415
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Spotlight on measles in Italy: why outbreaks of a vaccine-preventable infection continue in the 21st century

, , , , &

References

  • Eliminating Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) Worldwide. CDC. Available from: www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/measles/
  • Duke T, Mgone CS. Measles: not just another viral exanthem. Lancet 2003;361:763-73
  • Shi J, Zheng J, Huang H, et al. Measles incidence rate and a phylogenetic study of contemporary genotype H1 measles strains in China: is an improved measles vaccine needed? Virus Genes 2011;43:319-26
  • World Health Organization. Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of measles and rubella virus infection. 2nd edition. WHO Document Production Services; Geneva, Switzerland: 2007
  • Moss WJ, Griffin DE. Measles. Lancet 2012;379:153-64
  • Sato H, Yoneda M, Honda T, et al. Morbillivirus receptors and tropism: multiple pathways for infection. Front Microbiol 2012;3:75
  • de Swart RL. The pathogenesis of measles revisited. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:84-8
  • Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13,with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Editorial. Measles once again. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:489
  • Kremer JR, Brown KE, Jin L, et al. High genetic diversity of measles virus, World Health Organization European Region, 2005-2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:107-14
  • Alla A, Waku-Kouomou D, Benjouad A, et al. Rapid diversification of measles virus genotypes circulating in Morocco during 2004-2005 epidemics. J Med Virol 2006;78:1465-72
  • Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Biological feasibility of measles eradication. Virus Res 2011;162:72-9
  • Ma SH, Wang LC, Liu JS, et al. Isolation and complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus IMB-1 strain in China. Virol Sin 2010;25:381-9
  • Kouomou DW, Freymuth F, du Châtelet IP, et al. Co-circulation of multiple measles virus genotypes during an epidemic in France in 2008. J Med Virol 2010;82:1033-43
  • Kouomou DW, Nerrienet E, Mfoupouendoun J, et al. Measles virus strains circulating in Central and West Africa: geographical distribution of two B3 genotypes. J Med Virol 2002;68:433-40
  • Hickman CJ, Hyde TB, Sowers SB, et al. Laboratory characterization of measles virus infection in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. J Infect Dis 2011;204:549-58
  • Baker JP. The first measles vaccine. Pediatrics 2011;128:435-7
  • Tannous LK, Barlow G, Metcalfe NH. A short clinical review of vaccination against measles. JRSM Open 2014;5:1-6
  • Meales. CDC. Available from: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/meas.pdf
  • Ciofi Degli Atti ML, Filia A, Massari M, et al. Assessment of measles incidence, measles-related complications and hospitalizations during an outbreak in a southern Italian region. Vaccine 2006;24:1332-8
  • Vaccine Information Statements (VIS), MMR. CDC. Available from: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html
  • Velan B. Acceptance on the move: public reaction to shifting vaccination realities. Hum Vaccin 2011;7:1261-70
  • WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables. WHO. Available from: www.who.int/immunization/policy/Immunization_routine_table1.pdf
  • WHO. Measles vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009;84:349-60
  • Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Use and Strategies for Elimination of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Control of Mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). CDC. Available from: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00053391.htm
  • Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;2:CD004407
  • Battistella M, Carlino C, Dugo V, et al. Vaccines and autism: a myth to debunk? Ig Sanita Pubbl 2013;69:585-96
  • Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 1998;351:637-41
  • Jansen VA, Stollenwerk N, Jensen HJ, et al. Measles outbreaks in a population with declining vaccine uptake. Science 2003;301:804
  • Smith MJ, Ellenberg SS, Bell LM, et al. Media coverage of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism controversy and its relationship to MMR immunization rates in the United States. Pediatrics 2008;121:e836-43
  • Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD. Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine 2014;32:3623-9
  • Mäkelä A, Nuorti JP, Peltola H. Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Pediatrics 2002;110:957-63
  • Ray P, Hayward J, Michelson D, et al. Encephalopathy after whole-cell pertussis or measles vaccination: lack of evidence for a causal association in a retrospective case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:768-73
  • Ward KN, Bryant NJ, Andrews NJ, et al. Risk of serious neurologic disease after immunization of young children in Britain and Ireland. Pediatrics 2007;120:314-21
  • Stratton K, Gable A, Shetty P, McCormick M. editors. Immunization safety review committee, board on health promotion and disease prevention. Immunization safety review measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism. National Academy Press; Washington, D.C: 2001
  • Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, et al. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet 1999;353:2026-9
  • Patja A, Davidkin I, Kurki T, et al. Serious adverse events after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination during a fourteen-year prospective follow-up. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:1127-34
  • Emilia Romagna Court sentence. Available from: www.quotidianosanita.it/allegati/allegato8730279.pdf
  • Societá Italiana di Pediatria. Vaccino MPR e autismo: falso scientifico in una sentenza. Available from: http://sip.it/per-il-medico/vaccino-mpr-e-autismo-falso-scientifico-in-una-recente-sentenza
  • Betsch C. Measles and rubella elimination: communicating the importance of vaccination. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Stockholm, Sweden: 2014
  • Inter-Agency and Expert Group on MDG Indicators led by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014. United Nations; New York, USA: 2014
  • Overview of Measles Disease. CDC. Available from: www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control European monthly measles monitoring. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Stockholm, Sweden: 2011
  • Curtale F, Perrelli F, Mantovani J, et al. Description of two measles outbreaks in the Lazio Region, Italy (2006-2007). Importance of pockets of low vaccine coverage in sustaining the infection. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:62
  • D’Agaro P, Molin GD, Gallo T, et al. Epidemiological and molecular assessment of a measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population of northeast Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2011;139:1727-33
  • Bassetti M, Schenone E, Calzi A, et al. Measles outbreak in adults in Italy. Infez Med 2011;19:16-19
  • Morbillo & Rosolia News. ISS. Available from: www.epicentro.iss.it/problemi/morbillo/bollettino/R&M_News_2014_07.pdf
  • Aggiornamento sull’andamento del Morbillo in Emilia-Romagna 1 Gennaio - 31 Maggio 2014. Available from: www.epicentro.iss.it/problemi/morbillo/pdf/Morbillo1gen-31mag2014def2.pdf
  • Cova M, Cucchi A, Turlà G, et al. Spotlight on measles 2010: increased measles transmission in Ferrara, Italy, despite high vaccination coverage, March to May 2010. Euro Surveill 2010;15:1-4
  • Filia A, Tavilla A, Bella A, et al. Measles in Italy, July 2009 to September 2010. Euro Surveill 2011;16:1-8
  • Salmaso S, Gabutti G, Rota MC, et al. Pattern of susceptibility to measles in Italy. Serological Study Group. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:950-5
  • Measles Increase in Italy, ISS. Available from: www.epicentro.iss.it/ben/pre_2002/aprile02/2_en.htm
  • Ciofi Degli Atti ML, Rota MC, Bella A, et al. Do changes in policy affect vaccine coverage levels? Results of a national study to evaluate childhood vaccination coverage and reasons for missed vaccination in Italy. Vaccine 2004;22:4351-7
  • Marshall TM, Hlatswayo D, Schoub B. Nosocomial outbreaks-potential threat to the elimination of measles? J Infect Dis 2003;187:97-101
  • Haverkate M, D’Ancona F, Giambi C, et al. Mandatory and recommended vaccination in the EU, Iceland and Norway: results of the VENICE 2010 survey on the ways of implementing national vaccination programmes. Euro Surveill 2012;17:1-6
  • Higgins JPT, Soares-Weiser K, Reingold A. Systematic review of the non-specific effects of BCG, DTP and measles containing vaccines. 2014. Available from: www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/3_NSE_Epidemiology_review_Report_to_SAGE_14_Mar_FINAL.pdf
  • WHO. Meeting of the strategic advisory group of experts on immunization. April 2014- conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2014;89:221-36

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.