321
Views
86
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Tularemia: current diagnosis and treatment options

&
Pages 231-240 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • McCoy GW, Chapin CW. Further observations on a plaguelike disease of rodents with a preliminary note on the causative agent Bacterium tularense. J. Infect. Dis.10, 61–72 (1912).
  • Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA285, 2763–2773 (2001).
  • Farlow J, Wagner DM, Dukerich M et al.Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerging Infect. Dis.11, 1835–1841 (2005).
  • Gurycova D. First isolation of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis in Europe. Eur. J. Epidemiol.14, 797–802 (1998).
  • Cross JT, Penn RL. Francisella tularensis (tularemia). In: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. (5th Edition, Volume 2). Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (Eds). Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2393–2402 (2000).
  • Sandstrom G. The tularaemia vaccine. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.59, 315–320 (1994).
  • Burke DS. Immunization against tularemia: analysis of the effectiveness of live Francisella tularensis vaccine in prevention of laboratory-acquired tularemia. J. Infect. Dis.135, 55–60 (1977).
  • Rohrbach BW, Westerman E, Istre GR. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tularemia in Oklahoma, 1979 to 1985. South. Med. J.84, 1091–1096 (1991).
  • Ohara Y, Sato T, Fujita H, Ueno T, Homma M. Clinical manifestations of tularemia in Japan – analysis of 1,355 cases observed between 1924 and 1987. Infection19, 14–17 (1991).
  • Dahlstrand S, Ringertz O, Zetterberg B. Airborne tularemia in Sweden. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.3, 7–16 (1971).
  • Evans ME, Gregory DW, Schaffner W, McGee ZA. Tularemia: a 30-year experience with 88 cases. Medicine (Baltimore)64, 251–269 (1985).
  • Van Metre TE Jr, Kadull PJ. Laboratory-acquired tularemia in vaccinated individuals: a report of 62 cases. Ann. Intern. Med.50, 621–632 (1959).
  • Reilly TJ, Baron GS, Nano FE, Kuhlenschmidt MS. Characterization and sequencing of a respiratory burst-inhibiting acid phosphatase from Francisella tularensis. J. Biol. Chem.271, 10973–10983 (1996).
  • Telepnev M, Golovliov I, Grundstrom T, Tarnvik A, Sjostedt A. Francisella tularensis inhibits Toll-like receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signalling and secretion of TNF-α and IL-1 from murine macrophages. Cell. Microbiol.5, 41–51 (2003).
  • Telepnev M, Golovliov I, Sjostedt A. Francisella tularensis LVS initially activates but subsequently down-regulates intracellular signaling and cytokine secretion in mouse monocytic and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Microb. Pathog.38, 239–247 (2005).
  • Hrstka R, Stulik J, Vojtesek B. The role of MAPK signal pathways during Francisella tularensis LVS infection-induced apoptosis in murine macrophages. Microbes Infect.7, 619–625 (2005).
  • Clemens DL, Lee BY, Horwitz MA. Virulent and avirulent strains of Francisella tularensis prevent acidification and maturation of their phagosomes and escape into the cytoplasm in human macrophages. Infect. Immun.72, 3204–3217 (2004).
  • Golovliov I, Baranov V, Krocova Z, Kovarova H, Sjostedt A. An attenuated strain of the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis can escape the phagosome of monocytic cells. Infect. Immun.71, 5940–5950 (2003).
  • Lindgren H, Golovliov I, Baranov V, Ernst RK, Telepnev M, Sjostedt A. Factors affecting the escape of Francisella tularensis from the phagolysosome. J. Med. Microbiol.53, 953–958 (2004).
  • Santic M, Molmeret M, Klose KE, Jones S, Kwaik YA. The Francisella tularensis pathogenicity island protein IglC and its regulator MglA are essential for modulating phagosome biogenesis and subsequent bacterial escape into the cytoplasm. Cell. Microbiol.7, 969–979 (2005).
  • Saslaw S, Eigelsbach HT, Wilson HE, Prior JA, Carhart S. Tularemia vaccine study. I. Intracutaneous challenge. Arch. Intern. Med.107, 689–701 (1961).
  • Saslaw S, Eigelsbach HT, Prior JA, Wilson HE, Carhart S. Tularemia vaccine study. II. Respiratory challenge. Arch. Intern. Med.107, 702–714 (1961).
  • Bosio CM, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Belisle JT. Active suppression of the pulmonary immune response by Francisella tularensis Schu4. J. Immunol.178, 4538–4547 (2007).
  • Bosio CM, Dow SW. Francisella tularensis induces aberrant activation of pulmonary dendritic cells. J. Immunol.175, 6792–6801 (2005).
  • Elkins KL, Cowley SC, Bosio CM. Innate and adaptive immune responses to an intracellular bacterium, Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. Microbes Infect.5, 135–142 (2003).
  • Elkins KL, Rhinehart-Jones TR, Culkin SJ, Yee D, Winegar RK. Minimal requirements for murine resistance to infection with Francisella tularensis LVS. Infect. Immun.64, 3288–3293 (1996).
  • Yee D, Rhinehart-Jones TR, Elkins KL. Loss of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells does not affect the magnitude of protective immunity to an intracellular pathogen, Francisella tularensis strain LVS. J. Immunol.157, 5042–5048 (1996).
  • Forestal CA, Malik M, Catlett SV et al.Francisella tularensis has a significant extracellular phase in infected mice. J. Infect. Dis.196, 134–137 (2007).
  • Tarnvik A. Nature of protective immunity to Francisella tularensis. Rev. Infect. Dis.11, 440–451 (1989).
  • Ericsson M, Sandstrom G, Sjostedt A, Tarnvik A. Persistence of cell-mediated immunity and decline of humoral immunity to the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis 25 years after natural infection. J. Infect. Dis.170, 110–114 (1994).
  • Poquet Y, Kroca M, Halary F et al. Expansion of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells is triggered by Francisella tularensis-derived phosphoantigens in tularemia but not after tularemia vaccination. Infect. Immun.66, 2107–2114 (1998).
  • Sjostedt A, Conlan JW, North RJ. Neutrophils are critical for host defense against primary infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis in mice and participate in defense against reinfection. Infect. Immun.62, 2779–2783 (1994).
  • Fulop M, Mastroeni P, Green M, Titball RW. Role of antibody to lipopolysaccharide in protection against low- and high-virulence strains of Francisella tularensis. Vaccine19, 4465–4472 (2001).
  • Casadevall A. Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerging Infect. Dis.8, 833–841 (2002).
  • Kirimanjeswara GS, Golden JM, Bakshi CS, Metzger DW. Prophylactic and therapeutic use of antibodies for protection against respiratory infection with Francisella tularensis. J. Immunol.179, 532–539 (2007).
  • Ellis J, Oyston PC, Green M, Titball RW. Tularemia. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.15, 631–646 (2002).
  • Petersen JM, Schriefer ME, Gage KL et al. Methods for enhanced culture recovery of Francisella tularensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.70, 3733–3735 (2004).
  • Hepburn MJ, Purcell BK, Lawler JV et al. Live vaccine strain Francisella tularensis is detectable at the inoculation site but not in blood after vaccination against tularemia. Clin. Infect. Dis.43, 711–716 (2006).
  • Sawyer WD, Dangerfield HG, Hogge AL, Crozier D. Antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy of airborne tularemia. Bacteriol. Rev.30, 542–550 (1966).
  • Haristoy X, Lozniewski A, Tram C, Simeon D, Bevanger L, Lion C. Francisella tularensis bacteremia. J. Clin. Microbiol.41, 2774–2776 (2003).
  • Khoury JA, Bohl DL, Hersh MJ, Argoudelis AC, Brennan DC. Tularemia in a kidney transplant recipient: an unsuspected case and literature review. Am. J. Kidney Dis.45, 926–929 (2005).
  • Reary BW, Klotz SA. Enhancing recovery of Francisella tularensis from blood. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.11, 117–119 (1988).
  • Emanuel PA, Bell R, Dang JL et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis within infected mouse tissues by using a hand-held PCR thermocycler. J. Clin. Microbiol.41, 689–693 (2003).
  • Versage JL, Severin DD, Chu MC, Petersen JM. Development of a multitarget real-time TaqMan PCR assay for enhanced detection of Francisella tularensis in complex specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol.41, 5492–5499 (2003).
  • Johansson A, Berglund L, Eriksson U et al. Comparative analysis of PCR versus culture for diagnosis of ulceroglandular tularemia. J. Clin. Microbiol.38, 22–26 (2000).
  • Sjostedt A, Eriksson U, Berglund L, Tarnvik A. Detection of Francisella tularensis in ulcers of patients with tularemia by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol.35, 1045–1048 (1997).
  • Eliasson H, Sjostedt A, Back E. Clinical use of a diagnostic PCR for Francisella tularensis in patients with suspected ulceroglandular tularaemia. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.37, 833–837 (2005).
  • Celebi G, Baruonu F, Ayoglu F et al. Tularemia, a reemerging disease in northwest Turkey: epidemiological investigation and evaluation of treatment responses. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.59, 229–234 (2006).
  • Gurcan S, Eskiocak M, Varol G et al. Tularemia re-emerging in European part of Turkey after 60 years. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.59, 391–393 (2006).
  • Kantardjiev TV, Padeshki PI, Ivanov IN. Diagnostic approaches for oculoglandular tularemia- advantages of PCR. Br. J. Ophthalmol.91(9), 1206–1208 (2007).
  • Tomioka K, Peredelchuk M, Zhu X et al. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction microarray assay to detect bioterror pathogens in blood. J. Mol. Diagn.7, 486–494 (2005).
  • Skottman T, Piiparinen H, Hyytiainen H, Myllys V, Skurnik M, Nikkari S. Simultaneous real-time PCR detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26, 207–211 (2007).
  • Wilson WJ, Erler AM, Nasarabadi SL, Skowronski EW, Imbro PM. A multiplexed PCR-coupled liquid bead array for the simultaneous detection of four biothreat agents. Mol. Cell. Probes19, 137–144 (2005).
  • Splettstoesser WD, Tomaso H, Al Dahouk S, Neubauer H, Schuff-Werner P. Diagnostic procedures in tularaemia with special focus on molecular and immunological techniques. J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health52, 249–261 (2005).
  • Massey ED, Mangiafico JA. Microagglutination test for detecting and measuring serum agglutinins of Francisella tularensis. Appl. Microbiol.27, 25–27 (1974).
  • Carlsson HE, Lindberg AA, Lindberg G, Hederstedt B, Karlsson KA, Agell BO. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunological diagnosis of human tularemia. J. Clin. Microbiol.10, 615–621 (1979).
  • Waag DM, McKee KT Jr, Sandstrom G et al. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses after vaccination of human volunteers with the live vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.2, 143–148 (1995).
  • Waag DM, Sandstrom G, England MJ, Williams JC. Immunogenicity of a new lot of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain in human volunteers. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.13, 205–209 (1996).
  • Tärnvik A, Chu MC. New approaches to diagnosis and therapy of tularemia. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1105, 378–404 (2007).
  • Grunow R, Splettstoesser W, McDonald S et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis in biological specimens using a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, an immunochromatographic handheld assay, and a PCR. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.7, 86–90 (2000).
  • Andersson H, Hartmanova B, Back E et al. Transcriptional profiling of the peripheral blood response during tularemia. Genes Immun.7, 503–513 (2006).
  • Enderlin G, Morales L, Jacobs RF, Cross JT. Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis.19, 42–47 (1994).
  • Mason WL, Eigelsbach HT, Little SF, Bates JH. Treatment of tularemia, including pulmonary tularemia, with gentamicin. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.121, 39–45 (1980).
  • Cross JT Jr, Schutze GE, Jacobs RF. Treatment of tularemia with gentamicin in pediatric patients. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.14, 151–152 (1995).
  • Penn RL, Kinasewitz GT. Factors associated with a poor outcome in tularemia. Arch. Intern. Med.147, 265–268 (1987).
  • Cross JT, Jacobs RF. Tularemia: treatment failures with outpatient use of ceftriaxone. Clin. Infect. Dis.17, 976–980 (1993).
  • Harrell RE Jr, Simmons HF. Pleuropulmonary tularemia: successful treatment with erythromycin. South Med. J.83, 1363–1364 (1990).
  • Tomaso H, Al Dahouk S, Hofer E et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Austrian Francisella tularensis holarctica biovar II strains. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents26, 279–284 (2005).
  • Russell P, Eley SM, Fulop MJ, Bell DL, Titball RW. The efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental tularaemia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.41, 461–465 (1998).
  • Overholt EL, Tigertt WD, Kadull PJ et al. An analysis of 42 cases of laboratory-acquired tularemia. Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics. Am. J. Med.30, 785–806 (1961).
  • Ikaheimo I, Syrjala H, Karhukorpi J, Schildt R, Koskela M. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Francisella tularensis isolated from humans and animals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.46, 287–290 (2000).
  • Syrjala H, Schildt R, Raisainen S. In vitro susceptibility of Francisella tularensis to fluoroquinolones and treatment of tularemia with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.10, 68–70 (1991).
  • Piercy T, Steward J, Lever MS, Brooks TJ. In vivo efficacy of fluoroquinolones against systemic tularaemia infection in mice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.56, 1069–1073 (2005).
  • Steward J, Piercy T, Lever MS, Simpson AJ, Brooks TJ. Treatment of murine pneumonic Francisella tularensis infection with gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin or ciprofloxacin. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents27, 439–443 (2006).
  • Johansson A, Berglund L, Sjostedt A, Tarnvik A. Ciprofloxacin for treatment of tularemia. Clin. Infect. Dis.33, 267–268 (2001).
  • Chocarro A, Gonzalez A, Garcia I. Treatment of tularemia with ciprofloxacin. Clin. Infect. Dis.31, 623 (2000).
  • Perez-Castrillon JL, Bachiller-Luque P, Martin-Luquero M, Mena-Martin FJ, Herreros V. Tularemia epidemic in northwestern Spain: clinical description and therapeutic response. Clin. Infect. Dis.33, 573–576 (2001).
  • Johansson A, Berglund L, Gothefors L, Sjostedt A, Tarnvik A. Ciprofloxacin for treatment of tularemia in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.19, 449–453 (2000).
  • Aranda EA. Treatment of tularemia with levofloxacin. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.7, 167–168 (2001).
  • Limaye AP, Hooper CJ. Treatment of tularemia with fluoroquinolones: two cases and review. Clin. Infect. Dis.29, 922–924 (1999).
  • Luotonen J, Syrjala H, Jokinen K, Sutinen S, Salminen A. Tularemia in otolaryngologic practice. An analysis of 127 cases. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.112, 77–80 (1986).
  • Wherry WB, Lamb BH. Infection of man with Bacterium tularense. J. Infect. Dis.15, 331–340 (1914).
  • Christova I, Velinov T, Kantardjiev T, Galev A. Tularaemia outbreak in Bulgaria. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.36, 785–789 (2004).
  • Helvaci S, Gedikoglu S, Akalin H, Oral HB. Tularemia in Bursa, Turkey: 205 cases in 10 years. Eur. J. Epidemiol.16, 271–276 (2000).
  • Feldman KA, Enscore RE, Lathrop SL et al. An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha’s Vineyard. N. Engl. J. Med.345, 1601–1606 (2001).
  • Feldman KA, Stiles-Enos D, Julian K et al. Tularemia on Martha’s Vineyard: seroprevalence and occupational risk. Emerg. Infect. Dis.9, 350–354 (2003).
  • Christensen DR, Hartman LJ, Loveless BM et al. Detection of biological threat agents by real-time PCR: comparison of assay performance on the R.A.P.I.D., the LightCycler, and the Smart Cycler platforms. Clin. Chem.52, 141–145 (2006).
  • Fulop M, Leslie D, Titball R. A rapid, highly sensitive method for the detection of Francisella tularensis in clinical samples using the polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.54, 364–366 (1996).
  • Fujita O, Tatsumi M, Tanabayashi K, Yamada A. Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Francisella tularensis. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.59, 46–51 (2006).
  • Higgins JA, Hubalek Z, Halouzka J et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis in infected mammals and vectors using a probe-based polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.62, 310–318 (2000).
  • Junhui Z, Ruifu Y, Jianchun L et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis by the polymerase chain reaction. J. Med. Microbiol.45, 477–482 (1996).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.