217
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Impact of dietary components on chicken immune system and Salmonella infection

&
Pages 121-135 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Arlet G, Barrett TJ, Butaye P et al.Salmonella resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins: prevalence and epidemiology. Microbes Infect.8, 1945–1954 (2006).
  • Shaheen N, Fatima N, Sajid SU et al. Antibiogram studies of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 isolates from poultry and meat. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad.16, 55–59 (2004).
  • Palmer S, Parry S, Perry D et al. The role of outbreaks in developing food safety policy: population based surveillance of Salmonella outbreaks in Wales 1986–98. Epidemiol. Infect.125, 467–472 (2000).
  • Sarna M, Dowse G, Evans G et al. An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium PTI35 gastroenteritis associated with a minimally cooked dessert containing raw eggs. Commun. Dis. Intell.26, 32–37 (2002).
  • Roberts JA, Cumberland P, Sockett PN et al. The study of infectious intestinal disease in England: socio–economic impact. Epidemiol. Infect.130, 1–11 (2003).
  • Henderson SC, Bounous DI, Lee MD. Early events in the pathogenesis of avian salmonellosis. Infect. Immun.67, 3580–3586 (1999).
  • Babu U, Dalloul RA, Okamura M et al.Salmonella enteritidis clearance and immune responses in chickens following Salmonella vaccination and challenge. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.101, 251–257 (2004).
  • Berndt A, Methner U. B cell and macrophage response in chicks after oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium strains. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.27, 235–246 (2004).
  • Desmidt M, Ducatelle R, Mast J et al. Role of the humoral immune system in Salmonella enteritidis phage type four infection in chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.63, 355–367 (1998).
  • Beal RK, Powers C, Davison TF et al. Clearance of enteric Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in chickens is independent of B-cell function. Infect. Immun.74, 1442–1444 (2006).
  • Mastroeni P, Simmons C, Fowler R et al. Igh-6-/- (B-cell-deficient) mice fail to mount solid acquired resistance to oral challenge with virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and show impaired Th1 T-cell responses to Salmonella antigens. Infect. Immun.68, 46–53 (2000).
  • Fukutome K, Watarai S, Mukamoto M et al. Intestinal mucosal immune response in chickens following intraocular immunization with liposome-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis antigen. Dev. Comp. Immunol.25, 475–484 (2001).
  • Withanage GS, Sasai K, Fukata T et al. Secretion of Salmonella-specific antibodies in the oviducts of hens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.67, 185–193 (1999).
  • Withanage GS, Sasai K, Fukata T et al. Increased lymphocyte subpopulations and macrophages in the ovaries and oviducts of laying hens infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Avian Pathol.32, 583–590 (2003).
  • Withanage GS, Wigley P, Kaiser P et al. Cytokine and chemokine responses associated with clearance of a primary Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in the chicken and in protective immunity to rechallenge. Infect. Immun.73, 5173–5182 (2005).
  • Beal RK, Powers C, Wigley P et al. A strong antigen-specific T-cell response is associated with age and genetically dependent resistance to avian enteric salmonellosis. Infect. Immun.73, 7509–7516 (2005).
  • McGruder ED, Ray PM, Tellez GI et al.Salmonella enteritidis immune leukocyte-stimulated soluble factors: effects on increased resistance to Salmonella organ invasion in day-old Leghorn chicks. Poult. Sci.72, 2264–2271 (1993).
  • Kogut MH, Rothwell L and Kaiser P. IFN-γ priming of chicken heterophils upregulates the expression of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokine mRNA following receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.25, 73–81 (2005).
  • Sadeyen JR, Trotereau J, Protais J et al.Salmonella carrier state in hens: study of host resistance by a gene expression approach. Microbes Infect.8, 1308–1314 (2006).
  • Cheeseman JH, Kaiser MG, Ciraci C et al. Breed effect on early cytokine mRNA expression in spleen and cecum of chickens with and without Salmonella enteritidis infection. Dev. Comp. Immunol.31, 52–60 (2007).
  • Swaggerty CL, Kaiser P, Rothwell L et al. Heterophil cytokine mRNA profiles from genetically distinct lines of chickens with differential heterophil-mediated innate immune responses. Avian Pathol.35, 102–108 (2006).
  • Al-Murrani WK, Al-Rawi IK, Raof NM. Genetic resistance to Salmonella typhimurium in two lines of chickens selected as resistant and sensitive on the basis of heterophil/lymphocyte ratio. Br. Poult. Sci.43, 501–507 (2002).
  • Swaggerty CL, Ferro PJ, Pevzner IY et al. Heterophils are associated with resistance to systemic Salmonella enteritidis infections in genetically distinct chicken lines. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.43, 149–154 (2005).
  • Wells LL, Lowry VK, DeLoach JR et al. Age-dependent phagocytosis and bactericidal activities of the chicken heterophil. Dev. Comp. Immunol.22, 103–109 (1998).
  • Kramer J, Visscher AH, Wagenaar JA et al. Characterization of the innate and adaptive immunity to Salmonella enteritidis PT1 infection in four broiler lines. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.79, 219–233 (2001).
  • Kogut MH, Genovese KJ, He H et al. The effects of the BT/TAMUS 2032 cationic peptides on innate immunity and susceptibility of young chickens to extraintestinal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection. Int. Immunopharmacol.7, 912–919 (2007).
  • Crippen TL, Bischoff KM, Lowry VK et al. rP33 activates bacterial killing by chicken peripheral blood heterophils. J. Food Prot.66, 787–792 (2003).
  • Okamura M, Lillehoj HS, Raybourne RB et al. Differential responses of macrophages to Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.107, 327–335 (2005).
  • Wigley P, Hulme S, Rothwell L et al. Macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokines and chemokines following Salmonella enterica challenge. Infect. Immun.74, 1425–1430 (2006).
  • Kogut MH, Rothwell L, Kaiser P. Differential regulation of cytokine gene expression by avian heterophils during receptor-mediated phagocytosis of opsonized and nonopsonized Salmonella enteritidis. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.23, 319–327 (2003).
  • Lillehoj HS, Kim CH, Keeler CL Jr et al. Immunogenomic approaches to study host immunity to enteric pathogens. Poult. Sci.86, 1491–1500 (2007).
  • Chadfield MS, Brown DJ, Aabo S et al. Comparison of intestinal invasion and macrophage response of Salmonella gallinarum and other host-adapted Salmonella enterica serovars in the avian host. Vet. Microbiol.92, 49–64 (2003).
  • Cunningham-Rundles S, McNeeley DF, Moon A. Mechanisms of nutrient modulation of the immune response. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.115, 1119–1128 (2005).
  • Luiking YC, Poeze M, Ramsay G et al. The role of arginine in infection and sepsis. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr.29, S70–S74 (2005).
  • Saker KE. Nutrition and immune function. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract.36, 1199–1224, (2006).
  • Moussa M, Tkaczuk J, Ragab J et al. Relationship between the fatty acid composition of rat lymphocytes and immune functions. Br. J. Nutr.83, 327–333 (2000).
  • Sijben JW, de Groot H, Nieuwland MG et al. Dietary linoleic acid divergently affects immune responsiveness of growing layer hens. Poult. Sci.79, 1106–1115 (2000).
  • Chapkin RS, Arrington JL, Apanasovich TV et al. Dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated activation of purified murine T cells and accessory cell function in co-cultures. Clin. Exp. Immunol.130, 12–18 (2002).
  • Kelley DS. Modulation of human immune and inflammatory responses by dietary fatty acids. Nutrition17, 669–673 (2001).
  • Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Thies F et al. Fatty acids and lymphocyte functions. Br. J. Nutr.87(Suppl. 1), S31–S48 (2002).
  • Jeffery NM, Cortina M, Newsholme EA et al. Effects of variations in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat diet on spleen lymphocyte functions. Br. J. Nutr.77, 805–823 (1997).
  • Green KJ, Croaker SJ, Rowbottom DG. Carbohydrate supplementation and exercise-induced changes in T-lymphocyte function. J. Appl. Physiol.95, 1216–1223 (2003).
  • Venkatraman JT, Pendergast DR. Effect of dietary intake on immune function in athletes. Sports Med.32, 323–337 (2002).
  • Nakamura Y, Nosaka S, Suzuki M et al. Dietary fructooligosaccharides up-regulate immunoglobulin A response and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression in intestines of infant mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol.137, 52–58 (2004).
  • Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Umhau JC et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol. Infect.134, 1129–1140 (2006).
  • Rivera MT, De Souza AP, Araujo-Jorge TC et al. Trace elements, innate immune response and parasites. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.41, 1020–1025 (2003).
  • Kidd MT. Nutritional modulation of immune function in broilers. Poult. Sci.83, 650–657 (2004).
  • Berry WD. The physiology of induced molting. Poult. Sci.82, 971–980 (2003).
  • Glick B, Taylor RL Jr, Martin DE et al. Calorie-protein deficiencies and the immune response of the chicken. II. Cell-mediated immunity. Poult. Sci.62, 1889–1893 (1983).
  • Payne CJ, Scott TR, Dick JW et al. Immunity to Pasteurella multocida in protein-deficient chickens. Poult. Sci.69, 2134–2142 (1990).
  • Takahashi K, Ohta N, Akiba Y. Influences of dietary methionine and cysteine on metabolic responses to immunological stress by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide injection, and mitogenic response in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr.78, 815–821 (1997).
  • Konashi S, Takahashi K, Akiba Y. Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr.83, 449–456 (2000).
  • Kidd MT, Peebles ED, Whitmarsh SK et al. Growth and immunity of broiler chicks as affected by dietary arginine. Poult. Sci.80, 1535–1542 (2001).
  • Shashidhara RG and Devegowda G. Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on broiler breeder production traits and immunity. Poult. Sci.82, 1319–1325 (2003).
  • Chen HL, Li DF, Chang BY et al. Effects of Chinese herbal polysaccharides on the immunity and growth performance of young broilers. Poult. Sci.82, 364–370 (2003).
  • Balevi T, Ucan US, Coskun B et al. Effect of dietary probiotic on performance and humoral immune response in layer hens. Br. Poult. Sci.42, 456–461 (2001).
  • Zulkifli I, Abdulllah N, Azrin NM et al. Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions. Br. Poult. Sci.41, 593–597 (2000).
  • Dalloul RA, Lillehoj HS, Shellem TA et al. Enhanced mucosal immunity against Eimeria acervulina in broilers fed a Lactobacillus-based probiotic. Poult. Sci.82, 62–66 (2003).
  • Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Dalloul RA et al. Influence of Pediococcus-based probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci.86, 63–66 (2007).
  • Parmentier HK, Awati A, Nieuwland MG et al. Different sources of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on antibody responses in chickens. Br. Poult. Sci.43, 533–544 (2002).
  • Sijben JW, Nieuwland MG, Kemp B et al. Interactions and antigen dependence of dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on antibody responsiveness in growing layer hens. Poult. Sci.80, 885–893 (2001).
  • Puthpongsiriporn U, Scheideler SE. Effects of dietary ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid on performance, antibody production, and In vitro lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of Leghorn pullet chicks. Poult. Sci.84, 846–857 (2005).
  • Friedman A, Sklan D. Effect of dietary fatty acids on humoral immune response of turkeys. Br. Poult. Sci.38, 342–348 (1997).
  • Friedman A, Sklan D. Effect of dietary fatty acids on antibody production and fatty acid composition of lymphoid organs in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci.74, 1463–1469 (1995).
  • Selvaraj RK, Koutsos EA, Calvert CC et al. Dietary lutein and fat interact to modify macrophage properties in chicks hatched from carotenoid deplete or replete eggs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.)90, 70–80 (2006).
  • Korver DR, Klasing KC. Dietary fish oil alters specific and inflammatory immune responses in chicks. J. Nutr.127, 2039–2046 (1997).
  • Sijben JW, Schrama JW, Parmentier HK et al. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on In vivo splenic cytokine mRNA expression in layer chicks immunized with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide. Poult. Sci.80, 1164–1170 (2001).
  • Fritsche KL, Cassity NA. Dietary n-3 fatty acids reduce antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and alter eicosanoid release by chicken immune cells. Poult. Sci.71, 1646–1657 (1992).
  • Wang YW, Field CJ and Sim JS. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids alter lymphocyte subset proportion and proliferation, serum immunoglobulin G concentration, and immune tissue development in chicks. Poult. Sci.79, 1741–1748 (2000).
  • Fritsche KL, Cassity NA and Huang SC. Effect of dietary fat source on antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation in chickens. Poult. Sci.70, 611–617 (1991).
  • Zhang H, Guo Y, Yuan J. Conjugated linoleic acid enhanced the immune function in broiler chicks. Br. J. Nutr.94, 746–752 (2005).
  • Zhang H, Guo Y, Yuan J. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on growth performance, serum lysozyme activity, lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody production in broiler chicks. Arch. Anim. Nutr.59, 293–301 (2005).
  • Takahashi K, Akiba Y, Iwata T et al. Effect of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on growth performance and antibody production in broiler chicks. Br. J. Nutr.89, 691–694 (2003).
  • Politis I, Dimopoulou M, Voudouri A et al. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on several functional properties of macrophages and heterophils in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci.44, 203–210 (2003).
  • Takahashi K, Kawamata K, Akiba Y et al. Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on early inflammatory responses in male broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci.43, 47–53 (2002).
  • Beyer RS, Jensen LS, Villegas P. Growth and tissue lipid deposition of broilers fed α-ketoisocaproic acid. Poult. Sci.71, 919–927 (1992).
  • Peterson AL, Qureshi MA, Ferket PR et al. Enhancement of cellular and humoral immunity in young broilers by the dietary supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.21, 307–330 (1999).
  • Peterson AL, Qureshi MA, Ferket PR et al.In vitro exposure with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate enhances chicken macrophage growth and function. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.67, 67–78 (1999).
  • Sklan D, Melamed D, Friedman A. The effect of varying dietary concentrations of vitamin A on immune response in the turkey. Br. Poult. Sci.36, 385–392 (1995).
  • Coskun B, Inal F, Celik I et al. Effects of dietary levels of vitamin A on the egg yield and immune responses of laying hens. Poult. Sci.77, 542–546 (1998).
  • Lessard M, Hutchings D and Cave NA. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens maintained on diets containing different levels of vitamin A. Poult. Sci.76, 1368–1378 (1997).
  • Haq AU, Bailey CA, Chinnah A. Effect of β-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, and vitamin E on neonatal immunity of chicks when supplemented in the broiler breeder diets. Poult. Sci.75, 1092–1097 (1996).
  • Aslam SM, Garlich JD, Qureshi MA. Vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci.77, 842–849 (1998).
  • Erf GF, Bottje WG, Bersi TK et al. Effects of dietary vitamin E on the immune system in broilers: altered proportions of CD4 T cells in the thymus and spleen. Poult. Sci.77, 529–537 (1998).
  • Leshchinsky TV, Klasing KC. Relationship between the level of dietary vitamin E and the immune response of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci.80, 1590–1599 (2001).
  • Friedman A, Bartov I, Sklan D. Humoral immune response impairment following excess vitamin E nutrition in the chick and turkey. Poult. Sci.77, 956–962 (1998).
  • Chang WP, Hom JS, Dietert RR et al. Effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium deficiency on chicken splenocyte proliferation and cell surface marker expression. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.16, 203–223 (1994).
  • Cui H, Xi P, Junliang D et al. Pathology of lymphoid organs in chickens fed a diet deficient in zinc. Avian Pathol.33, 519–524 (2004).
  • Virden WS, Yeatman JB, Barber SJ et al. Immune system and cardiac functions of progeny chicks from dams fed diets differing in zinc and manganese level and source. Poult. Sci.83, 344–351 (2004).
  • Mohanna C, Nys Y. Effect of dietary zinc content and sources on the growth, body zinc deposition and retention, zinc excretion and immune response in chickens. Br. Poult. Sci.40, 108–114 (1999).
  • Hegazy SM, Adachi Y. Comparison of the effects of dietary selenium, zinc, and selenium and zinc supplementation on growth and immune response between chick groups that were inoculated with Salmonella and aflatoxin or Salmonella. Poult. Sci.79, 331–335 (2000).
  • Kidd MT, Qureshi MA, Ferket PR et al. Dietary zinc-methionine enhances mononuclear-phagocytic function in young turkeys. Zinc-methionine, immunity, and Salmonella. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res.42, 217–229 (1994).
  • Bartlett JR, Smith MO. Effects of different levels of zinc on the performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci.82, 1580–1588 (2003).
  • Uyanik F, Atasever A, Ozdamar S et al. Effects of dietary chromium chloride supplementation on performance, some serum parameters, and immune response in broilers. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res.90, 99–115 (2002).
  • Hill CH. Dietary influences on resistance to Salmonella infection in chicks. Fed. Proc.38, 2129–2133 (1979).
  • Smith IM, Hill R, Licence ST. Increased survival from acute Salmonella gallinarum infection in chicks given diets with high levels of some forms of iron. Res. Vet. Sci.23, 263–268 (1977).
  • Watarai S, Tana. Eliminating the carriage of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in domestic fowls by feeding activated charcoal from bark containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich). Poult. Sci.84, 515–521 (2005).
  • Moore RW, Park SY, Kubena LF et al. Comparison of zinc acetate and propionate addition on gastrointestinal tract fermentation and susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella enteritidis during forced molt. Poult. Sci.83, 1276–1286 (2004).
  • Corrier DE, Hinton A Jr, Ziprin RL et al. Effect of dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization of market-age broiler chickens. Avian Dis.34, 668–676 (1990).
  • Bovee-Oudenhoven I, Van der Meer R. Protective effects of dietary lactulose and calcium phosphate against Salmonella infection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl.222, 112–114 (1997).
  • Orndorff BW, Novak CL, Pierson FW et al. Comparison of prophylactic or therapeutic dietary administration of capsaicin for reduction of Salmonella in broiler chickens. Avian Dis.49, 527–533 (2005).
  • Allen VM, Fernandez F, Hinton MH. Evaluation of the influence of supplementing the diet with mannose or palm kernel meal on Salmonella colonisation in poultry. Br. Poult. Sci.38, 485–488 (1997).
  • Agunos A, Silphaduang U, Mine Y. Effects of nonimmunized egg yolk powder-supplemented feed on Salmonella enteritidis prevention and elimination in broilers. Avian Dis.50, 366–373 (2006).
  • Corrier DE, Nisbet DJ, Hollister AG et al. Development of defined cultures of indigenous cecal bacteria to control salmonellosis in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci.72, 1164–1168 (1993).
  • Ziprin RL, Deloach JR. Comparison of probiotics maintained by In vivo passage through laying hens and broilers. Poult. Sci.72, 628–635 (1993).
  • Hollister AG, Corrier DE, Nisbet DJ et al. Effect of cecal cultures encapsulated in alginate beads or lyophilized in skim milk and dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci.73, 99–105 (1994).
  • Nisbet DJ, Corrier DE, Scanlan CM et al. Effect of dietary lactose and cell concentration on the ability of a continuous-flow-derived bacterial culture to control Salmonella cecal colonization in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci.73, 56–62 (1994).
  • Nisbet DJ, Corrier DE, Scanlan CM et al. Effect of a defined continuous-flow derived bacterial culture and dietary lactose on Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chickens. Avian Dis.37, 1017–1025 (1993).
  • Kogut MH, Fukata T, Tellez G et al. Effect of Eimeria tenella infection on resistance to Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks inoculated with anaerobic cecal flora and fed dietary lactose. Avian Dis.38, 59–64 (1994).
  • Ziprin RL, Elissalde MH, Hinton A Jr et al. Colonization control of lactose-fermenting Salmonella typhimurium in young broiler chickens by use of dietary lactose. Am. J. Vet. Res.52, 833–837 (1991).
  • Corrier DE, Hargis B, Hinton A Jr et al. Effect of anaerobic cecal microflora and dietary lactose on colonization resistance of layer chicks to invasive Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Dis.35, 337–343 (1991).
  • Qin ZR, Fukata T, Baba E et al. Effect of lactose and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the colonization of Salmonella enteritidis in chicks concurrently infected with Eimeria tenella. Avian Dis.39, 548–553 (1995).
  • Avila LA, Nascimento VP, Salle CT et al. Effects of probiotics and maternal vaccination on Salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chicks. Avian Dis.50, 608–612 (2006).
  • Van Immerseel F, Russell JB, Flythe MD et al. The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of the efficacy. Avian Pathol.35, 182–188 (2006).
  • McHan F, Shotts EB. Effect of feeding selected short-chain fatty acids on the In vivo attachment of Salmonella typhimurium in chick ceca. Avian Dis.36, 139–142 (1992).
  • McHan F, Shotts EB. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on the growth of Salmonella typhimurium in an In vitro system. Avian Dis.37, 396–398 (1993).
  • Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Pasmans F et al. Invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in avian intestinal epithelial cells In vitro is influenced by short-chain fatty acids. Int. J. Food Microbiol.85, 237–248 (2003).
  • Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, De Smet I et al. Interactions of butyric acid- and acetic acid-treated Salmonella with chicken primary cecal epithelial cells In vitro. Avian Dis.48, 384–391 (2004).
  • Al-Tarazi YH, Alshawabkeh K. Effect of dietary formic and propionic acids on Salmonella pullorum shedding and mortality in layer chicks after experimental infection. J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health50, 112–117 (2003).
  • Berchieri A Jr, Barrow PA. Reduction in incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial formic acid preparation (Bio-Add) into poultry feed. Poult. Sci.75, 339–341 (1996).
  • Van Immerseel F, Fievez V, de Buck J et al. Microencapsulated short-chain fatty acids in feed modify colonization and invasion early after infection with Salmonella enteritidis in young chickens. Poult. Sci.83, 69–74 (2004).
  • Hume ME, Corrier DE, Ambrus S et al. Effectiveness of dietary propionic acid in controlling Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks. Avian Dis.37, 1051–1056 (1993).
  • Van Immerseel F, Boyen F, Gantois I et al. Supplementation of coated butyric acid in the feed reduces colonization and shedding of Salmonella in poultry. Poult. Sci.84, 1851–1856 (2005).
  • Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Boyen F et al. Medium-chain fatty acids decrease colonization and invasion through hilA suppression shortly after infection of chickens with Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.70, 3582–3587 (2004).
  • Holt PS. Molting and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection: the problem and some solutions. Poult. Sci.82, 1008–1010 (2003).
  • Holt PS. Effects of induced moulting on immune responses of hens. Br. Poult. Sci.33, 165–175 (1992).
  • Holt PS. Effect of induced molting on B cell and CT4 and CT8 T cell numbers in spleens and peripheral blood of White Leghorn hens. Poult. Sci.71, 2027–2034 (1992).
  • Alodan MA, Mashaly MM. Effect of induced molting in laying hens on production and immune parameters. Poult. Sci.78, 171–177 (1999).
  • Sandhu MA, Rahman ZU, Rahman SU et al. Dynamics of innate immune response in Gallus domesticus using two methods of induced molting. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2007).
  • Sundaresan NR, Anish D, Sastry KV et al. Cytokines in reproductive remodeling of molting White Leghorn hens. J. Reprod. Immunol.73, 39–50 (2007).
  • Holt PS, Buhr RJ, Cunningham DL et al. Effect of two different molting procedures on a Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poult. Sci.73, 1267–1275 (1994).
  • Corrier DE, Byrd JA, Hargis BM et al. Presence of Salmonella in the crop and ceca of broiler chickens before and after preslaughter feed withdrawal. Poult. Sci.78, 45–49 (1999).
  • Holt PS, Porter RE, Jr. Effect of induced molting on the course of infection and transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in White Leghorn hens of different ages. Poult. Sci.71, 1842–1848 (1992).
  • McReynolds JL, Moore RW, Kubena LF et al. Effect of various combinations of alfalfa and standard layer diet on susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella enteritidis during forced molt. Poult. Sci.85, 1123–1128 (2006).
  • Bailey JS, Blankenship LC, Cox NA. Effect of fructooligosaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken intestine. Poult. Sci.70, 2433–2438 (1991).
  • Chambers JR, Spencer JL, Modler HW. The influence of complex carbohydrates on Salmonella typhimurium colonization, pH, and density of broiler ceca. Poult. Sci.76, 445–451 (1997).
  • Rama Rao SV, Praharaj NK, Ramasubba Reddy V et al. Interaction between genotype and dietary concentrations of methionine for immune function in commercial broilers. Br. Poult. Sci.44, 104–112 (2003).
  • Praharaj NK, Dunnington EA, Gross WB et al. Dietary effects on immune response of fast-growing chicks to inoculation of sheep erythrocytes and Escherichia coli. Poult. Sci.76, 244–247 (1997).
  • Agunos A, Ibuki M, Yokomizo F et al. Effect of dietary β1-4 mannobiose in the prevention of Salmonella enteritidis infection in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci.48, 331–341 (2007).
  • Fernandez F, Hinton M, Van Gils B. Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian Pathol.31, 49–58 (2002).
  • Waters SM, Murphy RA, Power RF. Assessment of the effects of Nurmi-type cultures and a defined probiotic preparation on a Salmonella typhimurium 29E challenge In vivo. J. Food Prot.68, 1222–1227 (2005).
  • Sijben JW, Klasing KC, Schrama JW et al. Early In vivo cytokine genes expression in chickens after challenge with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide and modulation by dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dev. Comp. Immunol.27, 611–619 (2003).
  • Hall JA, Jha S, Skinner MM et al. Maternal dietary n-3 fatty acids alter immune cell fatty acid composition and leukotriene production in growing chicks. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids.76, 19–28 (2007).
  • Holt PS, Porter RE, Jr. Microbiological and histopathological effects of an induced-molt fasting procedure on a Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Dis.36, 610–618 (1992).
  • McReynolds J, Kubena L, Byrd J et al. Evaluation of Salmonella enteritidis in molting hens after administration of an experimental chlorate product (for nine days) in the drinking water and feeding an alfalfa molt diet. Poult. Sci.84, 1186–1190 (2005).
  • Woodward CL, Kwon YM, Kubena LF et al. Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization and invasion by an alfalfa diet during molt in Leghorn hens. Poult. Sci.84, 185–193 (2005).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.