References
- World Health Organization. Hepatitis B fact sheet. Available from: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/
- Liaw YF, Chu CM. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 2009;373:582-92
- Ahmed F, Foster GR. Global hepatitis, migration and its impact on Western healthcare. Gut 2010;59(8):1009-11
- Szpakowski JL, Tucker LY. Causes of death in patients with hepatitis B: a natural history cohort study in the United States. Hepatology 2013;58(1):21-30
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE issues guideline on the diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/pressreleases/NICEIssGuideDiagMgmtChronicHepB.jsp [Last accessed 17 September 2013]
- Office for National Statistics: Health service quarterly, No 40. winter 2008. p. 59-60
- Della Corte C, Comparcola D, Nobili V. Hepatitis B virus infection in children. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012;36(3):291-3
- Kennedy PT, Sandalova E, Jo J, et al. Preserved T-cell function in children and young adults with immune-tolerant chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2012;143(3):637-45
- Martinot-Peignoux M, Lapalus M, Asselah T, Marcellin P. HBsAg quantification: useful for monitoring natural history and treatment outcome. Liver Int 2014;34(1):97-107
- Ni YH. Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection: pediatric perspective. J Gastroenterol 2014;46(1):1-8
- Villa E, Fattovich G, Mauro A, et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection: special emphasis on the prognostic imlications of the inactive carrier state versus chronic hepatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2011;43(1):s8-s14
- Hui DK, Leung N, Yuen ST, et al. Natural history and disease progression in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients in immune tolerant phase. Hepatology 2007;46:395-401
- Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009 – AASLD practice guidelines. Hepatology 2009;50(3):1-36
- Liaw YF, Chu CM, Su IJ, et al. Clinical and histological events preceding hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic type B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1983;84:216-19
- Hadziyannis SJ, Papatheodoridis GV. Hepatitis B e-antigen negative chronic hepatitis B – natural history and treatment. Semin Liver Dis 2006;26:130-41
- Prati D, Taioli E, Zanella A, et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med 2002;137(1):1-10
- Bertoletti A, Gehring A. Immune response and tolerance during chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatol Res 2007;37(3):S331-8
- Jenne CN, Kubes P. Immune surveillance by the liver. Nat Immunol 2013;14(10):996-1006
- Webster GJ, Reignat S, Brown D, et al. Longitudinal analysis of CD8+ T cells specific for structural and nonstructural hepatitis B virus proteins in patients with chronic hepatitis B: implications for immunotherapy. J Virol 2004;78:5707-19
- Maini MK, Boni C, Lee CK, et al. The role of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in liver damage and viral control during persistent hepatitis B virus infection. J Exp Med 2000;191:1269-80
- Velazquez VM, Grakoui A. Immune quiescence and hepatitis B virus: tolerance has its limits. Gastroenterology 2012;143(3):529-32
- Iorio R, Giannattasio A, Cirillo F, et al. Long-term outcome in children with chronic hepatitis B: a 24-year observation period. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45(8):943-9
- Mueller SN, Ahmed R. High antigen levels are the cause of T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:8623-8
- Wherry EJ. T cell exhaustion. Nat Immunol 2011;12:492-9
- Schwimmer JB, Dunn W, Norman GJ, et al. SAFETY study: alanine aminotransferase cutoff values are set too high for reliable detection of pediatric chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 2010;138(4):1357-64
- Cohen C, Holmberg S, McMahon BJ, et al. Is chronic hepatitis B being under treated in the United States? J Viral Hepat 2011;18:377-83
- Thursz M, Brown A. Can antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2011;60:1025-6
- Marongiu F, Doratiotto S, Montisci S, et al. Liver repopulation and carcinogenesis: two sides of the same coin? Am J Pathol 2008;172:857-64
- Mason WS, Jilbert AR, Summers J. Clonal expansion of hepatocytes during chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:139-44
- Zoulim F, Mason WS. Reasons to consider earlier treatment of chronic HBV infections. Gut 2012;61:333-6
- Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006;295(1):65-73
- Chen CJ, Iloeje UH, Yang HI. Long-term outcomes in hepatitis B: the REVEAL-HBV study. Clin Liver Dis 2006;11(4):797-816
- McPherson S, Valappil M, Moses SE, et al. Targeted case finding for hepatitis B using dry blood spot testing in the British-Chinese and South Asian populations of the North-East of England. J Viral Hepat 2013;20(9):638-44
- Marcellin P, Gane E, Buti M, et al. Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study. Lancet 2013;381(9865):468-75
- Tseng TC, Liu CJ, Su TH, et al. Young chronic hepatitis B patients with nucleos(t)ide analogue-induced hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion have a higher risk of HBV reactivation. J Infect Dis 2012;206(10):521-31
- Pérez-Cameo C, Pons M, Esteban R. New therapeutic perspectives in HBV: when to stop NAs. Liver Int 2014;34(1):146-53
- Vlachogiannakos J, Papatheodoridis GV. HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B: why do I treat my patients with pegylated interferon-alfa? Liver Int 2014;34(1):127-32
- Kao JH. HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: why do I treat my patients with pegylated interferon? Liver Int 2014;34(1):112-19
- Zoulim F. Are novel combination therapies needed for chronic hepatitis B? Antiviral Res 2012;96(2):256-9
- Sonneveld MJ, Rijckborst V, Cakaloglu Y, et al. Durable hepatitis B surface antigen decline in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients treated with pegylated interferon-α2b: relation to response and HBV genotype. Antivir Ther 2013;17(1):9-17
- Sonneveld MJ, Hansen BE, Piratvisuth T, et al. Response-guided peginterferon therapy in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B using serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels. Hepatology 2013;58(3):872-80
- Thimme R, Dandri M. Dissecting the divergent effects of interferon-alpha on immune cells: time to rethink combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B? J Hepatol 2013;58(2):205-9
- Boglione L, D’Avolio A, Cariti G, et al. Sequential therapy with entecavir and PEG-INF in patients affected by chronic hepatitis B and high levels of HBV-DNA with non-D genotypes. J Viral Hepat 2013;20(4):e11-19
- Carey I, D’Antiga L, Bansal S, et al. Immune and viral profile from tolerance to hepatitis B surface antigen clearance: a longitudinal study of vertically hepatitis B virus-infected children on combined therapy. J Virol 2011;85:2416-28
- D’Antiga L, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G, et al. Combined lamivudine/interferon-alpha treatment in ‘immuno-tolerant’ children perinatally infected by hepatitis B: a pilot study. J Pediatr 2006;148:228-33
- Kobak GE, MacKenzie T, Sokol RJ, et al. Interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis B: enhanced response in children 5 years old or younger. J Pediatr 2004;145(3):340-5
- Murray KF, Szenborn L, Wysocki J, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adolescents with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2012;56(6):2018-26
- Fung J, Seto WK, Lai CL, et al. Extrahepatic effects of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues in chronic hepatitis B treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29(3):428-34
- Moreno MA. JAMA pediatrics patient page. Transition of care from pediatric to adult clinics. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167(7):684
- Pinzon JL, Jacobson K, Reiss J. Say goodbye and say hello: the transition from paediatric to adult gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol 2004;18:735-42
- Piratvisuth T. Optimal management of HBV infection during pregnancy. Liver Int 2013;33(1):188-94
- Bonder A, Afdhal N. Utilization of transient elastography in clinical practice. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2014;16(2):372
- Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Dal Bello B, et al. Performance of liver stiffness measurements by transient elastography in chronic hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(1):49-56
- Petersen J, Dandri M, Mier W, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein. Nat Biotechnol 2008;26(3):335-41
- Lütgehetmann M, Mancke LV, Volz T, et al. Humanized chimeric uPA mouse model for the study of hepatitis B and D virus interactions and preclinical drug evaluation. Hepatology 2012;55(3):685-94
- Volz T, Allweiss L, Ben MBarek M, et al. The entry inhibitor Myrcludex-B efficiently blocks intrahepatic virus spreading in humanized mice previously infected with hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2013;58(5):861-7
- Cai D, Mills C, Yu W, et al. Identification of disubstituted sulfonamide compounds as specific inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(8):4277-88
- Zimmerman KA, Fischer KP, Joyce MA, Tyrrell DL. Zinc finger proteins designed to specifically target duck hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA inhibit viral transcription in tissue culture. J Virol 2008;82(16):8013-21
- Belloni L, Allweiss L, Guerrieri F, et al. IFN-α inhibits HBV transcription and replication in cell culture and in humanized mice by targeting the epigenetic regulation of the nuclear cccDNA minichromosome. J Clin Invest 2012;122(2):529-37
- Lucifora J, Xia Y, Reisinger F, et al. Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA. Science 2014;343(6176):1221-8
- Lanford RE, Guerra B, Chavez D, et al. GS-9620, an oral agonist of Toll-like receptor-7, induces prolonged suppression of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected chimpanzees. Gastroenterology 2013;144(7):1508-17
- Zhang X, Ma Z, Liu H, et al. Role of Toll-like receptor 2 in the immune response against hepadnaviral infection. J Hepatol 2012;57(3):522-8
- Michel ML, Deng Q, Mancini-Bourgine M. Therapeutic vaccines and immune-based therapies for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: perspectives and challenges. J Hepatol 2011;54(6):1286-96