type (3-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 1042–1044 (1998).
- Davies TA, Evangelista A, Pfleger S, Bush K, Sahm DF, Goldschmidt R. Prevalence of single mutations in topoisomerase Type II genes among levofloxacin-susceptible clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the United States in 1992 to 1999 to 2000. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 119–124 (2002).
- Jorgensen JH, Weigel LM, Swenson JM, Whitney CG, Ferraro MJ, Tenover FC. Activities of clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin and trovafloxacin against recent clinical isolates of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 44, 2962–2968 (2000).
- Davies TA, Goldschmidt R, Pfleger S, et al Cross-resistance, relatedness and allele analysis of fluoroquinolone-resistant United States clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1998-2000).j Antimicrob. Chemother 52, 168–175 (2003).
- Weigel LM, Anderson GJ, Facklam RR, Tenover FC. Genetic analyses of mutations contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 45,3517–3523 (2001).
- Sifaoui F, Lamour V, Varon E, Moras D, Gutmann L. ATP-bound conformation of topoisomerase IV: a possible target for quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacterial 185, 6137–6146 (2003).
- Pan XS, Fisher LM. Cloning and characterization of theparC andparE genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae encoding DNA topoisomerase IV: role in fluoroquinolone resistance. J. Bacterial 178, 4060–4069 (1996).
- BrenwaM NP, Gill MJ, Wise R. Prevalence of a putative efflux mechanism among fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 42, 2032–2035 (1998).
- Girard AE, Girard D, English AR, et al. Pharmacokinetic and in vivo studies with azithromycin (CP-62,993), a new macrolide with an extended half-life and excellent tissue distribution. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 31, 1948–1954 (1987).
Website
- Lahey Clinic website Jacoby G, Bush K. Amino acid sequences for TEM, SHY and OXA extended-spectrum and inhibitor resistant (3-lactamases. http://www.lahey.org/Studies/?D=http://w ww.lahey.org/studies/webt.htm&C=404 Accessed March 2004