Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Volume 2, 2004 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
65
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treatment of Lyme disease: a medicolegal assessment

Lorraine Johnson California Lyme Disease Association, P.O. Box 1423, Ukiah, CA 95482, USA. [email protected]
&
Raphael B Stricker California Pacific Medical Center, 450 Sutter Street, Suite 1504, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA. [email protected]
Pages 533-557 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

Reference

  • Marcus LC, Steere AC, Duray PH, Anderson AE, Mahoney EB. Fatal pancarditis in a patient with coexistent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Demonstration of spirochetes in the myocardium. Ann. Intern. Med. 103(3), 374–376 (1985).
  • Krause PJ, Telford SR 3rd, Spielman A, et al. Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Evidence for increased severity and duration of illness. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275(21), 1657–1660 (1996).
  • •Evidence that coinfection increases the severity of Lyme disease.
  • Schoeler GB, Wikel SK. Modulation of host immunity by hematophagous arthropods. Ann. Trap. Med Parasitol. 95(8), 755–771 (2001).
  • Hannier S, Liversidge J, Sternberg JM, Bowman AS. Ixodes ricinus tick salivary gland extract inhibits IL-10 secretion and CD69 expression by mitogen-stimulated murine splenocytes and induces hyporesponsiveness in B-lymphocytes. Parasite Immund 25(1), 27–37 (2003).
  • Guner ES. Complement evasion by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorfiri grown in host-derived tissue cocultures: role of fibronectin in complement-resistance. aperientia 52(4), 364–372 (1996).
  • Liang FT, Jacobs MB, Bowers LC, Philipp MT An immune evasion mechanism for spirochetal persistence in Lyme borreliosis. J. Exp. Med. 195(4), 415–422 (2002).
  • Rhen M, Eriksson S, Clements M, Bergstrom S, Normark SJ. The basis of persistent bacterial infections. Trends Microbial. 11(2), 80–86 (2003).
  • •Excellent review of the mechanisms of chronic infection.
  • Harvey WT, Salvato P. Lyme disease: ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis pandemic? Med. Hypotheses 60(5), 742–759 (2003).
  • •Seminal analysis of the Lymedisease epidemic.
  • Stricker R, Moore D, Winger E. Clinical and immunologic evidence for the transmission of Lyme disease through intimate human contact. J. Invest. Med 52(1), S151 (2004).
  • Nadelman RB, Sherer C, Mack L, Pavia CS, Wormser GP Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in human blood stored under blood banking conditions. Transfusion 30(4), 298–301 (1990).
  • MacDonald AB. Gestational Lyme borreliosis. Implications for the fetus. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 15(4), 657–677 (1989).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for the use of a Lyme disease vaccine. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 48(RR-7) (1999).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lyme Disease — USA, 2001–2002. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 53(17),365-369 (2004).
  • Klempner MS, Hu LT, Evans J, et al Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N EngL J. Med 345(2), 85–92 (2001).
  • Sigler S, Kershaw P, Scheuch R, Sklarek H, Halperin J. Respiratory failure due to Lyme meningoradiculitis. Am. J. Med 103(6), 544–547 (1997).
  • Oksi J, Kalimo H, Marttila RJ, et al. Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis. A report on three patients and review of literature. Brain (1996) 119\(Pt 6), 2143–2154 (2003).
  • Fallon BA, Nields JA. Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness. Am. J. Psychiatry 151(11), 1571–1583 (1994).
  • •Excellent review of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Lyme disease.
  • Lebech AM, Hansen K, Wilske B, Theisen M. Taxonomic classification of 29 Borrelia burgdorferi strains isolated from patients with Lyme borreliosis: a comparison of five different phenotypic and genotypic typing schemes. Med Microbid Immund (Berlin) 183(6), 325–341 (1994).
  • Fallon BA, Schwartzberg M, Bransfield R, et al Late-stage neuropsychiatric Lyme borreliosis. Differential diagnosis and treatment. Psychosomatics 36(3), 295–300 (1995).
  • Coyle PK, Schutzer SE, Deng Z, et al Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific antigen in antibody-negative cerebrospinal fluid in neurologic Lyme disease. Neurology 45(11), 2010–2015 (1995).
  • Food and Drug Administration. Lyme disease test kits: potential for misdiagnosis. FDA Med Bull (1999).
  • Coyle PK Neurologic complications of Lyme disease. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 19(4), 993–1009 (1993).
  • Liveris D, Wang G, Girao G, et al Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in 2 mm skin samples of erythema migrans lesions: correlation of results with clinical and laboratory findings. J Clin. Microbial. 40(4), 1249–1253 (2002).
  • Zore A, Ruzic-Sabllic E, Maraspin V, et al. Sensitivity of culture and polymerase chain reaction for the etiologic diagnosis of erythema migrans. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 114(13–14), 606–609 (2002).
  • Liegner KB. Lyme disease: the sensible pursuit of answers. J. Clin. Microbial. 31(8), 1961–1963 (1993).
  • Schutzer SE, Coyle PK, Belman AL, et al. Sequestration of antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in immune complexes in seronegative Lyme disease. Lancet 335(8685), 312–315 (1990).
  • Preac-Mursic V, Weber K, Pfister HW, et al. Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in antibiotically treated patients with Lyme borreliosis. Infection 17(6), 355–359 (1989).
  • Mursic VP, Wanner G, Reinhardt S, Wilske B, Busch U, Marget W Formation and cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi spheroplast-L-form variants. Infection 24(3), 218–226 (1996).
  • Bakken LL, Callister SM, Wand PJ, Schell RE Interlaboratory comparison of test results for detection of Lyme disease by 516 participants in the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene/College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Program. J. Clin. Microbial. 35(3), 537–543 (1997).
  • Donta ST. Late and chronic Lyme disease. Med. Clin. North Am. 86(2), 341–349 (2002).
  • Donta ST. The existence of chronic Lyme disease. Curr. Treat. Op. Infect. Dis. 3, 261–262 (2001).
  • Donta ST. Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis.25\(Suppl. 1), S52—S56 (1997).
  • Craft JE, Fischer DK, Shimamoto GT, et al. Antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi recognized during Lyme disease. Appearance of a new immunoglobulin M response and expansion of the immunoglobulin G response late in the illness. J. Clin. Invest. 78(4), 934–939 (1986).
  • Coyle PK, Schutzer SE, Belman AL, Krupp LB, Golightly MG. Cerebrospinal fluid immune complexes in patients exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi: detection of Borrelia-specific and-nonspecific complexes. Ann. Neural. 28(6), 739–744 (1990).
  • Jam VK, Hilton E, Maytal J, Dorante G, Ilowite NT, Sood SK. Immunoglobulin M immunoblot for diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in patients with acute facial palsy. J. Clin. Microbial. 34(8), 2033–2035 (1996).
  • Treib J, Fernandez A, Haass A, Grauer MT, Holzer G, Woessner R. Clinical and serologic follow-up in patients with neuroborreliosis. Neurology 51(5), 1489–1491 (1998).
  • The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS). Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme disease. Expert Rev. Anti-infect. The,: 2(Suppl.), S1—S13 (2004).
  • •First comprehensive guidelines for thediagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease.
  • Engstrom SM, Shoop E, Johnson RC. Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease. J. Clin. Microbial 33(2), 419–427 (1995).
  • Ma B, Christen B, Leung D, Vigo-Pelfrey C. Serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by western immunoblot: reactivity of various significant antibodies against Borrelia burgdorfiri. J. Clin. Microbial 30(2), 370–376 (1992).
  • •Excellent review of Lyme disease serodiagnosis.
  • Rawlings JA, Fournier PV, Teltow GJ. Isolation of Borrelia spirochetes from patients in Texas. J. Clin. Microbial 25(7), 1148–1150 (1987).
  • Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, Bittker S, Cooper D, Nadelman RB, Wormser GP Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorfiri in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. J. Clin. Microbial 34(1), 1–9 (1996).
  • Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, McKenna DF, Carbonaro CA, Wormser GP. Serodiagnosis in early Lyme disease. J. Clin. Microbial 31(12), 3090–3095 (1993).
  • Goodman JL, Bradley JF, Ross AE, et al. Bloodstream invasion in early Lyme disease: results from a prospective, controlled, blinded study using the polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Med 99(1), 6–12 (1995).
  • Straubinger RK. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorfiri organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J. Clin. Microbial 38(6), 2191–2199 (2000).
  • •Evidence for persistent Lyme disease in dogs.
  • Ziska MH, Donta ST, Demarest FC. Physician preferences in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in the USA. Infection 24(2), 182–186 (1996).
  • Johnson BJ, Robbins KE, Bailey RE, et al. Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease: accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting. J. Infect. Dis. 174(2), 346–353 (1996).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Case definition for infectious conditions under public health surveillance (Lyme disease surveillance case definition). Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 46(RR10,1–3), 15–16 (1997).
  • Porcella SF, Schwan TG. Borrelia burgdorfiri and Treponema pallidum: a comparison of functional genomics, environmental adaptations, and pathogenic mechanisms. J. Clin. Invest. 107(6), 651–656 (2004).
  • •Good description of the complexity of Borrelia burgdmferi.
  • Georgilis K, Peacocke M, Klempner MS. Fibroblasts protect the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorfiri, from ceftriaxone in vitro. J. Infect. Dis. 166(2), 440–444 (1992).
  • Coyle PK. Borrelia burgdorfiri infection: clinical diagnostic techniques. Immunol Invest. 26(1–2), 117–128 (1997).
  • Brouqui P, Badiaga S, Raoult D. Eucaryotic cells protect Borrelia burgdorfiri from the action of penicillin and ceftriaxone but not from the action of doxycycline and erythromycin. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 40(6), 1552–1554 (1996).
  • Mahmoud AA.The challenge of intracellular pathogens. N Engl J. Med. 326(11), 761–762 (1992).
  • Beaman BL, Scates SM. Role of L-forms of Nocardia caviae in the development of chronic mycetomas in normal and immunodeficient murine models. Infect. Immun. 33(3), 893–907 (1981).
  • Cook J, Fincham WJ, Lack CH. Chronic arthritis produced by streptococcal L-forms. J. Pathol 99(4), 283–297 (1969).
  • Brorson O, Brorson SH. A rapid method for generating cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorfiri, and their reversal to mobile spirochetes. Apmis 106(12), 1131–1141 (1998).
  • •Evidence for cell wall-deficient forms of Borrelia burgdorferi.
  • Aberer E, Koszik F, Silberer M. Why is chronic Lyme borreliosis chronic? Clin. Infect. Dis. 25\(Suppl. 1), S64—S70 (1997).
  • Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T, Kondrusik M, Pancewicz SA. Neurologic syndromes in Lyme disease. Pal Merkuriusz. Lek. 9(50), 584–588 (2000).
  • Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T, Pancewicz SA, Kondrusik M. Selected aspects of immunopathogenesis in Lyme disease. Pal Merkuriusz Lek. 9(50), 579–583 (2000).
  • Dorward DW, Fischer ER, Brooks DM. Invasion and cytopathic killing of human lymphocytes by spirochetes causing Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25\(Suppl. 1) S2—S8 (1997).
  • Chiao JW, Pavia C, Riley M, et al. Antigens of Lyme disease of spirochaete Borrelia burgdorfiri inhibits antigen or mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. FEMS Immund Med. Microbial 8(2), 151–155 (1994).
  • Seiler KE Weis JJ. Immunity to Lyme disease: protection, pathology and persistence. Curr. Opin. Immunol 8(4), 503–509 (1996).
  • Stricker RB, Burrascano J, Winger E. Longterm decrease in the CD57 lymphocyte subset in a patient with chronic Lyme disease. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 9(1), 111–113 (2002).
  • Hunfeld KE, Kraiczy P, Kekoukh E, Schafer V, Brade V. Standardised in vitro susceptibility testing of Borrelia burgdorfiri against well-known and newly developed antimicrobial agents — possible implications for new therapeutic approaches to Lyme disease. Int. J. Med. Microbial 291\(Suppl. 33), 125–137 (2002).
  • Preac Mursic V, Marget W, Busch U, Pleterski Rigler D, Hagl S. Kill kinetics of Borrelia burgdorfiri and bacterial findings in relation to the treatment of Lyme borreliosis. Infection 24(1), 9–16 (1996).
  • Henneberg JP, Neubert U. Borrelia burgdorfiri group: in vitro antibiotic sensitivity. Ora. Hetil 143(21), 1195–1198 (2002).
  • Burrascano J. Lyme disease complexities. Kennett Friends Meeting, sponsored by the Lyme Disease Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA. 3 May 2003.
  • Brown SL, Hansen SL, Langone JJ. Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282(1), 62–66 (1999).
  • •US Food and Drug Administration view of Lyme disease testing.
  • Bakken LL, Case KL, Canister SM, Bourdeau NJ, Schell RF. Performance of 45 laboratories participating in a proficiency testing program for Lyme disease serology. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 268(7), 891–895 (1992).
  • •Review of problems with Lyme disease testing.
  • Wormser GP, Nadelman RB, Dattwyler RJ, et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. The Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31\(Suppl. 1), 1–14 (2000).
  • Feder HM Jr. Differences are voiced by two Lyme camps at a Connecticut public hearing on insurance coverage of Lyme disease. Pediatrics 105(4 Pt 1), 855–857 (2000).
  • Straubinger RK, Summers BA, Chang YF, Appel MJ. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment. J. Clin. Microbial 35(1), 111–116 (1997).
  • Liegner KB, Kochevar J. Guidelines for the clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 129(5), 422 (1998).
  • Pachner AR, Delaney E, O'Neill T. Neuroborreliosis in the nonhuman primate: Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the central nervous system. Ann. Neural. 38(4), 667–669 (1995).
  • Rakel R (Ed.), Saunders, PA, USA (1997).
  • •Excellent review of Lyme disease diagnosis and treatment.
  • Labro MT, Abdelghaffar H. Immunomodulation by macrolide antibiotics. J. Chemother. 13(1), 3–8 (2001).
  • Freedman R1\4. The two Lyme camps. Pediatrics 107(6), 1495 (2001).
  • Magri JM, Johnson MT, Herring TA, Greenblatt JF. Lyme disease knowledge, beliefs, and practices of New Hampshire primary care physicians. J. Am. Board. Fam. Pract. 15(4), 277–284 (2001).
  • Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Summers BA, Jacobson RH. Status of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after antibiotic treatment and the effects of corticosteroids: an experimental study. J. Infect. Dis. 181(3), 1069–1081 (2000).
  • Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Logigian EL, et al. The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 121(8), 560–567 (1994).
  • Liegner KB. Culture confirmed treatment failure of cefotaxime and minocycline in a case of Lyme meningoencephalomyelitis. In: Program and abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis. Arlington, VA, USA (1992).
  • Krupp LB, Masur D, Schwartz J, et al. Cognitive functioning in late Lyme borreliosis. Arch. Neural. 48(11), 1125–1129 (1991).
  • Haupl T, Hahn G, Rittig M, et al. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in ligamentous tissue from a patient with chronic Lyme borreliosis. Arthritis Rheum. 36(11), 1621–1626 (1993).
  • Hassler D, Riedel K, Zorn J, Preac-Mursic V. Pulsed high-dose cefotaxime therapy in refractory Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 338(8760), 193 (1991).
  • Pfister HW, Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Schielke E, Sorgel F, Einhaupl KM. Randomized comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J. Infect. Dis. 163(2), 311–318 (1991).
  • Liegner KB. Chronic persistent infection and chronic persistent denial of chronic persistent infection in Lyme disease. Annual Lyme Disease Scientific Conference. Atlantic City, NJ, USA. May 5–6 1993.
  • Halperin JJ. Neuroborreliosis: central nervous system involvement. Semin. Neural. 17(1), 19–24 (1997).
  • Kersten A, Poitschek C, Rauch S, Aberer E. Effects of penicillin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline on morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 39(5), 1127–1133 (1995).
  • Preac-Mursic V, Pfister HW, Spiegel H, et al. First isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from an iris biopsy. J. Clin. Neuroophthalmol 13(3), 155–161 (1993).
  • Young D, Hussell T, Dougan G. Chronic bacterial infections: living with unwanted guests. Nature Immunol 3(11), 1026–1032 (2002).
  • Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Sangha O, et al. Musculoskeletal and neurologic outcomes in patients with previously treated Lyme disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 131(12), 919–926 (1999).
  • Fallon BA. Testimony at public hearing in re Lyme disease, State of Connecticut. Department of Public Health 29th January 2004.
  • Schmid GP. Epidemiology and clinical similarities of human spirochetal diseases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11\(Suppl. 6), S1460—S1469 (1989).
  • Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA (Eds), McGraw Hill, NY, USA (2003).
  • Mermin L (Ed.), Madison, WI, USA (1991).
  • Cimmino MA, Moggiana GL, Parisi M, Accardo S. Treatment of Lyme arthritis. Infection 24(1), 91–93 (1996).
  • Raoult D, Houpikian P, Tissot Dupont H, Riss JM, Arditi-Djiane J, Brouqui P. Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: comparison of two regimens containing doxycydine and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine. Arch. Intern. Med. 159(2), 167–173 (1999).
  • Goto M. Chemotherapy of leprosy: theoretical basis of new guideline in Japan. Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi 70(3), 151–155 (2001).
  • Shaw IN, Natrajan MM, Rao GS, Jesudasan K, Christian M, Kavitha M. Long-term follow-up of muhibacillary leprosy patients with high BI treated with WHO/MDT regimen for a fixed duration of 2 years. Int. J. Lepr. Mycobact. Dis. 68(4), 405–409 (2000).
  • Small PM, Fujiwara PI. Management of tuberculosis in the USA. N Eng-1 J. Med 345(3), 189–200 (2001).
  • Stricker RB, Lautin A. The Lyme wars: time to listen. Expert Opin. Invesng Drugs 12(10), 1609–1614 (2003).
  • •Excellent analysis of the Lymedisease controversy.
  • Wahlberg P, Granlund H, Nyman D, Panelius J, Seppala I. Treatment of late Lyme borreliosis. J. Infect. 29(3), 255–261 (1994).
  • Oksi J, Marjamaki M, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK. Borrelia burgdorferi detected by culture and PCR in clinical relapse of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Ann. Med. 31(3), 225–232 (1999).
  • Krupp LB, Hyman LG, Grimson R, et al. Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial. Neurology 60(12), 1923–1930 (2003).
  • Haycox A, Bagust A, Walley T Clinical guidelines — the hidden costs. Br. Med. J. 318(7180), 391–393 (1999).
  • •Short but cogent analysis of the interestsof different stakeholders in the process of drafting guidelines.
  • Ernst E, Canter PH. Investigator bias and false positive findings in medical research. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 24(5), 219–221 (2003).
  • Morriem E. From the clinics to the courts: the role evidence should play in litigating medical care. J. Health Polit. Policy Law 26(2), 409 (2001).
  • Steiner I. Treating post Lyme disease: trying to solve one equation with too many unknowns. Neurology 60(12), 1888–1889 (2003).
  • Halperin JJ, Heyes MP Neuroactive kynurenines in Lyme borreliosis. Neurology 42(1), 43–50 (1992).
  • Noah L. Informed consent and the elusive dichotomy between standard and experimental therapy. Am. J. Law Med. 28(4), 361–408 (2002).
  • •Excellent overview of the distinction between experimental and nonexperimental medicine, the weight that should be afforded to different types of evidence and the need for informed consent.
  • Britton C. Remarks before the NYS Assembly Committee on Health chaired by Richard Gottfried. New York State Assembly Standing Committee On Health, public hearing: chronic Lyme disease and long-term antibiotic treatment. NY, USA, 27th November 2001.
  • Zeuzem S. A comparison of standard treatment versus dynamically individualized treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. 54th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases MA USA. October 24–28,2003.
  • Parola P, Raoult D. Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32(6), 897–928 (2001).
  • Schabereiter-Gurtner C, Lubitz W Rolleke S. Application of broad-range 16S rRNA PCR amplification and DGGE fingerprinting for detection of tick-infecting bacteria. J. Microbial Methods 52(2), 251–260 (2003).
  • Schouls LM, Van De Poll, Rijpkema SG, Schot CS. Detection and identification of Ehrlichia,Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Bartonella spp. in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks. J Clin. Microbial 37(7), 2215–2222 (1999).
  • Kaiser R False—negative serology in patients with neuroborreliosis and the value of employing of different borrelial strains in serological assays. J. Med Microbial 49(10), 911–915 (2000).
  • Steere AC, Dwyer E, Winchester R Association of chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR2 alleles. N Engl Med 323(4), 219–223 (1990).
  • Field M, Lohr K (Eds), Institute of Medicine. Guidelines for clinical practice: from development to use. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA (1992). Excellent overview of the relative roles of evidence and consensus in medical practice and how to guard against bias in the drafting of treatment guidelines.
  • Hitt J. The year in ideas: A to Z evidence-based medicine. New York Times December 9 (2001).
  • Wennberg JE, Fisher JS, Skinner JS. Geography and the debate over Medicare reform. Health. Aff: (Millwood) (Suppl. Web Exclusives), W96-114 (2002).
  • •Includes an excellent analysis of small-areavariations caused by patient preference issues and the appropriate way to address this variation (outcomes research and informed patient consent).
  • Arlen J, MacLeod W Malpractice liability for physicians and managed care organizations. NY Uni. Law Rev. (2003).
  • •Excellent analysis of negligence liability forphysicians and managed care organizations and the essential role that such sanctions play in regulating noncontractable postcontractual medical actions to establish optimal care.
  • Mulrow C, Lohr K. Proof and Policy from Medical Research Evidence Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, entitled Evidence: its meanings in health care and in law. (Summary of the 10 April 2000 IOM and AHRQ Workshop). J. Health Polit. Policy Law (2000).
  • •Analysis of the subjective contribution of judgment, values, probability, and uncertainty in medical decision making.
  • Muir Gray J. Evidence-Based Healthcare. How to Make Health Policy and Management Decisions. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK (1997).
  • Hayward RS, Wilson MC, Tunis SR, Bass EB, Guyatt G. Users' guides to the medical literature. How to use clinical practice guidelines. Are the recommendations valid? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. J. Am. Med Assoc. 274(7), 570–574 (1995).
  • Nichol G, Dennis DT, Steere AC. Test-treatment strategies for patients suspected of having Lyme disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 128(1), 37–48 (1998).
  • Martinez B. Care guidelines used by insurers face scrutiny. Wall Street Journah September 14 (2000).
  • Bransfield R 1VYS Assembly Committee on Health chaired by Richard Gottfried. Albany, NY, USA 27 November 2001.
  • Van de Weyden M. Clinical practice guidelines: time to move the debate from the how to the who. Med J Aust. 176(7), 304–305 (2002).
  • Grilli R, Magrini N, Penna A, Mura G, Liberati A. Practice guidelines developed by specialty societies: the need for critical appraisal. Lancet 355,103–106 (2000).
  • Silver W The Inadequacy of state legislative responses to ERISA preemption of managed care liability. NY Uni. Law Rev. 78(2), 845–873 (2003).
  • Stolberg S. Study says clinical guides often hide ties of doctors. New York Times 6 February (2003).
  • Choudhry N, Stelfox H, Detsky A. Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287,612–617 (2002).
  • Mello M. Of swords and shields: the use of clinical practice guidelines in medical malpractice litigation. Uni Penn. Law Rev. 149(3), 645–710 (2000).
  • Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. Br Med J. 318(7182), 527–530 (1999).
  • Fletcher S, Fletcher R. Development of clinical guidelines. Lancet 352(9144), 1876 (1998)
  • Haycox A, Bagust A, Walley P Clinical guidelines — the hidden costs. Br. Med J. 318,391–393 (1999).
  • Rosenbaum S, Kamoie B. Managed care and public health: conflict and collaboration. J. Law Med. Ethics 30(2), 191–200 (2002).
  • Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. Br Med. J. 318,527–530 (1999).
  • California Jury Instruction Civil Committee. Duty of Physicians. In: California Jury Instructions, Civil: Book Of Approved Jury Instructions. West Publishing Co., MN, USA (2002).
  • Mello M. Using statistical evidence to prove the malpractice standard of care: bridging legal, clinical, and statistical thinking. Wake Forest Law Rev. 37(3), 821–859 (2002).
  • California Jury Instruction Civil Committee. Medical negligence — standard of care determined by expert testimony. In: California Jury Instructions, Civil: Book of Approved Jury Instructions. West Publishing Co., MN, USA (2002).
  • Hurwitz B. Clinical guidelines and the law. Br Med. J. 311,1517–1518 (1995).
  • Mulrow C, Lohr K. Proof and policy from medical research evidence. J. Health Politics Policy Law 26(2) (2001).
  • California Jury Instruction Civil Committee. Alternative methods of diagnosis or treatment. In: California Jury Instructions, Civil. Book of Approved Jury Instructions. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN, USA (2002).
  • Leech v. Bralliar 275 E Supp. 897 (D. Ariz. 1967).
  • Natole v. Michigan Board of Medicine, (File no. 96–015560 AA-2) (1998) (2001).
  • Office of Technology Assessment (US Congress). Defensive Medicine: definition and causes. In: Defensive Medicine and Medical Malpractice. USA Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA (1994). Interesting analysis of defensive versus nondefensive medicine and in what situations it is appropriate for a physician to employ defensive medicine to improve treatment outcomes.
  • Quill TE, Brody H. Physician recommendations and patient autonomy: finding a balance between physician power and patient choice. Ann. Intern. Med 125(9), 763–769 (1996).
  • Amanda R, Marcia A, Richard WD, et al. What is a good decision? Effective Clin. Prac. July/August (1999).
  • Cobbs v. Grant, 104 Cal. Rptr. 505 (Cal. 1972).
  • Matthies v. Mastromonaco, 733 A. 2d 456 (N.J. 1999).
  • Mathis v. Morrissey, 13 Cal. Rpm 2d 819 (1992).
  • Wennburg JE, Peters GP Unwarranted variations in the quality of healthcare: can the law help medicine provide a remedy/remedies? Wake Forest Law Rev. 37(3), 925–941 (2002).
  • Wang M. Resurgent Paternalism. Virtual Mentor-Ethics J. Am. Med. Assoc. 6(2) (1994).
  • Liegner KB, Lyme disease controversy: use and misuse of language. Ann. Intern. Med. 137(9), 775–777 (2002).
  • Hughes v. Blue Cross of Northern Califirnia, 263 Cal. Rptr. 850 (1989)
  • Wickline v. State of California, 239 Cal. Rptr. 810 (1986)
  • Wilson v. Blue Cross of Southern California, 271 Cal. Rpm 876 (1990).
  • •The Wilson court points out that language in Wickline suggesting that liability rests solely within the treating physician's responsibility constitutes nonbinding dicta and holds that an insurance review company may be held responsible when its conduct is a substantial factor in the plaintiff's injury or death.
  • Van Vactor v. Blue Cross Assoc., 365 N.E.2d 638,645 (Ill. App. Ct. 1977).
  • Furrow BR. The problem of medical misadventures: a review of E Haavi Morreim's Holding Healthcare Accountable. J. Law Med. Ethics 29(3–4), 381–393 (2001).
  • Murray v. Chesapeake, No. 07C99000129mm. (Cecil county, MD 2000).
  • Sarchett v. Blue Shield of California, 223 Cal. Rptr. 76 (1987).
  • Valesova H, Mailer J, Havlik J, Hulinska D, Hercogova J. Long-term results in patients with Lyme arthritis following treatment with ceftriaxone. Infection 24(1), 98–102 (1996).
  • Asch ES, Bujak DI, Weiss M, Peterson MG, Weinstein A. Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 21(3), 454–461 (1994).
  • Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl. J. Med. 323(21), 1438–1444 (1990).
  • Breier F, Khanakah G, Stanek G, et al. Isolation and polymerase chain reaction typing of Borrelia afielii from a skin lesion in a seronegative patient with generalized ulcerating bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Br. J. Dermatol. 144(2), 387–392 (2001).
  • Horowitz R. Chronic persistent Lyme borreliosis: PCR evidence of chronic infection despite extended antibiotic therapy — a retrospective review. 13th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Disorders. CT, USA 24–26 March 2000.
  • Bayer ME, Zhang L, Bayer MH. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in the urine of treated patients with chronic Lyme disease symptoms. A PCR study of 97 cases. Infection 24(5), 347–353 (1996).
  • Burrascano J. Failure of aggressive antibiotic therapy to protect the placenta from invasion by B burgdorferi in a pregnant patient with Lyme Borreliosis. 6th Annual International Science Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-borne Diseases. (1993) (Abstract).
  • Battafarano DF, Combs JA, Enzenauer RJ, Fitzpatrick JE. Chronic septic arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin. Orthop. 297,238–241 (1993).
  • Petrovic M, Vogelaers D, Van Renterghem L, Carton D, De Reuck J, Afschrift M. Lyme borreliosis — a review of the late stages and treatment of four cases. Acta. Clin. Belg. 53(3), 178–183 (1998).
  • Ferris Tortajada J, Lopez Andreu JA, Salcede Vivo J, Sala Lizarraga JV. Lyme Borreliosis (Letter). Lancet 345(8962), 1436–1437 (1995).
  • Lopez-Andreu JA, Ferris J, Canosa CA, Sala-Lizarraga JV. Treatment of late Lyme disease: a challenge to accept. J. Clin. Microbial. 32(5), 1415–1416 (1994).
  • Oksi J, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK. Comparison of oral cefixime and intravenous ceftriaxone followed by oral amoxicillin in disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbial. Infect. Dis. 17(10), 715–719 (1998).
  • Fallon BA. Repeated antibiotic treatment in chronic Lyme disease. J Spirochet Tick Borne Dis. 6,94–101 (1999).
  • Lawrence C, Lipton RB, Lowy FD, Coyle PK. Seronegative chronic relapsing neuroborreliosis. Eur. Neural. 35(2), 113–117 (1995).
  • Masters E. Spirochetemia after continuous high-dose oral amoxicillin therapy. Infect. Dis. Clin. Prac. 3(3), 207–208 (1994).
  • Cimmino MA, Accardo S. Long-term treatment of chronic Lyme arthritis with benzathine penicillin. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51(8), 1007–1008 (1992).
  • Connor S. Glaxo chief: our drugs do not work on most patients. The Independent 8 December (2003).
  • Edmonds J, Day O, Bertouch J. In reply: The road to consensus: consideraton for the safe use and prescribing of C0X-2 specific inhibitors. Med J. Aust. 176(7), 332–334 (2002).
  • •Excellent discussion of the hazards and pitfalls of guideline development within contentious groups.
  • Jacoby I. Consensus development at NIH: What went wrong? Risk 4,133 (1993).
  • Jacoby I. Resolving medical controversies. Risk 6,139 (1994).
  • Morris GH. Dissing disclosure: just what the doctor ordered. Ariz. Law Rev. 44,313 (2002).
  • •Provides an extensive and well-reasoned analysis of the history, current status, and legal issues lurking in the doctrine of informed consent.
  • The American Urological Association. Prostate cancer clinical guidelines panel summary report on the management of clinically localized prostate cancer. J. Ural. 154(6):2144–2148 (1995).

Websites

  • Rubel J. Lyme disease symptoms and characteristics: a compilation of peer-reviewed literature reports (compilation of 19 Lyme related deaths). www.lymeinfo.net/LDSymptoms.pdf (Accessed July 2004)
  • Edlow J. Tick borne diseases, Lyme. eMedicine www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic588.htm (Accessed July 2004)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (National Institute of Health) profile, fiscal year 2001 www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/NIAIDP rofile/ (Accessed July 2004)
  • •Excellent discussion of the hazards and pitfalls of guideline development within contentious groups.
  • Liegner KB. Remarks before the New York State Assembly Committee on Health, Public Hearing. Chronic Lyme Disease and Long-term Antibiotic Treatment, NY, USA, 27 November 2001. www.canlyme.com/leigner.html (Accessed July 2004)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (National Institute of Health). Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/lyme/diagnosis.ht (Accessed July 2004)
  • Mead P. Statement by Paul Mead MD, M.P.H., Medical Epidemiologist, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services on Hearing: CDC's Lyme Disease Prevention and Control Activities at public hearing in re Lyme disease, State of Connecticut, Department of Public Health, 29 January 2004. www.hhs.gov/aslkestify/t040129.html (Accessed July 2004)
  • Rawlings J Goldhagens H. Lyme Disease Controversies. Medscape coverage of the 14th International Scientific Confirence on Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Disorders. www.medscape.com/viewprogram/ 482_childindex (Accessed July 2004)
  • Lyme Disease Foundation. The controversies surrounding Lyme disease diagnosis and treatment and why it is not uncommon for patients to experience persistent symptoms despite receiving conventional' (short-term) antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease. www.lyme.orelymelighthrtcontrov.html (Accessed July 2004)
  • Cooper C. Safety of long-term therapy with penicillin and penicillin derivatives. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. www.fda.gov/cder/drugprepare/ penlongsafety.htm (Accessed July 2004)
  • Burrascano JJ. Diagnostic hints and treatment guidelines for Lyme and other tick-borne illnesses. (2002). http://www.ilads.org/burrascano_1102.htm (Accessed July 2004)
  • •Comprehensive guide to Lyme diseasediagnosis and treatment.
  • The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS). Evaluation of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms of Lyme disease. www.ilads.org/position2.htm(Accessed July 2004)
  • •Must-read rebuttal to the flawed study oflong-term' antibiotic therapy published in the N. EngL J. Med [14].
  • Grier T ELISA and western blot: lies that can kill you? www.centurytel.nethjs11/bug/blotl.htm (Accessed July 2004)
  • Morgan M. Independent review of managed care decisions.csha.calliealth.org/ (Accessed July 2004)
  • Booth A. What proportion of healthcare is evidence based? www.shefac.uk/schardir/percent.html (Accessed July 2004)
  • •Valuable compilation of discussion on evidence-based medicine from many studies and comments, including the distinction between randomized clinical trial-based and compelling nonexperimental evidence.
  • Lewis D. National guideline clearinghouse: extensive resource underused, in managed care. www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0106/0 106.guidelines.htm (Accessed July 2004)
  • Jemsek JG. Lyme disease in the Carolinas (1998) www.jemsekclinic.com/lymedisease.php. (Accessed July 2004)
  • Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. What are the limitations of EBM? www.cebm.utoronto.ca/intro/limit.htm (Accessed July 2004)
  • In the Matter of Joseph Burrascano v. New York State Bd. for Professional Medical Conduct, Determination and Order (No. 01–265) of the Hearing Committee dated November 6 2003 w3.health.state.ny.us/opmc/factions.nsf/ 58220x%20%20%20%20a7f9eeaafab85 2566180058c032/7f57f08d61de929c852 56a4a0047c6da/$FILE/ATTIDOPD /1cl 45623.pdf (Accessed July 2004)
  • Hamilton, C. LymeNet Law Pages, Lyme Related Legal Matters. Jury awards $1.7 million to Cecil teen (December 20, 2000). www2Aymenet.org/domino/law.nsf/0/2d 03309dc8e1088d052569bd0061a28b?0 penDocument (Accessed July 2004)
  • American Medical Association, Code of Medical Ethics. Current opinions with annotations 2002–2003. www.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online? category= CEJA&assn = AMA&f n = mSearch&s_t = &st_p = &nth= 1 & (Accessed July 2004)
  • Fowler F. The role of patient preferences in medical care. www.fimdm.org/downloads/Patient_Pref erences_Fowler.pdf (Accessed July 2004)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.