Treatment strategies for highly treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients

References

• Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 853–860 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellors J. New insights into mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Presented at the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. MA, USA (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Soriano V, de Mendoza C. Genetic mechanisms of resistance to NRTI and NNRTI. HIV Clin. Trials 3, 237–248 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clumeck N, Brun S, Sylte J et al. Kaletra (ABT-378/r) and efavirenz: one-year safety/efficacy evaluation and phenotypic breakpoints in multiple- PI-experienced patients. Program and abstracts of the 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. IL, USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Kempf DJ, Isaacson JD, King MS et al. Analysis of the virological response with respect to baseline viral phenotype and genotype in protease inhibitor-experienced HIV-1-infected patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir therapy. Antivir. Ther. 7, 165–174 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu A, Isaacson J, Brun S et al. Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis of lopinavir–ritonavir in combination with efavirenz and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in extensively pretreated human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 350–359 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu A, Granneman G, Kempf D et al. The Ctrough inhibitory quotient predicts virologic response to ABT-378/ritonavir (ABT-378/r) therapy in treatment-experienced patients. AIDS 14(Suppl. 4), S12 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Podzamczer D, Tressler R, Flexner C et al. Higher doses of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in highly treatment-experienced, HIV-infected patients: 48-week safety/efficacy evaluation. Presented at the 15th International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Thailand (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Bertz R, Li J, King M et al. Lopinavir inhibitory quotient predicts virologic response in highly antiretroviral-experienced patients receiving high-dose lopinavir/ritonavir. Presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CA, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Wild C, Greenwell T, Matthews T. A synthetic peptide from HIV-1 gp41 is a potent inhibitor of virus-mediated cell–cell fusion. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9, 1051–1053 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalezari JP, Henry K, O’Hearn M et al. Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV Infection in North and South America. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2175–2185 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Cooper D et al. Efficacy of enfuvirtide in patients infected with drug-resistant HIV-1 in Europe and Australia. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2186–2195 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katlama C, Arastéh K, Clotet B et al. Enfuvirtide TORO studies: 48 week results confirm 24 week findings. Program and abstracts of the 2nd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Paris, France (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Montaner J, DeMasi R, Delehanty J et al. Analysis of virological response of enfuvirtide in TORO: implications for patient management. Antivir. Ther. 8(Suppl. 1), S212 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Yeni P. Tipranavir: a protease inhibitor from a new class with distinct antiviral activity. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 34(Suppl. 1), S91–S94 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schake D. How flexible is tipranavir in complex with the HIV-1 protease active site? AIDS 18, 579–580 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walmsley S, Leith J, Katlama C et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of tipranavir/ritonavir (TPV/r) alone or in combination with saquinavir (SQV), amprenavir (APV), or lopinavir: interim analysis of BI 1182.51. Presented at the 15th International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Thailand (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hicks C. RESIST-1: a Phase 3, randomized, controlled, open-label, multicenter trial comparing tipranavir/ritonavir (TPV/r) to an optimized comparator protease inhibitor/r (CPI/r) regimen in antiretroviral-experienced patients: 24-week data. Presented at the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington DC, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Cahn P. 24-week data from RESIST 2: phase 3 study of the efficacy and safety of either tipranavir/ritonavir (TPV/r) or an optimized ritonavir (RTV)-boosted standard-of-care (SOC) comparator PI (CPI) in a large randomized multicenter trial in treatment-experienced HIV+ patients. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection. Glasgow, UK (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Shulman NS, Bosch RJ, Mellors JW, Albrecht MA, Katzenstein DA. Genetic correlates of efavirenz hypersusceptibility. AIDS 18, 1781–1785 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeter L, DeGruttola V, Lustgarten S et al. A genotypic score for efavirenz hypersusceptibility is associated with virologic response to EFV + indinavir ± abacavir in nucleoside-experienced patients. Presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CA, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Haubrich RH, Kemper CA, Hellmann NS et al. The clinical relevance of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor hypersusceptibility: a prospect cohort analysis. AIDS 16, F33–F40 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staszewski S, Dauer B, von Hentig N et al. The LOPSAQ study: 24 week analysis of the double protease inhibitor salvage regimen containing lopinavir (LPV/r) plus saquinavir without any additional antiretroviral (ART) therapy. Program and abstracts of the 2nd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Paris, France (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Staszewski S, Dauer B, Carlebach A et al. The LOPSAQ salvage study: 48 week analysis of the full cohort treated with lopinavir (LPV/r) plus saquinavir (SQV) without any additional antiretroviral (ART) therapy. Program and abstracts of the XV International AIDS Conference (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Dam E, Rochas S, Faudon JL et al. Synergistic activity of lopinavir and saquinavir on protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1. Presented at the 11th Conference of Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CA, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Molla A, Mo H, Vasavanonda S et al. In vitro antiviral interaction of lopinavir with other protease inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 2249–2253 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montaner JSG, Harrigan PR, Jahnke N et al. Multiple drug rescue therapy for HIV-infected individuals with prior virologic failure to multiple regimens. AIDS 15, 61–69 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haubrich RH. Resistance and replication capacity assays: clinical utility and interpretation. Top. HIV Med. 12, 52–56 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbour JD, Wrin T, Hecht FM et al. Wide variation in Pro/Pol replication capacity in recently transmitted HIV-1 is conferred in part by protease inhibitor resistance mutations. Antivir. Ther. 8, S80 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Barbour JD, Wrin T, Grant RM et al. Evolution of phenotypic drug susceptibility and viral replication capacity during long-term virologic failure of protease inhibitor therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. J. Virol. 76, 11104–11112 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence J, Mayers DL, Hullsiek KH et al. Structured treatment interruption in patients with multi-drug resistant human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 837–846 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katlama C, Dominguez S, Gourlain K et al. Benefit of treatment interruption in HIV-infected patients with multiple therapeutic failures: a randomized controlled trial (ANRS 097). AIDS 18, 217–226 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch MS, Brun-Vezinet F, Bonaventura C et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: 2003 Recommendations of an International AIDS Society – USA Panel. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, 113–128 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson VA, Brun-Vezinet F, Bonaventura C et al. Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: 2005. Top. HIV Med. 13, 51–57 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Mendoza C, Martin-Carbonero L, Gallego O et al. Relationship between drug resistance mutations, plasma viremia, and CD4 T-cell counts in patients with chronic HIV infection. J. Med. Virol. 76, 1–6 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffanti S, Fusco JS, Sherril BH et al. Effect of persistent moderate viremia on disease progression during HIV therapy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 37, 1147–1154 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The PLATO Collaboration. Predictors of trend in CD4-positive T-cell count and mortality among HIV-1-infected individuals with virological failure to all three antiretroviral-drug classes. Lancet 364, 51–62 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar