Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

References

• Latge JP. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12, 310–350 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren I, Haddad N, Finkelstein R, Rowe JM. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients during hospital construction: before and after chemoprophylaxis and institution of HEPA filters. Am. J. Hematol. 66, 257–262 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latge JP. The pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus. Trends Microbiol. 9, 382–389 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L. Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 909–917 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachem RY, Kontoyiannis DP, Boktour MR et al. Aspergillus terreus: an emerging amphotericin B-resistant opportunistic mold in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer 101, 1594–1600 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denning DW. Early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Lancet 355, 423–424 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Carter RA, Boeckh M, Martin P, Corey L. Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: changes in epidemiology and risk factors. Blood 100, 4358–4366 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens J, Vrebos M, Boogaerts M. Assessing risk factors for systemic fungal infections. Eur. J. Cancer Care (Engl). 10, 56–62 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thursky K, Byrnes G, Grigg A, Szer J, Slavin M. Risk factors for post-engraftment invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 34, 115–121 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minari A, Husni R, Avery RK et al. The incidence of invasive aspergillosis among solid organ transplant recipients and implications for prophylaxis in lung transplants. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 4, 195–200 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien SN, Blijlevens NM, Mahfouz TH, Anaissie EJ. Infections in patients with hematological cancer: recent developments. Hematology (Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program) 438–472 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Rosa FG, Shaz D, Campagna AC et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis soon after therapy with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-α-neutralizing antibody: a possible healthcare-associated case? Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 24, 477–482 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nenoff P, Horn LC, Mierzwa M et al. Peracute disseminated fatal Aspergillus fumigatus sepsis as a complication of corticoid-treated systemic lupus erythematosus. Mycoses 38, 467–471 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller FM, Trusen A, Weig M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised children. Eur. J. Pediatr. 161, 563–574 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soubani AO, Chandrasekar PH. The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis. Chest 121, 1988–1999 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guermazi A, Benchaib N, Zagdanski AM et al. Cerebral and spinal cord involvement resulting from invasive aspergillosis. Eur. Radiol. 12, 147–150 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schelenz S, Goldsmith DJ. Aspergillus endophthalmitis: an unusual complication of disseminated infection in renal transplant patients. J. Infect. 47, 336–343 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson DL. New clinical presentations of invasive aspergillosis in nonconventional hosts. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 10(Suppl. 1), 24–30 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martino R, Lopez R, Sureda A, Brunet S, Domingo-Albos A. Risk of reactivation of a recent invasive fungal infection in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing further intensive chemo-radiotherapy. A single-center experience and review of the literature. Haematologica 82, 297–304 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorelik O, Cohen N, Shpirer I et al. Fatal haemoptysis induced by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukaemia during bone marrow and clinical remission: report of two cases and review of the literature. J. Infect. 41, 277–282 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ascioglu S, Rex JH, de Pauw B et al. Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 7–14 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum U, Windfuhr M, Buitrago-Tellez C et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. MRI, CT, and plain radiographic findings and their contribution for early diagnosis. Chest 106, 1156–1161 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A et al. Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 139–147 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A et al. Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 253–259 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenberger F, Habicht J, Kaim A et al. Lung resection for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients with hematologic diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158, 885–890 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis M. Invasive fungal infections: evolving challenges for diagnosis and therapeutics. Mol. Immunol. 38, 947–957 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenberger F, Habicht J, Matt P et al. Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in histologically proven invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 24, 1195–1199 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes-Jordan A, Benaim E, Richardson S et al. Open lung biopsy in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. J. Pediatr. Surg. 37, 446–452 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nosari A, Anghilieri M, Carrafiello G et al. Utility of percutaneous lung biopsy for diagnosing filamentous fungal infections in hematologic malignancies. Haematologica 88, 1405–1409 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Husain S. Aspergillus infections after lung transplantation: clinical differences in type of transplant and implications for management. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 22, 258–266 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeffler J, Hebart H, Brauchle U, Schumacher U, Einsele H. Comparison between plasma and whole blood specimens for detection of Aspergillus DNA by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 3830–3833 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einsele H, Hebart H, Roller G et al. Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in blood by using molecular probes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35, 1353–1360 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challier S, Boyer S, Abachin E, Berche P. Development of a serum-based Taqman real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 844–846 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Balajee SA, McLaughlin L et al. Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: variables that affect performance. J. Infect. Dis. 190, 641–649 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musher B, Fredricks D, Leisenring W et al. Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 5517–5522 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulahian A, Tabouret M, Ribaud P et al. Comparison of an enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination test for detection of galactomannan in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15, 139–145 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennink-Kersten MA, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE. Detection of circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4, 349–357 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbrecht R, Letscher-Bru V, Oprea C et al. Aspergillus galactomannan detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 1898–1906 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Demuynck H et al. Autopsy-controlled prospective evaluation of serial screening for circulating galactomannan by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hematological patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 3223–3228 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Shoham S, Petraitiene R et al. Detection of galactomannan antigenemia in patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam and correlations between in vitro, in vivo, and clinical properties of the drug-antigen interaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 4744–4748 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viscoli C, Machetti M, Cappellano P et al. False-positive galactomannan platelia aspergillus test results for patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 913–916 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Laverdiere M, Gugel A, Leisenring W. Antifungal therapy decreases sensitivity of the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 1762–1769 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens J, Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J et al. Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis. 186, 1297–1306 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulahian A, Boutboul F, Ribaud P et al. Value of antigen detection using an enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis and prediction of invasive aspergillosis in two adult and pediatric hematology units during a 4-year prospective study. Cancer 91, 311–318 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens J, Glasmacher A, Selleslag D et al. Evaluation of serum sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating galactomannan during caspofungin therapy: results from the caspofungin invasive aspergillosis study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, E9–E14 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiphine M, Letscher-Bru V, Herbrecht R. Amphotericin B and its new formulations: pharmacologic characteristics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 1, 273–283 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daneshmend TK, Warnock DW. Clinical pharmacokinetics of systemic antifungal drugs. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 8, 17–42 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallis HA, Drew RH, Pickard WW. Amphotericin B: 30 years of clinical experience. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12, 308–329 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin SD, Cleary JD, Walawander CA, Taylor JW, Grasela TH Jr. Pretreatment regimens for adverse events related to infusion of amphotericin B. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 755–761 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy M, Domaratzki J, Koren G. Amphotericin-induced heart-rate decrease in children. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila). 34, 358–364 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson U, Seifert B, Schaffner A. Comparison of effects of amphotericin B deoxycholate infused over 4 or 24 h: randomized controlled trial. Br. Med. J. 322, 579–582 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Co-operative Group. Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Am. J. Med. 86, 668–672 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Pizzo PA, Robichaud KJ, Gill FA, Witebsky FG. Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Am. J. Med. 72, 101–111 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denning DW. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis. J. Infect. 28(Suppl. 1), 25–33 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SJ, Schranz J, Teutsch SM. Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: systematic review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 358–366 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veltri A, Anselmetti GC, Bartoli G et al. Percutaneous treatment with amphotericin B of mycotic lung lesions from invasive aspergillosis: results in 10 immunocompromised patients. Eur. Radiol. 10, 1939–1944 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenders AC, de Marie S. The use of lipid formulations of amphotericin B for systemic fungal infections. Leukemia 10, 1570–1575 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister J. Amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet) in the treatment of invasive mycoses: the North American experience. Eur. J. Haematol. Suppl. 57, 18–23 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denning DW, Stevens DA. Antifungal and surgical treatment of invasive aspergillosis: review of 2,121 published cases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12, 1147–1201 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Comparative efficacies of four amphotericin B formulations – Fungizone, amphotec (Amphocil), AmBisome, and Abelcet – against systemic murine aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 48, 1047–1050 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groll AH, Giri N, Petraitis V et al. Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans infection of the central nervous system. J. Infect. Dis. 182, 274–282 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 603–618 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden R, Chandrasekar P, White MH et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion versus amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35, 359–366 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subira M, Martino R, Gomez L et al. Low-dose amphotericin B lipid complex vs. conventional amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy of neutropenic fever in patients with hematologic malignancies – a randomized, controlled trial. Eur. J. Haematol. 72, 342–347 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenders AC, Daenen S, Jansen RL et al. Liposomal amphotericin B compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate in the treatment of documented and suspected neutropenia-associated invasive fungal infections. Br. J. Haematol. 103, 205–212 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis M, Spence D, de Pauw B et al. An EORTC international multicenter randomized trial (EORTC number 19923) comparing two dosages of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 1406–1412 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel JD. Combination therapy for invasive mycoses: evaluation of past clinical trial designs. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(Suppl. 4), S224–S227 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanati H, Belanger P, Fratti R, Ghannoum M. A new triazole, voriconazole (UK-109,496), blocks sterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2492–2496 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piscitelli SC, Flexner C, Minor JR, Polis MA, Masur H. Drug interactions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 685–693 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch CK, Chrisman CR, Baciewicz AM, Self TH. Rifampin and rifabutin drug interactions: an update. Arch. Intern. Med. 162, 985–992 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme MP, Slaughter RL, Warbasse LH et al. Itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole serum concentrations are reduced more than tenfold by phenytoin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 58, 617–624 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer MR, Marshall SE, Denning DW et al. Cyclosporin and itraconazole interaction in heart and lung transplant recipients. Ann. Intern. Med. 113, 327–329 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahnke CB, Sutton RM, Venkataramanan R et al. Tacrolimus dosage requirements after initiation of azole antifungal therapy in pediatric thoracic organ transplantation. Pediatr. Transplant. 7, 474–478 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens DA, Kan VL, Judson MA et al. Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 696–709 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeu L, Piacenti FJ, Lyakhovetskiy AG, Fung HB. Voriconazole. Clin. Ther. 25, 1321–1381 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappe R. Antifungal activity of the new azole UK-109, 496 (voriconazole). Mycoses 42(Suppl. 2), 83–86 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty FM, Cosimi LA, Baden LR. Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole treatment in recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 950–952 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren I. Breakthrough zygomycosis during empirical voriconazole therapy in febrile patients with neutropenia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 770–771 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher HW, Groll AH, Chiou CC, Walsh TJ. Newer systemic antifungal agents: pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy. Drugs 64, 1997–2020 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingard JR, Leather H. A new era of antifungal therapy. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 10, 73–90 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Pappas P, Winston DJ et al. Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 225–234 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 408–415 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbrecht R. Posaconazole: a potent, extended-spectrum triazole antifungal for the treatment of serious fungal infections. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 58, 612–624 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge BA, Ashley ED, Steele MP, Perfect JR. Aspergillus fumigatus empyema, arthritis, and calcaneal osteomyelitis in a lung transplant patient successfully treated with posaconazole. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 1376–1378 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal BH, Barnhart LA, Anderson VL et al. Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive filamentous fungal infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 1684–1688 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick WR, Perea S, Coco BJ, Patterson TF. Efficacy of ravuconazole (BMS-207147) in a guinea-pig model of disseminated aspergillosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49, 353–357 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajdu R, Thompson R, Sundelof JG et al. Preliminary animal pharmacokinetics of the parenteral antifungal agent MK-0991 (L-743,872). Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 41, 2339–2344 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone EA, Fung HB, Kirschenbaum HL. Caspofungin: an echinocandin antifungal agent. Clin. Ther. 24, 351–377 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens J, Raad I, Petrikkos G et al. Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 1563–1571 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Teppler H, Donowitz GR et al. Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1391–1402 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea S, Gonzalez G, Fothergill AW et al. In vitro interaction of caspofungin acetate with voriconazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 3039–3041 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George D, Kordick D, Miniter P, Patterson TF, Andriole VT. Combination therapy in experimental invasive aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 168, 692–698 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arikan S, Lozano-Chiu M, Paetznick V, Rex JH. In vitro synergy of caspofungin and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 245–247 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA, Denning DW. Combination and sequential antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis: review of published in vitro and in vivo interactions and 6281 clinical cases from 1966 to 2001. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37(Suppl. 3), S188–S224 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE. Toward more effective antifungal therapy: the prospects of combination therapy. Br. J. Haematol. 126, 165–175 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE, Sagar N et al. Itraconazole-amphotericin B antagonism in Aspergillus fumigatus: an E-test-based strategy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2915–2918 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Boeckh M, Carter RA, Kim HW, Corey L. Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 797–802 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA. Review of newer antifungal and immunomodulatory strategies for invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37(Suppl. 3), S157–S187 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak-Wyss A. Protective effect of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) on Cryptococcus and Aspergillus infections in normal and immunosuppressed mice. Mycoses 34, 205–215 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu Jawdeh L, Haidar R, Bitar F et al. Aspergillus vertebral osteomyelitis in a child with a primary monocyte killing defect: response to GM-CSF therapy. J. Infect. 41, 97–100 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groll A, Renz S, Gerein V et al. Fatal haemoptysis associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis treated with high-dose amphotericin B and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Mycoses 35, 67–75 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Camargo EE, Jaffe HS, Lederman HM. Recombinant human interferon-γ as adjunct therapy for Aspergillus infection in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. J. Infect. Dis. 163, 908–911 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard A, Caillot D, Couaillier JF et al. Surgical management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 64, 1441–1447 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matt P, Bernet F, Habicht J et al. Predicting outcome after lung resection for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with neutropenia. Chest 126, 1783–1788 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caillot D, Mannone L, Cuisenier B, Couaillier JF. Role of early diagnosis and aggressive surgery in the management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7(Suppl. 2), 54–61 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habicht JM, Matt P, Passweg JR et al. Invasive pulmonary fungal infection in hematologic patients: is resection effective? Hematol. J. 2, 250–256 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menotti J, Waller J, Meunier O et al. Epidemiological study of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a hematology unit by molecular typing of environmental and patient isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Hosp. Infect. 60, 61–68 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhart S, Hanfland J, Glasmacher A et al. Impact of portable air filtration units on exposure of hematology-oncology patients to airborne Aspergillus fumigatus spores under field conditions. J. Hosp. Infect. 54, 300–304 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn T, Cummings KM, Michalek AM et al. Efficacy of high-efficiency particulate air filtration in preventing aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23, 525–531 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsey SM, Goldman JM, McCann S et al. Liposomal amphotericin (AmBisome) in the prophylaxis of fungal infections in neutropenic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 23, 163–168 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston DJ, Maziarz RT, Chandrasekar PH et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous and oral fluconazole for long-term antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients. A multicenter, randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 138, 705–713 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallin JI, Alling DW, Malech HL et al. Itraconazole to prevent fungal infections in chronic granulomatous disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2416–2422 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bow EJ, Laverdiere M, Lussier N et al. Antifungal prophylaxis for severely neutropenic chemotherapy recipients: a meta analysis of randomized-controlled clinical trials. Cancer 94, 3230–3246 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamacher J, Spiliopoulos A, Kurt AM, Nicod LP. Pre-emptive therapy with azoles in lung transplant patients. Geneva Lung Transplantation Group. Eur. Respir. J. 13, 180–186 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin MT, Lu HC, Chen WL. Improving efficacy of antifungal therapy by polymerase chain reaction-based strategy among febrile patients with neutropenia and cancer. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, 1621–1627 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutlu GM, Garey KW, Robbins RA, Danziger LH, Rubinstein I. Collection and analysis of exhaled breath condensate in humans. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164, 731–737 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar