321
Views
87
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Profile

Posaconazole: clinical pharmacology and potential for management of fungal infections

&
Pages 467-487 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Boucher HW, Groll AH, Chiou CC, Walsh TJ. Newer systemic antifungal agents: pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy. Drug 64(18), 1997–2020 (2004).
  • Groll AH, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ. Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents: a comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational compounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development. Adv. Pharmacol. 44, 343–500 (1998).
  • Kim H, Lin CC, Laughlin M et al. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of antifungal SCH-56592 and evaluation of its chiral inversion in animals and humans. Chirality 12(7), 590–597 (2000).
  • Girijavallabhan VM, Saksena AK, Lovey RG et al. SCH-56592, a novel orally-active broad spectrum antifungal agent. Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (1995).
  • Saksena AK, Girijavallabhan VM, Lovey RG et al. Novel analogues of SCH-51048: synthesis and preliminary structure-activity relationships. Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (1995).
  • Espinel-Ingroff A. Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole SCH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743872) and LY-303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36(10), 2950–2956 (1995).
  • Krieter P, Flannery B, Musick T, Gohdes M, Martinho M, Courtney R. Disposition of posaconazole following single-dose oral administration in healthy subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(9), 3543–3551 (2004).
  • Heimark L, Shipkova P, Greene J et al. Mechanism of azole antifungal activity as determined by liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric monitoring of ergosterol biosynthesis. J. Mass Spectrom. 37(3), 265–269 (2002).
  • Munayyer HK, Mann PA, Chau AS et al. Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of sterol 14α-demethylation in yeasts and molds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(10), 3690–3696 (2004).
  • Mann PA, Patel R, Chen G, McNicholas PM. Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of sterol 14α-demethylation in zygomycetes. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Cacciapuoti A, Loebenberg D, Corcoran E et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of SCH-56592 (posaconazole), a new triazole antifungal agent, against Aspergillus and Candida. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(8), 2017–2022 (2000).
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Gee S et al. In vitro susceptibilities of Candida dubliniensis isolates tested against the new triazole and echinocandin antifungal agents. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37(3), 870–872 (1999).
  • Barchiesi F, Arzeni D, Fothergill AW et al. In vitro activities of the new antifungal triazole SCH-56592 against common and emerging yeast pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(1), 226–229 (2000).
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. In vitro activities of posaconazole (SCH-56592) compared with those of itraconazole and fluconazole against 3,685 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(10), 2862–2864 (2001).
  • Laverdiere M, Hoban D, Restieri C, Habel F. In vitro activity of three new triazoles and one echinocandin against Candida bloodstream isolates from cancer patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50(1), 119–123 (2002).
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. International Fungal Surveillance Participant Group. In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and four licensed systemic antifungal agents against Candida species infrequently isolated from blood. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(1), 78–83 (2003).
  • Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH, Pappas PG et al. Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2,000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(10), 3149–3154 (2003).
  • Tortorano AM, Rigoni AL, Biraghi E, Prigitano A, Viviani MA. The FIMUA-ECMM Candidaemia Study Group. The European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) survey of candidaemia in Italy: antifungal susceptibility patterns of 261 non-albicans Candida isolates from blood. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52(4), 679–682 (2003).
  • Pfaller MA, Messer S, Jones RN. Activity of a new triazole, SCH-56592, compared with those of four other antifungal agents tested against clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(2), 233–235 (1997).
  • Law D, Moore CB, Denning DW. Activity of SCH-56592 compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against Candida spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(10), 2310–2311 (1997).
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ et al. In vitro susceptibilities of Candida bloodstream isolates to the new triazole antifungal agents BMS-207147, SCH-56592, and voriconazole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(12), 3242–3244 (1998).
  • Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Quindos G, Ruesga M et al. Antifungal activity of posaconazole compared with fluconazole and amphotericin B against yeasts from oropharyngeal candidiasis and other infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55(3), 317–319 (2005).
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L et al. In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and fluconazole against 4,169 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans collected during (2001) and (2002) in the ARTEMIS global antifungal surveillance program. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 48(3), 201–205 (2004).
  • Paphitou NI, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Paetznick VL, Rodriguez JR, Chen E, Rex JH. In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Trichosporon species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(4), 1144–1146 (2002).
  • Velegraki A, Alexopoulos EC, Kritikou S, Gaitanis G. Use of fatty acid RPMI (1640) media for testing susceptibilities of eight Malassezia species to the new triazole posaconazole and to six established antifungal agents by a modified NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution method and Etest. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(8), 3589–3593 (2004).
  • Perfect JR, Cox GM, Dodge RK, Schell WA. In vitro and in vivo efficacies of the azole SCH56592 against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(8), 1910–1913 (1996).
  • Galgiani JN, Lewis ML. In vitro studies of activities of the antifungal triazoles SCH56592 and itraconazole against Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans, and other pathogenic yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(1), 180–183 (1997).
  • Barchiesi F, Schimizzi AM, Caselli F et al. Activity of the new antifungal triazole, posaconazole, against Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48(6), 769–773 (2001).
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L et al. Global trends in the antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans (1990 to 2004). J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(5), 2163–2167 (2005).
  • Yildiran ST, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. In vitro susceptibilities of cerebrospinal fluid isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans collected during a ten-year period against fluconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole (SCH56592). Mycoses 45(9–10), 378–383 (2002).
  • Oakley KL, Moore CB, Denning DW. In vitro activity of SCH-56592 and comparison with activities of amphotericin B and itraconazole against Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(5), 1124–1126 (1997).
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. SENTRY Participants Group. Antifungal activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against 239 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi: report from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2000. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(4), 1032–1037 (2002).
  • Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Activities of caspofungin, itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(8), 3623–3626 (2003).
  • Gonzalez GM, Tijerina R, Najvar LK et al. Activity of posaconazole against Pseudallescheria boydii: in vitro and in vivo assays. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(4), 1436–1438 (2003).
  • Carrillo AJ, Guarro J. In vitro activities of four novel triazoles against Scedosporium spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(7), 2151–2153 (2001).
  • Paphitou NI, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Paetznick VL, Rodriguez JR, Chen E, Rex JH. In vitro activities of investigational triazoles against Fusarium species: effects of inoculum size and incubation time on broth microdilution susceptibility test results. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(10), 3298–3300 (2002).
  • Meletiadis J, Meis JF, Mouton JW, Rodriquez-Tudela JL, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE. EUROFUNG Network. In vitro activities of new and conventional antifungal agents against clinical Scedosporium isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(1), 62–68 (2002).
  • Sun QN, Fothergill AW, McCarthy DI, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR. In vitro activities of posaconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and fluconazole against 37 clinical isolates of zygomycetes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(5), 1581–1582 (2002).
  • Dannaoui E, Meletiadis J, Mouton JW, Meis JF, Verweij PE; Eurofung Network. In vitro susceptibilities of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(1), 45–52 (2003).
  • Gil-Lamaignere C, Hess R, Salvenmoser S, Heyn K, Kappe R, Muller FM. Effect of media composition and in vitro activity of posaconazole, caspofungin and voriconazole against zygomycetes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2005) (In Press).
  • Barchiesi F, Arzeni D, Camiletti V et al. In vitro activity of posaconazole against clinical isolates of dermatophytes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(11), 4208–4209 (2001).
  • Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Batra R. In vitro activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, terbinafine, itraconazol and fluconazole against dermatophyte, yeast and non-dermatophyte species. Med. Mycol. 43(2), 179–185 (2005).
  • Sugar AM, Liu XP. In vitro and in vivo activities of SCH-56592 against Blastomyces dermatitidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(5), 1314–1316 (1996).
  • Connolly P, Wheat J, Schnizlein-Bick C et al. Comparison of a new triazole antifungal agent, Schering 56592, with itraconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of histoplasmosis in immunocompetent mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(2), 322–328 (1999).
  • Gonzalez GM, Tijerina R, Najvar LK et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of posaconazole against Coccidioides immitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(5), 1352–1356 (2002).
  • Urbina JA, Payares G, Contreras LM et al. Antiproliferative effects and mechanism of action of SCH-56592 against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: in vitro and in vivo studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(7), 1771–1777 (1998).
  • Manavathu EK, Cutright JL, Loebenberg D, Chandrasekar PH. A comparative study of the in vitro susceptibilities of clinical and laboratory-selected resistant isolates of Aspergillus spp. to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole (SCH-56592). J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46(2), 229–234 (2000).
  • Manavathu EK, Ramesh MS, Baskaran I, Ganesan LT, Chandrasekar PH. A comparative study of the post-antifungal effect (PAFE) of amphotericin B, triazoles and echinocandins on Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53(2), 386–389 (2004).
  • Chau AS, Mendrick CA, Sabatelli FJ, Loebenberg D, McNicholas PM. Application of real-time quantitative PCR to molecular analysis of Candida albicans strains exhibiting reduced susceptibility to azoles. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(6), 2124–2131 (2004).
  • Sanglard D, Ischer F, Bille J. Interactions of ravuconazole with yeast multidrug efflux transporters and different cytochrome P450 mutant forms. Abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2002).
  • Li X, Brown N, Chau AS et al. Changes in susceptibility to posaconazole in clinical isolates of Candida albicans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53(1), 74–80 (2003).
  • Xiao L, Madison V, Chau AS, Loebenberg D, Palermo RE, McNicholas PM. Three-dimensional models of wild type and mutated forms of cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans provide insights into posaconazole binding. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(2), 568–574 (2004).
  • Manavathu EK, Cutright JL, Chandrasekar PH. Species diversity and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Aspergillus obtained in a medical center from January (1994) to December 1998. Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (1999).
  • Manavathu EK, Baskaran I, Alangaden GJ, Chandrasekar PH. Molecular characterization of laboratory isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus showing reduced susceptibility to voriconazole. Abstracts of the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2001).
  • Mellado E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Diaz-Guerra TM et al. Clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus with a 14-α sterol demethylase (CYP51A) point mutation showed in vitro cross-resistance to itraconazole and posaconazole. Abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2002).
  • Mann PA, Parmegiani RM, Wei SQ et al. Mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus resulting in reduced susceptibility to posaconazole appear to be restricted to a single amino acid in the cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(2), 577–581 (2003).
  • Manavathu EK, Abraham OC, Chandrasekar PH. Isolation and in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole and posaconazole of voriconazole-resistant laboratory isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7(3), 130–137 (2001).
  • Mosquera J, Denning DW. Azole cross-resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(2), 556–557 (2002).
  • Barchiesi F, Schimizzi AM, Caselli F et al. Interactions between triazoles and amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(9), 2435–2441 (2000).
  • Barchiesi F, Schimizzi AM, Najvar LK et al. Interactions of posaconazole and flucytosine against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(5), 1355–1359 (2001).
  • Sabatelli F, Mendrick C, Halpern J et al. In vitro and in vivo interaction of posaconazole and caspofungin against Aspergillus. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Arikan S, Sancak B, Ozyavuz Alp S, Hascelik G. Comparative in vitro activity of posaconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Rhizopus, and synergy testing for Rhizopus. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Manavathu EK, Alangaden GJ, Chandrasekar PH. Differential activity of triazoles in two-drug combinations with the echinocandin caspofungin against Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(6), 1423–1425 (2003).
  • Ganesan LT, Manavathu EK, Cutright JL, Alangaden GJ, Chandrasekar PH. In vitro activity of nikkomycin Z alone and in combination with polyenes, triazoles or echinocandins against Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 10(11), 961–966 (2004).
  • Gil-Lamaignere C, Roilides E, Mosquera J, Maloukou A, Walsh TJ. Antifungal triazoles and polymorphonuclear leukocytes synergize to cause increased hyphal damage to Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(7), 2234–2237 (2002).
  • Simitsopoulou M, Gil-Lamaignere C, Avramidis N et al. Antifungal activities of posaconazole and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ex vivo and in mice with disseminated infection due to Scedosporium prolificans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 10, 3801–3805 (2004).
  • Nomeir AA, Kumari P, Hilbert MJ et al. Pharmacokinetics of SCH-56592, a new azole broad spectrum antifungal agent, in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(3), 727–731 (2000).
  • Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Groll AH et al. Antifungal activity and pharmacokinetics of posaconazole (SCH-56592) in treatment and prevention of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: correlation with galactomannan antigenemia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(3), 857–869 (2001).
  • Groll AH, Mickiene D, Petraitiene R et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of posaconazole (SCH-56592) in a neutropenic animal model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Abstracts of the 40st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2000).
  • Cacciapuoti A, Gurnani M, Halpern J, Norris C, Patel R, Loebenberg D. Interaction between posaconazole and amphotericin B in concomitant treatment against Candida albicans in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(2), 638–642 (2005).
  • Oakley KL, Morrissey G, Denning DW. Efficacy of SCH-56592 in a temporarily neutropenic murine model of invasive aspergillosis with an itraconazole-susceptible and an itraconazole-resistant isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(7), 1504–1507 (1997).
  • Graybill JR, Bocanegra R, Najvar LK, Luther MF, Loebenberg D. SCH56592 treatment of murine invasive aspergillosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 42(4), 539–542 (1998).
  • Kirkpatrick WR, McAtee RK, Fothergill AW, Loebenberg D, Rinaldi MG, Patterson TF. Efficacy of SCH56592 in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(3), 780–782 (2000).
  • Imai JK, Singh G, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Efficacy of posaconazole in a murine model of central nervous system aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(10), 4063–4066 (2004).
  • Najvar LK, Cacciapuoti A, Hernandez S et al. Activity of posaconazole combined with amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus infection in mice: comparative studies in two laboratories. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(3), 758–764 (2004).
  • Walsh TJ, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R et al. Experimental pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus terreus: pathogenesis and treatment of an emerging fungal pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J. Infect. Dis. 188(2), 305–319 (2003).
  • Graybill JR, Hernandez S, Bocanegra R, Najvar LK. Antifungal therapy of murine Aspergillus terreus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(10), 3715–3719 (2004).
  • Graybill JR, Bocanegra R, Najvar LK, Loebenberg D, Luther MF. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and azole antifungal therapy in murine aspergillosis: role of immune suppression. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(10), 2467–2473 (1998).
  • Patera AC, Menzel F, Jackson C et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor combination therapy on efficacy of posaconazole (SCH56592) in an inhalation model of murine pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(8), 3154–3158 (2004).
  • Lozano-Chiu M, Arikan S, Paetznick VL, Anaissie EJ, Loebenberg D, Rex JH. Treatment of murine fusariosis with SCH-56592. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(3), 589–591 (1999).
  • Graybill JR, Najvar LK, Johnson E, Bocanegra R, Loebenberg D. Posaconazole therapy of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a murine model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(6), 2288–2291 (2004).
  • Al-Abdely HM, Alkhunaizi AM, Al-Tawfiq JA, Hassounah M, Rinaldi MG, Sutton DA. Successful therapy of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium mackenziei with the new triazole posaconazole. Med. Mycol. 43(1), 91–95 (2005).
  • Al-Abdely HM, Najvar LK, Bocanegra R, Graybill JR. Antifungal therapy of experimental cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Cladophialophora bantiana. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(5), 1701–1707 (2005).
  • Al-Abdely HM, Najvar L, Bocanegra R et al. SCH-56592, amphotericin B, or itraconazole therapy of experimental murine cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium obovoideum (‘Ramichloridium mackenziei’). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(5), 1159–1162 (2000).
  • Sun QN, Najvar LK, Bocanegra R, Loebenberg D, Graybill JR. In vivo activity of posaconazole against Mucor spp. in an immunosuppressed-mouse model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(7), 2310–2312 (2002).
  • Dannaoui E, Meis JF, Loebenberg D, Verweij PE. Activity of posaconazole in treatment of experimental disseminated zygomycosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(11), 3647–3650 (2003).
  • Lutz JE, Clemons KV, Aristizabal BH, Stevens DA. Activity of the triazole SCH-56592 against disseminated murine coccidioidomycosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(7), 1558–1561 (1997).
  • Connolly P, Wheat LJ, Schnizlein-Bick C et al. Comparison of a new triazole, posaconazole, with itraconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of histoplasmosis following pulmonary challenge in immunocompromised mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(10), 2604–2608 (2000).
  • Molina J, Martins-Filho O, Brener Z, Romanha AJ, Loebenberg D, Urbina JA. Activities of the triazole derivative SCH-56592 (posaconazole) against drug-resistant strains of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed murine hosts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(1), 150–155 (2000).
  • Al-Abdely HM, Graybill JR, Loebenberg D, Melby PC. Efficacy of the triazole SCH-56592 against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani in experimental murine cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(12), 2910–2914 (1999).
  • Andes D, Marchillo K, Conklin R et al. Pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, posaconazole, in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(1), 137–142 (2004).
  • Ezzet F. Wexler D, Kakkar T et al. Pharmacodynamics of posaconazole against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans fungal infections in mice. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Courtney R, Pai S, Laughlin M, Lim J, Batra V. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(9), 2788–2795 (2003).
  • Courtney R, Wexler D, Radwanski E, Lim J, Laughlin M. Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57(2), 218–222 (2004).
  • Courtney R, Sansone A, Calzetta A et al. The effect of a nutritional supplement (Boost Plus®) on the oral bioavailability of posaconazole. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Courtney R, Radwanski E, Lim J, Laughlin M. Pharmacokinetics of posaconazole coadministered with antacid in fasting or nonfasting healthy men. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(3), 804–808 (2004).
  • Ezzet F, Wexler D, Courtney R, Krishna G, Lim J, Laughlin M. Oral bioavailability of posaconazole in fasted healthy subjects, comparison between three regimens and basis for clinical dosage recommendations. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 44(2), 211–220 (2005).
  • Ezzet F, Wexler D, Courtney R et al. The pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in neutropenic oncology patients. Abstracts of the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2001).
  • Ezzet F, Wexler D, Courtney R et al. Comparative bioavailability of oral posaconazole in different dosage regimens: a population pharmacokientic analysis. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Ghosal A, Hapangama N, Yuan Y et al. Identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme(s) responsible for the glucuronidation of posaconazole (Noxafil). Drug Metab. Dispos. 32(2), 267–271 (2004).
  • Kim H, Kumari P, Laughlin M et al. Use of high-performance liquid chromatographic and microbiological analyses for evaluating the presence or absence of active metabolites of the antifungal posaconazole in human plasma. J. Chromatogr. A 987(1–2), 243–248 (2003).
  • Courtney R, Sansone A, Devlin D et al. P-glycoprotein expression and genotype: exploratory analysis of posaconazole in healthy volunteers. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Wexler D, Courtney R, Richards W, Banfield C, Lim J, Laughlin M. Effect of posaconazole on cytochrome P450 enzymes: a randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(5), 645–653 (2004).
  • Sansone A, Courtney R, Krishna G et al. Evaluation of the drug interaction potential of posaconazole: summary of 7 clinical pharmacology studies. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Sansone A, Courtney R, Mellars L et al. Posaconazole has no clinically significant effect on QTc interval in healthy volunteers. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Courtney R, Sansone A, Stalkevich P et al. Effect of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in healthy volunteers. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Courtney R, Sansone A, Kantesaria B et al. Effect of ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in healtzhy volunteers. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Krishna G, Wexler D, Courtney R et al. Posaconazole plasma concnetrations in pediatric subjects with invasive fungal infections. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Courtney R, Sansone A, Smith W et al. Posaconazole pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability in subjects with varying degrees of chronic renal disease. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 45(2), 185–192 (2005).
  • Courtney R et al. Pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in patients with hepatic insufficiency. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Pharmacological Sciences (AAPS). (2000).
  • Vasquez JA, Northland R, Miller S et al. Posaconazole compared to fluconazole for oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Abstracts of the 40st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2000).
  • Skiest DJ, Vazquez JA, Graybill JR et al. Open label trial of posaconazole for azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS subjects: final analysis. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Raad I, Chapman S, Bradsher R et al. Posaconazoel salvage therapy for invasive fungal infections. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Nieto L, Northland R, Pittisuttithum P et al. Posaconazole equivalent to fluconazole in treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2000).
  • Catanzaro A, Cloud G, Stevens D et al. Safety and tolerance of posaconazole (SCH 56592) in patients with nonmeningeal disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Greenberg RN. Posaconazole therapy for refractory invasive zygomycosis. Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2000), American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Hachem R, Graybill JR, Negroni R et al. Posaconazole as salvage therapy for Pseudallescheria infections: a case series. Proceedings of the 14th European Congress for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. (2004).
  • Segal BH, Barnhart LA, Anderson VL, Walsh TJ, Malech HL, Holland SM. Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive filamentous fungal infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40(11), 1684–1688 (2005).
  • Restrepo A, Clark B, Graham DF et al. Successful treatment of disseminated and acute pulmonary histoplasmosis with posaconazole. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology.
  • Pitisultithum P, Flores V, Negroni R et al. Efficacy of posaconazole in treatment of central nervous system fungal infections: results of an open-label study. Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2003).
  • Blumer J, Hare R, Krishna G et al. Efficacy of posaconazole salvage therapy in pediatric subjects with invasive fungal infections. Proceedings of the 15th European Congress for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. (2005).
  • Pedicone L, Ullmann AJ, Graybill J et al. Comparison of posaconazole adverse event profiles in healthy volunteers and patients with invasive fungal infections. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Graybill JR, Raad I, Negroni R et al. Posaconazole long-term safety in subjects with invasive fungal infections. Abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. (2004).
  • Perea S, Gonzalez G, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. In vitro activities of terbinafine in combination with fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole against clinical isolates of Candida glabrata with decreased susceptibility to azoles. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40(5), 1831–1833 (2002).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.