References
- Wanji S, Tendongfor N, Esum M et al. Epidemiology of concomitant infections due to Loa loa, Mansonella perstans, and Onchocerca volvulus in rain forest villages of Cameroon. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl).192, 15–21 (2003).
- WHO. Onchocerciasis and its control. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser.852, 1–103 (1995).
- Basanez MG, Pion SD, Churcher T et al. River blindness: neglect by success? PLoS Med. (2006) (In press).
- Amaral F, Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J et al. Live adult worms detected by ultrasonography in human bancroftian filariasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.50, 753–757 (1994).
- Dreyer G, Amaral F, Noroes J et al. Ultrasonographic evidence for stability of adult worm location in bancroftian filariasis.Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.88, 558 (1994).
- Mand S, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Dittrich M et al. Animated documentation of the filaria dance sign (FDS) in bancroftian filariasis. Filaria J.2, 3 (2003).
- Mand S, Supali T, Djuardi J et al. Detection of adult Brugia malayi filariae by ultrasonography in humans in India and Indonesia. Trop. Med. Int. Health (2006) (In press).
- Mand S, Debrah A, Batsa L et al. Reliable and frequent detection of adult Wuchereria bancrofti in Ghanaian women by ultrasonography. Trop. Med. Int. Health9, 1111–1114 (2004).
- O’Bryan L, Pinkston P, Kumaraswami V et al. Localized eosinophil degranulation mediates disease in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Infect. Immun.71, 1337–1342 (2003).
- Dreyer G, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J et al. Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective. Parasitol. Today16, 544–548 (2000).
- Dreyer G, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J. New insights into the natural history and pathology of bancroftian filariasis: implications for clinical management and filariasis control programmes. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.94, 594–596 (2000).
- Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Carvalho K et al. Lymphatic filariasis in children: adenopathy and its evolution in two young girls. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.65, 204–207 (2001).
- Kayembe DL, Mwanza JC, Fobi G et al. Ocular onchocerciasis in seven endemic areas of four central african countries. Trop. Med. Int. Health (2006) (In press).
- Duke BOL. The population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus in the human host. Trop. Med. Parasitol.44, 61–68 (1993).
- Hoerauf A, Büttner DW, Adjei O et al. Clinical review – onchocerciasis. Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the worms are targets for a new therapeutic approach. Br. Med. J.326, 207–210 (2003).
- Doetze A, Satoguina J, Burchard G et al. Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in generalized onchocerciasis is mediated by Th3/Tr1- type cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta but not by a Th1 to Th2 shift. Int. Immunol.12, 623–630 (2000).
- Satoguina J, Mempel M, Larbi J et al. Antigen-specific T regulatory-1 cells are associated with immunosuppression in a chronic helminth infection (onchocerciasis). Microbes Infect.4, 1291–1300 (2002).
- Hoerauf A, Brattig N. Resistance and susceptibility in human onchocerciasis – beyond Th1 vs. Th2. Trends Parasitol.18, 25–31 (2002).
- Satoguina JS, Weyand E, Larbi J et al. T regulatory-1 cells induce IgG4 production by B cells: role of IL-10. J. Immunol.174, 4718–4726 (2005).
- Little MP, Breitling LP, Basanez MG et al. Association between microfilarial load and excess mortality in onchocerciasis: an epidemiological study. Lancet363, 1514–1521 (2004).
- Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N. The ICT filariasis test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol. Today13, 401–404 (1997).
- Simonsen PE, Dunyo SK. Comparative evaluation of three new tools for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis based on detection of specific circulating antigens. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.93, 278–282 (1999).
- Dreyer G, Amaral F, Noroes J et al. A new tool to assess the adulticidal efficacy in vivo of antifilarial drugs for bancroftian filariasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.89, 225–226 (1995).
- McGarry HF, Plant LD, Taylor MJ. Diethylcarbamazine activity against Brugia malayi microfilariae is dependent on inducible nitric-oxide synthase and the cyclooxygenase pathway. Filaria J.4, 4 (2005).
- Campbell WC. Ivermectin as an antiparasitic agent for use in humans. Ann. Rev. Microbiol.45, 445–474 (1991).
- Addiss D, Critchley J, Ejere H et al. Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.CD003753 (2004).
- Critchley J, Addiss D, Ejere H et al. Albendazole for the control and elimination of lymphatic filariasis: systematic review. Trop. Med. Int. Health10, 818–825 (2005).
- Critchley J. Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.CD003753 (2005).
- Awadzi K. Clinical picture and outcome of serious adverse events in the treatment of onchocerciasis. Filaria J.2(Suppl. 1), S6 (2003).
- Molyneux DH, Bradley M, Hoerauf A et al. Mass drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Trends Parasitol.19, 516–522 (2003).
- Dadzie Y, Neira M, Hopkins D. Final report of the conference on the eradicability of onchocerciasis. Filaria J.2, 2 (2003).
- Molyneux DH, Hopkins DR, Zagaria N. Disease eradication, elimination and control: the need for accurate and consistent usage. Trends Parasitol.20, 347–351 (2004).
- Richards FO, Boatin B, Sauerbrey M et al. Control of onchocerciasis today: status and challenges. Trends Parasitol.17, 558–563 (2001).
- Plaisier AP, Alley ES, van Oortmarssen GJ et al. Required duration of combined annual ivermectin treatment and vector control in the onchocerciasis control programme in West Africa. Bull. World Health Organ.75, 237–245 (1997).
- Remme JHF. The African programme for onchocerciasis control: preparing to launch. Parasitol. Today11, 403–406 (1995).
- Tielsch JM, Beeche A. Impact of ivermectin on illness and disability associated with onchocerciasis. Trop. Med. Int. Health9, A45–A56 (2004).
- Abiose A, Homeida M, Liese B et al. Onchocerciasis control strategies. Lancet356, 1523–1524 (2000).
- Winnen M, Plaisier AP, Alley ES et al. Can ivermectin mass treatments eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa? Bull. World Health Organ.80, 384–391 (2002).
- Borsboom GJ, Boatin BA, Nagelkerke NJ et al. Impact of ivermectin on onchocerciasis transmission: assessing the empirical evidence that repeated ivermectin mass treatments may lead to elimination/eradication in West-Africa. Filaria J.2, 8 (2003).
- Plaisier AP, Alley ES, Boatin BA et al. Irreversible effects of ivermectin on adult parasites in onchocerciasis patients in the onchocerciasis control programme in West Africa. J. Infect. Dis.172, 204–210 (1995).
- Awadzi K, Boakye DA, Edwards G et al. An investigation of persistent microfilaridermias despite multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana.Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.98, 231–249 (2004).
- Awadzi K, Attah SK, Addy ET et al. Thirty-month follow-up of sub-optimal responders to multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.98, 359–370 (2004).
- Wolstenholme AJ, Fairweather I, Prichard R et al. Drug resistance in veterinary helminths. Trends Parasitol.20, 469–476 (2004).
- Ardelli BF, Prichard RK. Identification of variant ABC-transporter genes among Onchocerca volvulus collected from ivermectin-treated and untreated patients in Ghana, West Africa. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.98, 371–384 (2004).
- Eng JK, Prichard RK. A comparison of genetic polymorphism in populations of Onchocerca volvulus from untreated- and ivermectin-treated patients. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.142, 193–202 (2005).
- Awadzi K, Gilles HM. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis III. A comparative study of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and metrifonate. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.74, 199–210 (1980).
- Awadzi K, Opoku NO, Attah SK et al. The safety and efficacy of amocarzine in African onchocerciasis and the influence of ivermectin on the clinical and parasitological response to treatment. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.91, 281–296 (1997).
- Awadzi K, Edwards G, Opoku NO et al. The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of levamisole alone, levamisole plus ivermectin, and levamisole plus albendazole, and their efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus.Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.98, 595–614 (2004).
- Molyneux DH, Taylor MJ. Current status and future prospects of the Global Lymphatic Filariasis Programme. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.14, 155–159 (2001).
- Ottesen EA. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trop. Med. Int. Health5, 591–594 (2000).
- Ottesen EA, Weil GJ, Lammie PJ et al. Towards a strategic plan for research to support the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Summary of immediate needs and opportunities for research on lymphatic filariasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.71, 3–46 (2004).
- Horton J. Albendazole: a review of anthelmintic efficacy and safety in humans. Parasitology121(Suppl.), S113–S132 (2000).
- Pani S, Subramanyam Reddy G, Das L et al. Tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole, diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) or co-administration of albendazole with DEC in the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti in asymptomatic microfilaraemic volunteers in Pondicherry, South India: a hospital-based study. Filaria J.1, 1 (2002).
- Dunyo SK, Nkrumah FK, Simonsen PE. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled field trial of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.94, 205–211 (2000).
- Ottesen EA. Major progress toward eliminating lymphatic filariasis. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 1885–1886 (2002).
- Esterre P, Plichart C, Sechan Y et al. The impact of 34 years of massive DEC chemotherapy on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and transmission: the Maupiti cohort. Trop. Med. Int. Health6, 190–195 (2001).
- Bockarie MJ, Tisch DJ, Kastens W et al. Mass treatment to eliminate filariasis in Papua New Guinea. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 1841–1848 (2002).
- Schwab AE, Boakye DA, Kyelem D et al. Detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations in the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti and evidence for selection by albendazole and ivermectin combination treatment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.73, 234–238 (2005).
- WHO. Chagas disease, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis: prospects for elimination. TDR/Gen/97–11–35 (1997).
- Taylor M, Hoerauf A. Wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes. Parasitol. Today15, 437–442 (1999).
- Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bandi C. Wolbachia of filarial nematodes. Adv. Parasitol.60, 245–284 (2005).
- Büttner DW, Wanji S, Bazzocchi C et al. Obligatory symbiotic Wolbachia endobacteria are absent from Loa loa.Filaria J.2, 10 (2003).
- McGarry HF, Pfarr K, Egerton G et al. Evidence against Wolbachia symbiosis in Loa loa. Filaria J.2, 9 (2003).
- Langworthy S, Renz A, Mackenstedt U et al. Macrofilaricidal activity of tetracycline against the filarial nematode, Onchocerca ochengi: elimination of Wolbachia preceeds worm death and suggests a dependent relationship. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B.267, 1063–1069 (2000).
- Hoerauf A, Volkmann L, Hamelmann C et al. Endosymbiotic bacteria in worms as targets for a novel chemotherapy in filariasis. Lancet355, 1242–1243 (2000).
- Hoerauf A, Mand S, Adjei O et al. Depletion of Wolbachia endobacteria in Onchocerca volvulus by doxycycline and microfilaridermia after ivermectin treatment. Lancet357, 1415–1416 (2001).
- Hoerauf A, Mand S, Volkmann L et al. Doxycycline in the treatment of human onchocerciasis: kinetics of Wolbachia endobacteria reduction and of inhibition of embryogenesis in female Onchocerca worms. Microbes Infect.5, 261–273 (2003).
- Hoerauf A, Mand S, Fischer K et al. Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production. Med. Microbiol. Immunol.192, 5 (2003).
- Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF et al. Macrofilaricidal activity following doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet365, 2116–2121 (2005).
- Hoerauf A, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Adjei O et al. Loss of worm nests after treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti with doxycycline for six weeks suggests a macrofilaricidal effect. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.69(Suppl.), 249 (2003).
- Turner JD, Mand S, Debrah A et al. A randomised, double blind clinical trial of three week doxycycline plus albendazole and ivermectin in the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti.Clin. Infect. Dis. (2006) (In press).
- Pfarr K, Hoerauf A. Wolbachia – potent immunomodulators and targets for anti-filarial chemotherapy. Med. Chem.6, 203–210 (2006).
- Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Bilo K. Inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode Brugia malayi are mediated by lipopolysaccharide-like activity from endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. J. Exp. Med.191, 1429–1436 (2000).
- Brattig NW, Bazzocchi C, Kirschning CJ et al. The major surface protein of Wolbachia endosymbionts in filarial nematodes elicits immune responses through TLR2 and TLR4. J. Immunol.173, 437–445 (2004).
- Akira S. Toll-like receptor signaling. J. Biol. Chem.278, 38105–38108 (2003).
- Andre Av A, Blackwell NM, Hall LR et al. The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness.Science295, 1892–1895 (2002).
- Foster J, Ganatra M, Kamal I et al. The Wolbachia genome of Brugia malayi: endosymbiont evolution within a human pathogenic nematode.PLoS Biol.3, e121 (2005).
- Pfarr K, Hoerauf A. Genome of Wolbachia of Brugia malayi annotated – what it means for the progress in anti-filarial medicine. PLoS Med.2, e110 (2005).
- Ghedin E, Wang S, Foster JM et al. First sequenced genome of a parasitic nematode.Trends Parasitol.20, 151–153 (2004).
Websites
- WHO. WHO information fact sheets. Lymphatic filariasis (2000) www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact102.html
- The global alliance to eliminate lymphatic filariasis www.filariasis.org/index.pl
- WHO: onchocerciasis www.who.int/pbd/blindness/onchocerciasis/en/
- WHO: onchocerciasis www.who.int/topics/onchocerciasis/en/
- The World Bank: global partnership to eliminate river blindness www.worldbank.org/afr/gper/
- WHO/TDR: strategic plan for filariasis research www.who.int/tdr/publications/tdrnews/ news75/filariasis.htm
- Elimination of river blindness http://allafrica.com/stories/200112150001.html