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Review

Significance, management and prevention of Streptococcus agalactiae infection during the perinatal period

Pages 427-437 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

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  • •• Very recent, very interesting and very comprehensive paper on the incidence and epidemiology of group B streptococcus (GBS) infection in a country outside the USA.
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  • •Very interesting paper describing a genetic approach for identifying genes that might differentiate virulent from less-virulent GBS isolates.
  • Tettelin H, Masignanin V, Cieslewicz MJ, et al. Complete genome sequence and comparative genomic analysis of an emerging human pathogen, serotype V Streptococcus agalactiae. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA 99,12391–12396 (2002).
  • ••Key paper revealing the genomicsequence of GBS serotype V and comparing the genome with that of Streptococcus pneumonicte and Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • Glaser P, Rusniok C, Buchrieser C, et al. Genome sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae, a pathogen causing invasive neonatal disease. Mal. Microbial 45, 1499–1513 (2002).
  • ••Second key paper on the completegenome analysis of GBS, this time of serotype III, revealing several pathogenicity islands within the genome.
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  • •Excellent paper reporting on the initial response of the blood—brain barrier to the B-hemolysin/cytolysin and the capsular polysaccharides of GBS.
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  • •Innovative paper describing a new surface protein of GBS associated with virulence by protecting the bacterium from opsonophagocytosis and by cleavage of fibrinogen.
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  • •Very fascinating study investigating the role of a penicillin-binding protein of GBS on evading the host's immune response.
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  • •Interesting study investigating the role of interleukin (IL)-18 in a neonatal murine model of GBS disease and indicating a potential role of recombinant IL-18 for treatment of GBS infection.
  • Medvedev AE, Flo T, Ingalls RR, et al. Involvement of CD14 and complement receptors CR3 and CR4 in nuclear factor-KB activation and TNF production induced by lipopolysaccharide and group B streptococcal cell walls. J. Immunol. 160,4535–4542 (1998).
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  • •Interesting paper investigating the intracellular signaling pathways of the innate immune response to GBS.
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  • Henneke P0, van Strijp JA , Takeuchi , et al . Novel engagement of CD14 and multiple Toll-like receptors by group B streptococci. J. Immunol. 167,7069–7076 (2001).
  • •Very important research investigating the role of the innate immune response to GBS, elucidating the role of a novel released heat-labile soluble factor of GBS.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51 (RR-11), 1–24 (2002).
  • •• Revised US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines giving an excellent overview on the evidence and reasons for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (TAP).
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  • ••Very important multistate cohort studycomparing the effectiveness of the screening and risk-based approaches of TAP in preventing early onset GBS disease.
  • Davies RL, Hasselquist MB, Cardenas V, et al. Introduction of the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention group B streptococcal prevention guideline at a large West Coast health maintenance organization. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 184, 603–610 (2001).
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  • ••Compares the distribution of microbescausing early onset sepsis among very-low-birth-weight infants before and after the widespread use of TAP.
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  • •Important contribution in a letter to the Editor strengthening the fact that the CDC guidelines might not be appropriate for all parts of the world.
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  • •Very interesting paper from the UK comparing the rate of definite and probable early onset GBS infection indicating a much greater disease burden than previously estimated.
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  • Kawamura Y, Fujiwara H, Mishima N, et al. First Streptococcus agalactiae isolates highly resistant to quinolones with point mutations in gyrA and parC. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47,3605–3609 (2003).
  • Fernandez M, Rench MA, Albanyan EA, et al. Failure of rifampin to eradicate group B streptococcal colonization in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20,371–376 (2001).
  • Baker CJ, Rench MA, McInnes P. Immunization of pregnant women with group B streptococcus Type III capsular polysaccharide—tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 21,3468–3472 (2003).
  • •Interesting study determining the safety and immunogenicity of GBS Type III capsular polysaccharides—tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in pregnant women.
  • Schuchat A. Group B streptococcus. Lancet 353,51–56 (1999).
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  • Lin FY, Phillips JB III, Azimi PH, et al. Level of maternal antibody required to protect neonates against early onset disease caused by group B streptococcus Type Ia: a multicenter, seroepidemiology study. J. Infect. Dis. 184,1022-1028 (2001).
  • •Well-reasoned prospective case-control study that estimates the level of maternal serotype Ia-specific antibody required to protect neonates against early onset infection caused by this serotype.
  • Kasper DL, Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, et al. Immune response to Type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide—tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. J. Clin. Invest. 98,2308–2314 (1996).
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  • •Very interesting paper on mucosal immunization.
  • Moore MR, Schrag SJ, Schuchat A. Effects of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of group-B streptococcal disease on the incidence and ecology of early onset neonatal sepsis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3,201–213 (2003).
  • ••Excellent paper reviewing the potentialassociations between intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis and changes in the causes of neonatal early onset sepsis.
  • Schuchat A. Group B streptococcal disease: from trials and tribulations to triumph and trepidation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33,751–756 (2001).
  • •Excellent and well-written overview highlighting the most important developments during the last two decades as well as the most recent advances in the treatment of GBS.

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