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Review

Antiretroviral therapy and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1

&
Pages 717-732 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

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  • •Provides a comprehensive description of fluctuations in breast milk viral load in HIV-infected women throughout the breastfeeding period, and how this relates to postnatal transmission of the virus.
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  • •Results from an observational study, including information on the rates of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) among women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  • Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. Single-dose perinatal nevirapine plus standard zidouvudine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. N Engl J. Med. 351(3), 217–228 (2004).
  • •Results from an important trial looking at boosting traditional short-course antiretroviral therapy (ART) prophylaxis with peripartum nevirapine (maternal and infant dose) in a nonbreastfeeding population.
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  • European Collaborative Study. HIV-infected pregnant women and vertical transmission in Europe since 1986. AIDS 15,761–770 (2001).
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  • •Results from this analysis of data on women enrolled in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group (PACTG) 316 trial includes the finding of an increased risk of gestational diabetes associated with protease inhibitor (PI)-containing HAART.
  • The Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children. Determinants of mother-to-infant human immunodeficiency virus 1 transmission before and after the introduction of zidovudine prophylaxis. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 156(9), 915–921 (2002).
  • European Collaborative Study and the Swiss Mother+Child HIV Cohort Study. Combination antiretroviral therapy and duration of pregnancy. AIDS 14, 2913–2920 (2000).
  • •Combined analysis from two observational cohort studies showing a strong association between combination therapy use in pregnancy and prematurity.
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  • •Large cohort study presenting important information on lack of serious clinical adverse effects of exposure to ART among uninfected children in the short to medium term.
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  • •Includes the case reports of two cases of fatal fulminant hepatitis associated with nevirapine use in pregnancy.
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  • •Preliminary results from the first trial to investigate ART to prevent postnatal transmission of HIV. Numbers are small and follow-up period limited; data collection on breastfeeding modalities is not extensive. Follow-up is still continuing.
  • The French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group, European Collaborative Study. Morbidity and mortality in European children vertically infected by HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 14,442–450 (1997).
  • de Martino M, Tovo PA, Balducci M, et al. Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 284,190–197 (2000).
  • Diaz C, Hanson C, Cooper ER, et al. Disease progression in a cohort of infants with vertically acquired HIV infection observed from birth: the women and infants transmission study (WITS). J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 18,221–228 (1998).
  • Bernardi S, Thorne C, Newell ML, et al. Variable use of therapeutic interventions for HIV-infected children in Europe. Eur. J. Pediatr. 159,170–175 (2000).
  • Junghans C, Low N, Chan PS, et al. Uniform risk of clinical progression despite differences in utilization of highly active antiretroviral therapy: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS 13(18), 2547–2554 (1999).
  • Funk MB, Linde RD, Braner HJ, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance under zidovudine and lamivudine therapy in HIV-infected children. Eur. J. Pediatr. 158,86–87 (1999).
  • Resino S, Bellon JM, Resino R, et al. Extensive Implementation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy shows great effect on survival and sarrogate markers in vertically HIV-infected children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(11), 1605–1612 (2004).
  • European Collaborative Study. Management of vertically HIV-infected children in Europe. Acta Paediatr. 92, 246–250 (2003).
  • Gortmaker SL, Hughes MD, Cervia JS, et al. Effect of combination therapy including protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolecents infected with HIV-1. N Engl J. Med. 345(21), 1522–1528 (2001).
  • Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA). Highly active antiretroviral therapy started in infants under 3 months of age: 72-week follow-up for CD4 cell count, viral load and drug resistance outcome. AIDS 18(2), 237–245 (2004).
  • Luzuriaga K, McManus M, Mofenson LM, et al. A trial of three antiretroviral regimens in HIV-1-infected children. N Engl J. Med. 350,2471–2480 (2004).
  • Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA). Comparison of dual nucleoside-analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor regimens with and without nelfinavir in children with HIV-1 who have not previously been treates: the PENTA 5 randomized trial. Lancet 359(9308), 733–740 (2002).
  • Eshlemann SH, Krogstad P, Jackson JB, et al. Analysis of HIV-1 drug resistance in children receiving nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors plus nevirapine, nelfinavir or ritonavir (Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 377)1. Infect. Dis. 183,1732-1738 (2001).
  • The Euro Guidelines Group for HIV resistance. Clinical and laboratory guidelines for the use of HIV-1 drug resistance testing as part of treatment management: recommendations for the European setting. AIDS 15,309–320 (2001).
  • Babl FE, Regan AM, Pelton SI. Abnormal body-fat distribution in HIV-1 infected children on antiretrovirals (letter). Lancet 353(9160), 1243–1244 (1999).
  • Jaquet D, Levine MM, Ortega-Rodriguez E, et al. Clinical and metabolic presentation of the lipodystrophic syndrome in HIV-infected children. AIDS 14(14), 2123–2128 (2000).
  • Arpadi SM, Cuff PA, Horlick MN, Wang J, Kotler DP Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected children is associated with high viral load and low CD4+ lymphocyte count and CD4+ lymphocyte percentage at baseline and use of protease inhibitors and stavudine. J Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr Hum. Retrovirol 27, 30–34 (2001).
  • Vigano A, Mora S, Testolin C, et al. Increased lipodystrophy is associated with increased exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr Hum. Retrovirol 32, 482–489 (2003).
  • Bitnun A, Sochett E, Babyn P, et al. Serum lipids, glucose homeostasis and abdominal adipose tissue distribution in protease inhibitor-treated and naive HIV-infected children. AIDS 17(9), 1319–1327 (2003).
  • European Paediatric Lipodystrophy Group. Antiretroviral therapy, Et redistribution and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected children in Europe. AIDS 18,1443–1451 (2004).
  • •Large cross-sectional study of the prevalence and risk factors for fat redistribution in infected children on ART.
  • McComsey G, Bhumbra N, Ma JF, Rathore M, Alvarez A. Impact of protease inhibitor substitution with efavirenz in HIV-infected children: results of the First Pediatric Switch Study. Pediatrics 111(3), E275—E281 (2003).
  • Mora S, Sala N, Zuin G, Chiumello G, Vigano A. Bone mineral loss through increased bone turnover in HIV-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15,1823–1829 (2001).
  • Tan BM, Nelson RP, James-Yarish M, Emmanuel PJ, Svhurman SJ. Bone metabolism in children wuth HIV infection receiving highly active antiretroviral theraphy including a protease inhibitor. J. Pediatr 139(3), 447–451 (2001).
  • Vigano A, Zamproni I, Giacomet V, et al. Analysis of bone mineral content in antiretroviral-naive and highly active antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected children. Proceedings and Abstracts of the 11th Confirence on Retroviruses and Opportunitistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA, 8–11 February 2004 (Abstract 943).
  • Noguera A, Fortuny C, Sanchez E, et al. Hyperlactatemia in HIV infected children receiving antiretroviral treatment. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22,778–782 (2003).
  • Wiktor SZ, Ekpini ER, Karon JM, et al. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a randomized trial. Lancet 353,781–785 (1999).
  • Dabis F, Msellati P, Meda N, et al. 6-month efficacy, tolerance, and acceptability of a short regimen of oral zidovudine to reduce vertical transmission of HIV in breastfed children in Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Lancet 353,786–792 (1999).
  • Dabis F, Elenga N, Meda N, et al. 18-month mortality and perinatal exposure to zidovudine in west Africa. AIDS 15(6), 771–779 (2001).
  • Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. N EngL J. Med. 343,982–991 (2001).
  • The Petra study team. Efficacy of the three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda (Petra study): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 359, 1178–1186 (2002).
  • Chaisilwattana P, Chokephaibulkit K, Chalermchokcharoenkit A, et al. Short-course therapy with zidovudine plus lamivudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 in Thailand. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(11), 1405–1413 (2002).
  • Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming TR, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomized trial. Lancet 354,795–802 (1999).
  • Moodley D, Moodley J, Coovadia HM, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1. J. Infect. Dis. 187,725–735 (2003).
  • •Presents results from a trial that confirm the efficacy and safety of short-course ART regimens in reducing MTCT risk in developing countries.
  • Dabis F, Ekouevi DK, Merchadou L, et al. Effectiveness of a short course of ZDV plus 3TC boosted peripartum by nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. 13th International Confirence on AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infictions in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya, 21–26 September 2003.
  • Dabis F, Ekouevi DK, Bequet L, et al. A short course of Zidovudine + peripartum nevirapine is higly efficious in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: The ANRS 1201 ditrame-plus group. The 10th Confirence on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infictions. Boston, MA, USA, 10–14 February 2003 (Poster 854).

Websites

  • •Preliminary results from an important trial looking at boosting traditional short-course ART prophylaxis with peripartum nevirapine (maternal and infant dose) in breastfeeding populations.
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