1,237
Views
222
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Clinical and economic burden of antimicrobial resistance

, &
Pages 751-763 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Perencevich EN, Stone PW, Wright SB, Carmeli Y, Fisman DN, Cosgrove SE. Raising standards while watching the bottom line: making a business case for infection control. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.28(10), 1121–1133 (2007).
  • Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O’Brien BJ, Stoddart GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes (3rd Edition). Oxford University Press, USA (2005).
  • Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weistein MC. Cost–Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Oxford University Press, USA (1996).
  • US Congress OoTA. Impacts of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, OTA-H-629 (1995).
  • Small PM, Chambers HF. Vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.34(6), 1227–1231 (1990).
  • Gentry CA, Rodvold KA, Novak RM, Hershow RC, Naderer OJ. Retrospective evaluation of therapies for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Pharmacotherapy17(5), 990–997 (1997).
  • Fowler VG, Jr., Kong LK, Corey GR et al. Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis findings in 29 patients. J. Infect. Dis.179(5), 1157–1161 (1999).
  • Levin AS, Barone AA, Penco J et al. Intravenous colistin as therapy for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin. Infect. Dis.28(5), 1008–1011 (1999).
  • Rodman DP, McKnight JT, Rogers T, Robbins M. The appropriateness of initial vancomycin dosing. J. Fam. Pract.38(5), 473–477 (1994).
  • Niederman MS. Use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials for the treatment of pneumonia in seriously ill patients: maximizing clinical outcomes and minimizing selection of resistant organisms. Clin. Infect. Dis.42(Suppl. 2), S72–S81 (2006).
  • Lodise TP, McKinnon PS, Swiderski L, Rybak MJ. Outcomes analysis of delayed antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin. Infect. Dis.36(11), 1418–1423 (2003).
  • Lodise TP, McKinnon PS, Tam VH, Rybak MJ. Clinical outcomes for patients with bacteremia caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in a level 1 trauma center. Clin. Infect. Dis.34(7), 922–929 (2002).
  • Lautenbach E, Patel JB, Bilker WB, Edelstein PH, Fishman NO. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on outcomes. Clin. Infect. Dis.32(8), 1162–1171 (2001).
  • Paterson DL, Ko WC, Von GA et al. Antibiotic therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: implications of production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Clin. Infect. Dis.39(1), 31–37 (2004).
  • Hyle EP, Lipworth AD, Zaoutis TE, Nachamkin I, Bilker WB, Lautenbach E. Impact of inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy on mortality in infections due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: variability by site of infection. Arch. Intern. Med.165(12), 1375–1380 (2005).
  • Lautenbach E, Metlay JP, Bilker WB, Edelstein PH, Fishman NO. Association between fluoroquinolone resistance and mortality in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: the role of inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis.41(7), 923–929 (2005).
  • Kang CI, Kim SH, Kim HB et al.Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. Clin. Infect. Dis.37(6), 745–751 (2003).
  • Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB et al. Bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: risk factors for mortality and impact of inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy on outcome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.49(2), 760–766 (2005).
  • Carmeli Y, Troillet N, Karchmer AW, Samore MH. Health and economic outcomes of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch.Intern. Med.159(10), 1127–1132 (1999).
  • Cosgrove SE, Kaye KS, Eliopoulous GM, Carmeli Y. Health and economic outcomes of the emergence of third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacter species. Arch. Intern. Med.162(2), 185–190 (2002).
  • Lawrence KR, Adra M, Gillman PK. Serotonin toxicity associated with the use of linezolid: a review of postmarketing data. Clin. Infect. Dis.42(11), 1578–1583 (2006).
  • Bishop E, Melvani S, Howden BP, Charles PG, Grayson ML. Good clinical outcomes but high rates of adverse reactions during linezolid therapy for serious infections: a proposed protocol for monitoring therapy in complex patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.50(4), 1599–1602 (2006).
  • Levine DP, Fromm BS, Reddy BR. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann. Intern. Med.115(9), 674–680 (1991).
  • Carmeli Y, Eliopoulos G, Mozaffari E, Samore M. Health and economic outcomes of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Arch. Intern. Med.162(19), 2223–2228 (2002).
  • Harris A, Torres-Viera C, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami P, Samore M, Carmeli Y. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of patients with multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin. Infect. Dis.28(5), 1128–1133 (1999).
  • Linden PK, Pasculle AW, Manez R et al. Differences in outcomes for patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium or vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium. Clin. Infect. Dis.22(4), 663–670 (1996).
  • Baba T, Takeuchi F, Kuroda M et al. Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA. Lancet359(9320), 1819–1827 (2002).
  • Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K et al. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA290(22), 2976–2984 (2003).
  • Bjorkman J , Andersson DI. The cost of antibiotic resistance from a bacterial perspective. Drug Resist. Updat.3(4), 237–245 (2000).
  • Schulgen G, Kropec A, Kappstein I, Daschner F, Schumacher M. Estimation of extra hospital stay attributable to nosocomial infections: heterogeneity and timing of events. J. Clin. Epidemiol.53(4), 409–417 (2000).
  • Cosgrove SE , Carmeli Y. The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and economic outcomes. Clin. Infect. Dis.36(11), 1433–1437 (2003).
  • Kaye KS, Engemann JJ, Mozaffari E, Carmeli Y. Reference group choice and antibiotic resistance outcomes. Emerg. Infect. Dis.10(6), 1125–1128 (2004).
  • McCabe W, Jackson G. Gram-negative bacteremia. Arch. Intern. Med.110(847), 855 (1962).
  • Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit. Care Med.13(10), 818–829 (1985).
  • Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J. Chronic Dis.40(5), 373–383 (1987).
  • Von KM, Wagner EH, Saunders K. A chronic disease score from automated pharmacy data. J. Clin. Epidemiol.45(2), 197–203 (1992).
  • Batista R, Kaye K, Yokoe DS. Admission-specific chronic disease scores as alternative predictors of surgical site infection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.27(8), 802–808 (2006).
  • McGregor JC, Kim PW, Perencevich EN et al. Utility of the Chronic Disease Score and Charlson Comorbidity Index as comorbidity measures for use in epidemiologic studies of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Am. J. Epidemiol.161(5), 483–493 (2005).
  • McGregor JC, Perencevich EN, Furuno JP et al. Comorbidity risk-adjustment measures were developed and validated for studies of antibiotic-resistant infections. J. Clin. Epidemiol.59(12), 1266–1273 (2006).
  • Perencevich EN, Sands KE, Cosgrove SE, Guadagnoli E, Meara E, Platt R. Health and economic impact of surgical site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge. Emerg. Infect. Dis.9(2), 196–203 (2003).
  • Iezzoni LI. The risks of risk adjustment. JAMA278(19), 1600–1607 (1997).
  • Robins J. The control of confounding by intermediate variables. Stat. Med.8(6), 679–701 (1989).
  • Perencevich EN. Excess shock and mortality in Staphylococcus aureus related to methicillin resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis.31(5), 1311–1313 (2000).
  • Hamilton KW, Bilker WB, Lautenbach E. Controlling for severity of illness in assessment of the association between antimicrobial-resistant infection and mortality: impact of calculation of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores at different time points. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.28(7), 832–836 (2007).
  • Haley RW. Measuring the costs of nosocomial infections: methods for estimating economic burden on the hospital. Am. J. Med.91(3B), S32–S38 (1991).
  • Finkler SA. The distinction between cost and charges. Ann. Intern. Med.96(1), 102–109 (1982).
  • Howard D, Cordell R, McGowan JE Jr, Packard RM, Scott RD, Solomon SL. Measuring the economic costs of antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings: summary of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Emory Workshop. Clin. Infect. Dis.33(9), 1573–1578 (2001).
  • Ward WJ Jr, Spragens L, Smithson K. Building the business case for clinical quality. Healthc. Financ. Manage.60(12), 92–98 (2006).
  • Conterno LO, Wey SB, Castelo A. Risk factors for mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.19(1), 32–37 (1998).
  • Craven DE, Kollisch NR, Hsieh CR, Connolly MG Jr, McCabe WR. Vancomycin treatment of bacteremia caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with β-lactam antibiotic treatment of bacteremia caused by oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis.147(1), 137–143 (1983).
  • French GL, Cheng AF, Ling JM, Mo P, Donnan S. Hong Kong strains of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus have similar virulence. J. Hosp .Infect.15(2), 117–125 (1990).
  • Gonzalez C, Rubio M, Romero-Vivas J, Gonzalez M, Picazo JJ. Bacteremic pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison of disease caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible organisms. Clin. Infect. Dis.29(5), 1171–1177 (1999).
  • Harbarth S, Rutschmann O, Sudre P, Pittet D. Impact of methicillin resistance on the outcome of patients with bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Arch. Intern. Med.158(2), 182–189 (1998).
  • Hershow RC, Khayr WF, Smith NL. A comparison of clinical virulence of nosocomially acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections in a university hospital. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.13(10), 587–593 (1992).
  • Lewis E, Saravolatz LD. Comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Am. J. Infect. Control13(3), 109–114 (1985).
  • Marty L, Flahault A, Suarez B, Caillon J, Hill C, Andremont A. Resistance to methicillin and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus strains in bacteriemic cancer patients. Intensive Care Med.19(5), 285–289 (1993).
  • McClelland RS, Fowler VG Jr, Sanders LL et al.Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia among elderly vs younger adult patients: comparison of clinical features and mortality. Arch. Intern. Med.159(11), 1244–1247 (1999).
  • Mylotte JM, Aeschlimann JR, Rotella DL. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: factors predicting hospital mortality. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.17(3), 165–168 (1996).
  • Roghmann MC. Predicting methicillin resistance and the effect of inadequate empiric therapy on survival in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch. Intern. Med.160(7), 1001–1004 (2000).
  • Romero-Vivas J, Rubio M, Fernandez C, Picazo JJ. Mortality associated with nosocomial bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Infect. Dis.21(6), 1417–1423 (1995).
  • Selvey LA, Whitby M, Johnson B. Nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: is it any worse than nosocomial methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.21(10), 645–648 (2000).
  • Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis.36(1), 53–59 (2003).
  • Shurland S, Zhan M, Bradham DD, Roghmann MC. Comparison of mortality risk associated with bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.28(3), 273–279 (2007).
  • Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.26(2), 166–174 (2005).
  • Reed SD, Friedman JY, Engemann JJ et al. Costs and outcomes among hemodialysis-dependent patients with methicillin-resistant or methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect.Control Hosp. Epidemiol.26(2), 175–183 (2005).
  • Capitano B, Leshem OA, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Cost effect of managing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a long-term care facility. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.51(1), 10–16 (2003).
  • Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.36(5), 592–598 (2003).
  • Martinez-Aguilar G, valos-Mishaan A, Hulten K, Hammerman W, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23(8), 701–706 (2004).
  • Wang JL, Chen SY, Wang JT et al. Comparison of both clinical features and mortality risk associated with bacteremia due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Clin. Infect. Dis.46(6), 799–806 (2008).
  • Miller LG, Quan C, Shay A et al. A prospective investigation of outcomes after hospital discharge for endemic, community-acquired methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.44(4), 483–492 (2007).
  • Edmond MB, Ober JF, Dawson JD, Weinbaum DL, Wenzel RP. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: natural history and attributable mortality. Clin. Infect. Dis.23(6), 1234–1239 (1996).
  • Stosor V, Peterson LR, Postelnick M, Noskin GA. Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: does vancomycin resistance make a difference? Arch. Intern. Med.158(5), 522–527 (1998).
  • Bhavnani SM, Drake JA, Forrest A et al. A nationwide, multicenter, case–control study comparing risk factors, treatment, and outcome for vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible enterococcal bacteremia. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.36(3), 145–158 (2000).
  • Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C et al. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin. Infect. Dis.37(2), 230–237 (2003).
  • Fiore AE, Moroney JF, Farley MM et al. Clinical outcomes of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis.30(1), 71–77 (2000).
  • Moroney JF, Fiore AE, Harrison LH et al. Clinical outcomes of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis.33(6), 797–805 (2001).
  • Aloush V, Navon-Venezia S, Seigman-Igra Y, Cabili S, Carmeli Y. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: risk factors and clinical impact. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.50(1), 43–48 (2006).
  • Gasink LB, Fishman NO, Nachamkin I, Bilker WB, Lautenbach E. Risk factors for and impact of infection or colonization with aztreonam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.28(10), 1175–1180 (2007).
  • Gasink LB, Fishman NO, Weiner MG, Nachamkin I, Bilker WB, Lautenbach E. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk factors and clinical impact. Am. J. Med.119(6), 526–525 (2006).
  • Lautenbach E, Weiner MG, Nachamkin I, Bilker WB, Sheridan A, Fishman NO. Imipenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on clinical and economic outcomes. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.27(9), 893–900 (2006).
  • Sunenshine RH, Wright MO, Maragakis LL et al. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infection mortality rate and length of hospitalization. Emerg. Infect. Dis.13(1), 97–103 (2007).
  • Seifert H, Strate A, Pulverer G. Nosocomial bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii. Clinical features, epidemiology, and predictors of mortality. Medicine (Baltimore)74(6), 340–349 (1995).
  • Kwon KT, Oh WS, Song JH et al. Impact of imipenem resistance on mortality in patients with Acinetobacter bacteraemia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.59(3), 525–530 (2007).
  • Falagas ME, Kopterides P, Siempos II. Attributable mortality of Acinetobacter baumannii infection among critically ill patients. Clin. Infect. Dis.43(3), 389–390 (2006).
  • Lee NY, Lee HC, Ko NY et al. Clinical and economic impact of multidrug resistance in nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia. Infect. Control Hosp.Epidemiol.28(6), 713–719 (2007).
  • Abbo A, Carmeli Y, Navon-Venezia S, Siegman-Igra Y, Schwaber MJ. Impact of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii on clinical outcomes. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26(11), 793–800 (2007).
  • Fournier PE , Richet H. The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities. Clin. Infect. Dis.42(5), 692–699 (2006).
  • Albrecht MA, Griffith ME, Murray CK et al. Impact of Acinetobacter infection on the mortality of burn patients. J. Am. Coll.Surg.203(4), 546–550 (2006).
  • Blot S, Vandewoude K, Colardyn F. Nosocomial bacteremia involving Acinetobacter baumannii in critically ill patients: a matched cohort study. Intensive Care Med.29(3), 471–475 (2003).
  • Chen HP, Chen TL, Lai CH et al. Predictors of mortality in Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia. J. Microbiol.Immunol. Infect.38(2), 127–136 (2005).
  • Choi JY, Park YS, Kim CO et al. Mortality risk factors of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia. Intern. Med. J.35(10), 599–603 (2005).
  • Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK, Rafailidis PI, Zouglakis G, Morfou P. Comparison of mortality of patients with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia receiving appropriate and inappropriate empirical therapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.57(6), 1251–1254 (2006).
  • No authors listed. The cost of antibiotic resistance: effect of resistance among Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudmonas aeruginosa on length of hospital stay. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.23(2), 106–108 (2002).
  • Marchaim D, Navon-Venezia S, Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Isolation of imipenem-resistant Enterobacter species: emergence of KPC-2 carbapenemase, molecular characterization, epidemiology, and outcomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.52(4), 1413–1418 (2008).
  • Rice LB, Willey SH, Papanicolaou GA et al. Outbreak of ceftazidime resistance caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamases at a Massachusetts chronic-care facility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.34(11), 2193–2199 (1990).
  • Quale JM, Landman D, Bradford PA et al. Molecular epidemiology of a citywide outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.35(7), 834–841 (2002).
  • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am. J. Infect. Control32(8), 470–485 (2004).
  • Schwaber MJ, Navon-Venezia S, Kaye KS, Ben-Ami R, Schwartz D, Carmeli Y. Clinical and economic impact of bacteremia with extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.50(4), 1257–1262 (2006).
  • Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.60(5), 913–920 (2007).
  • Zaoutis TE, Goyal M, Chu JH et al. Risk factors for and outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in children. Pediatrics115(4), 942–949 (2005).
  • Kim YK, Pai H, Lee HJ et al. Bloodstream infections by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in children: epidemiology and clinical outcome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.46(5), 1481–1491 (2002).
  • Foglia EE, Fraser VJ, Elward AM. Effect of nosocomial infections due to antibiotic-resistant organisms on length of stay and mortality in the pediatric intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.28(3), 299–306 (2007).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.