13
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treatment of HIV infection in the older patient

&
Pages 733-743 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Ship JA, Wolff A, Selik RM. Epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in persons aged 50 years or older. J. Acquir Immune Defic. Syndr. 4(1), 84–88 (1991).
  • ••Excellent review on the epidemiology of HIV in older patients in the early 1990s.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Supplemental Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA, 1–44 (2002).
  • ••Excellent update on the epidemiology ofHIV in the USA.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AIDS among persons aged 50 years — USA, 1991–1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 47(2), 21–27 (1998).
  • •Excellent review on the epidemiology of HIV in older patients in the USA.
  • Skiest DJ, Rubinstien E, Carley N, Gioiella L, Lyons R. The importance of comorbidity in HIV-infected patients over 55: a retrospective case-control study. Am. J. Med. 101(6), 605–611 (1996).
  • •One of the initial studies indicating worse clinical outcomes in older HIV patients compared with younger patients.
  • Saah AJ, Hoover DR, He Y, Kingsley LA, Phair JP. Factors influencing survival after AIDS: report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). J. Acquir Immune Defic. Syndr 7(3), 287–295 (1994).
  • •One of the initial studies indicating worse clinical outcomes in older HIV patients compared with younger patients.
  • Ferro S, Salit IE. HIV infection in patients over 55 years of age. J Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr 5(4), 348–353 (1992).
  • Operskalski EA, Stram DO, Lee H, et al Human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 infection: relationship of risk group and age to rate of progression to AIDS. Transfusion Safety Study Group. J. Infect. Dis. 172(3), 648–655 (1995).
  • Phillips AN, Lee CA, Elford J, et al More rapid progression to AIDS in older HIV-infected people: the role of CD4+ T-cell counts. J. Acquir Immune Defic. Syndr 4(10), 970–975 (1991).
  • Blaxhult A, Granath F, Lidman K, Giesecke J. The influence of age on the latency period to AIDS in people infected by HIV through blood transfusion. AIDS 4(2), 125–129 (1990).
  • Sutin DG, Rose DN, Mulvihill M, Taylor B. Survival of elderly patients with transfusion-related acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41(3), 214–216 (1993).
  • Rothenberg R, Woelfel M, Stoneburner R, Milberg J, Parker R, Truman B. Survival with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Experience with 5833 cases in New York City. N Engl J Med 317(21), 1297–1302 (1987).
  • Gaeta TJ, LaPolla C, Melendez E. AIDS in the elderly: New York City vital statistics. J. Emerg. Med 14(1), 19–23 (1996).
  • Gordon SM, Thompson S. The changing epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection in older persons. J Am. Geriatr Soc. 43(1), 7–9 (1995).
  • Lemp GF, Payne SF, Neal D, Temelso T, Rutherford GW. Survival trends for patients with AIDS. J. Am. Med Assoc. 263(3), 402–406 (1990).
  • Rosenberg PS, Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ. Effect of age at seroconversion on the natural AIDS incubation distribution. Multicenter hemophilia cohort study and the international registry of seroconverters. AIDS 8(6), 803–810 (1994).
  • Stehr-Green JK, Holman RC, Mahoney MA. Survival analysis of hemophilia-associated AIDS cases in the US. Am. J. Public Health 79(7), 832–835 (1989).
  • Balslev U, Monforte AD, Stergiou G, et al Influence of age on rates of new AIDS-defining diseases and survival in 6546 AIDS patients. Scand J. Infect. Dis. 29(4), 337–343 (1997).
  • The Data collection on adverse events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) study group. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 349(21), 1993-2003 (2003).
  • ••Excellent study evaluating the impact ofhighly active antiretroviral therapy on cardiovascular disease in HIV patients.
  • Carr A, Samaras K, Thorisdottir A, Kaufmann GR, Chisholm DJ, Cooper DA. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet 353(9170), 2093–2099 (1999).
  • Vittecoq D, Escaut L, Monsuez JJ. Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitors. Lancet 351(9120), 1959 (1998).
  • Moore RD, Keruly JC, Lucas GM. Increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected persons in care. 10th Confirence on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA, 10–14 February 2003 (Abstract).
  • Keitz SA, Bastian LA, Bennett CL, Oddone EZ, DeHovitz JA, Weinstein RA. AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in older patients. J Gen. Intern. Med 11(10), 591–596 (1996).
  • El Sadr W Gettler J. Unrecognized human immunodeficiency virus infection in the elderly. Arch. Intern. Med 155(2), 184–186 (1995).
  • Stall R, Catania J. AIDS risk behaviors among late middle-aged and elderly Americans. The national AIDS behavioral surveys. Arch. Intern. Med 154(1), 57–63 (1994).
  • Homer RD, Bennett CL, Rodriguez D, et al Relationship between procedures and health insurance for critically ill patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152(5), 1435 (1995).
  • Butt AA, Dascomb KK, DeSalvo KB, Bazzano L, Kissinger PJ, Szerlip HM. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in elderly patients. S. Med J 94(4), 397–400 (2001).
  • Abel T, Werner M. HIV risk behaviour of older persons. Eur J Public Health 13(4), 350–352 (2003).
  • Mack KA, Ory MG. AIDS and older americans at the end of the twentieth century. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 33\(Suppl. 2) S68—S75 (2003).
  • Chaisson RE, Keruly JC, Moore RD. Race, sex, drug use, and progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease. N Engl J. Med. 333(12), 751–756 (1995).
  • Betz M, Gebo KA, Barber E, et al Patterns of diagnoses in hospital admissions in a multi-state cohort of HIV-positive adults in 2001. Proc. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. Boston, MA, USA, 30 September-3 October 2004.
  • Gebo KA, Fleishman JA, Moore RD. Recent trends in HIV-related hospitalizations by selected diagnoses: a 12-state study. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA, 10–14 February 2003 (Abstract).
  • Reiter GS. Comprehensive clinical care: managing HIV as a chronic illness. AIDS Clin. Care 12(2), 13–19 (2000).
  • Bastian L, Bennett CL, Adams J, Waskin H, Divine G, Edlin BR. Differences between men and women with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: experience from 3070 cases in New York City in 1987. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6(6), 617–623 (1993).
  • Sorkin JD, Bolton PA, Greenblatt J, Sithisarankul P, Vlahov D, Graham NM. Age, gender, and other predictors of the wasting syndrome among HIV-1-infected injecting drug users. Epidemiology 6(2), 172–177 (1995).
  • Perez JL, Moore RD. Greater effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in people agedyears comparedwith younger people in an urban observational cohort. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36(2), 212–218 (2003).
  • Douek DC, McFarland RD, Keiser PH, et al. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature 396(6712), 690–695 (1998).
  • Haynes BF, Markert ML, Sempowski GD, Patel DD, Hale LP The role of the thymus in immune reconstitution in aging, bone marrow transplantation, and HIV-1 infection. Ann. Rev. Immunol 18 529–560 (2000).
  • Viard JP, Mocroft A, Chiesi A, et al. Influence of age on CD4 cell recovery in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the EuroSIDA study. J. Infect. Dis. 183(8), 1290–1294 (2001).
  • Operskalski EA, Mosley JW, Busch MP, Stram DO. Influences of age, viral load, and CD4+ count on the rate of progression of HIV-1 infection to AIDS. Transfusion Safety Study Group. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol 15(3), 243–244 (1997).
  • Manfredi R, Chiodo F. A case-control study of virological and immunological effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with advanced age. AIDS 14(10), 1475–1477 (2000).
  • Manfredi R, Calza L, Cocchi D, Chiodo F. Antiretroviral treatment and advanced age: epidemiologic, laboratory, and clinical features in the elderly. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 33(1), 112–114 (2003).
  • Knobel H, Guelar A, Valldecillo G, et al. Response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients aged 60 years or older after 24 months follow-up. AIDS 15(12), 1591–1593 (2001).
  • Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Asthana D, et al. Older age and plasma viral load in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 18\(Suppl. 1), S87—S98 (2004).
  • •Most recent data on immune response and age.
  • Maggiolo F, Ripamonti D, Arici C, et al. Simpler regimens may enhance adherence to antiretrovirals in HIV-infected patients. HIV Clin. Trials 3(5), 371–378 (2002).
  • Hinkin CH, Castellon SA, Durvasula RS, et al. Medication adherence among HIV-positive adults: effects of cognitive dysfunction and regimen complexity. Neurology 59(12), 1944–1950 (2002).
  • Boufassa F, Dulioust A, Lascaux AS, et al. Lipodystrophy in 685 HIV-1-treated patients: influence of antiretroviral treatment and immunovirological response. HIV Clin. Trials 2(4), 339–345 (2001).
  • Shah SS, McGowan JP, Smith C, Blum S, Klein RS. Comorbid conditions, treatment, and health maintenance in older persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in New York City. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(10), 1238–1243 (2002).
  • Nokes K, Holzemer W, Corless I, Bakken S, Brown MA. Health-related quality of life in persons younger and older than 50 who are living with HIV/AIDS. Res. Aging 22(3), 290–310 (2000).
  • Gebo KA, Diener-West M, Moore RD. Hospitalization rates differ by hepatitis C status in an urban HIV cohort. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 34(2), 165–173 (2003).
  • Soriano V, Garcia-Samaniego J, Valencia E, Rodriguez-Rosado R, Munoz F, Gonzalez-Lahoz J. Impact of chronic liver disease due to hepatitis viruses as cause of hospital admission and death in HIV-infected drug users. Eur Epidemiol 15(1), 1–4 (1999).
  • Sulkowski MS. Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38\(Suppl. 2), S90—S97 (2004).
  • NIH Consensus Statement on Management of Hepatitis C: 2002. NIH Consens. State Sci. Statements 19(3), 1–46 (2002).
  • •Consensus statement from the National Institutes of Health on treatment recommendations for hepatitis C virus.
  • de Torres M, Poynard T Risk factors for liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ann. Hepatol 2(1), 5-11(2003).
  • Backus L, Phillips B, Boothroyd D, Burgess J, Rigsby M, Chang S. Center for Quality Management in Public Health, Veterans Health Administration and National HIV and Hepatitis C Program Office, Veterans Health. Administration. Hepatitis C coinfection increases mortality in HIV-infected US veterans treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infictions. San Francisco, CA, USA, 8–11 February 2004 (Abstract 800).
  • Rimland D, Guest J. Mortality in the HIV Atlanta VA cohort study: a 22-year analysis. 11th Confirmice on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA, 8–11 February 2004 (Abstract 873).
  • Hinkin CH, Castellon SA, Atkinson JH, Goodkin K Neuropsychiatric aspects of HIV infection among older adults. J. Clin. Epidemiol 54\(Suppl. 1), S44—S52 (2001).
  • Goodkin K, Wilkie FL, Concha M, et al Aging and neuro-AIDS conditions and the changing spectrum of HIV-1-associated morbidity and mortality. J Clin. Epidemid 54\(Suppl. 1), S35—S43 (2001).
  • Rabkin JG, McElhiney MC, Ferrando SJ. Mood and substance use disorders in older adults with HIV/AIDS: methodological issues and preliminary evidence. AIDS 18\(Suppl. 1), S43—S48 (2004).
  • Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Goedert JJ, for the AIDS—Cancer Match Registry Study Group. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. J. Am. Med Assoc. 285(13), 1736–1745 (2001).
  • Engels EA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, aging, and cancer. J. Clin. Epidemiol 54(12, Suppl. 1), S29—S34 (2001).
  • ••Excellent review of cancer in olderHIV patients.
  • The WIHS Collaborative Study Group. Cancer risk among participants in the women's interagency HIV study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 36(4), 978–985 (2004).
  • •New data on risk of cancer in HIV-positive women.
  • Biggar RJ, Kirby KA, Atkinson JH, McNeel TS, Engels E, for the AIDS—Cancer Match Registry Study Group. Cancer risk in elderly persons with HIV/AIDS. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr (36), 861–868 (2004).
  • •New data on the risk of cancer in older HIV patients.
  • Hadigan C, Meigs JB, Corcoran C, et al Metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and lipodystrophy. Clin. Infict. Dis. 32(1), 130–139 (2001).
  • Saint-Marc T, Partisani M, Poizot-Martin I, et al. Fat distribution evaluated by computed tomography and metabolic abnormalities in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy: preliminary results of the LIPOCO study. AIDS 14(1), 37–49 (2000).
  • Periard D, Telenti A, Sudre P, et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors. Circulation 100(7), 700–705 (1999).
  • Mauss S. HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS 14\(Suppl. 3), S197—S207 (2000).
  • Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo E Gynecomastia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann. Pharmacother. 35(4), 438–439 (2001).
  • Brinkman K, Smeitink JA, Romijn JA, Reiss Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy. Lancet 354(9184), 1112–1115 (1999).
  • Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 12(7), F51—F58 (1998).
  • Christeff N, Melchior JC, de Truchis P, Perronne C, Nunez EA, Gougeon ML. Lipodystrophy defined by a clinical score in HIV-infected men on highly active antiretroviral therapy: correlation between dyslipidemia and steroid hormone alterations. AIDS 13(16), 2251–2260 (1999).
  • Graham NM. Metabolic disorders among HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a review. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 25\(Suppl. 1), S4—S11 (2000).
  • Grunfeld C, Pang M, Doerrler W, Shigenaga JK, Jensen P, Feingold KR. Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 74(5), 1045–1052 (1992).
  • Riddler SA, Smit E, Cole SR, et al. Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289(22), 2978–2982 (2003).
  • Carr A, Cooper DA. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 356(9239), 1423–1430 (2000).
  • Jain RG, Furfine ES, Pedneault L, White AJ, Lenhard JM. Metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy. Antivir. Res. 51(3), 151–177 (2001).
  • Galli M, Ridolfo AL, Gervasoni C. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era. Ann. 1VY Acad Sci. 946(1), 200–213 (2001).
  • Fontas E, van Leth F, Sabin CA, et al Lipid profiles in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy: are different antiretroviral drugs associated with different lipid profiles? J. Infect. Dis. 189(6), 1056–1074 (2004).
  • Van der Valk M, Kastelein JJ, Murphy RL, et al. Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile. AIDS 15(18), 2407–2414 (2001).
  • Dube MP, Stein JH, Aberg JA, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37(5), 613–627 (2003). New treatment guidelines for dyslipidemia in HIV patients.
  • Dube MP, Sprecher D, Henry WK, et al. Preliminary guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Cardiovascular Disease Focus Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31(5), 1216–1224 (2000).
  • Henry K, Melroe H, Huebesch J, Hermundson J, Simpson J. Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil for protease-inhibitor-related lipid abnormalities. Lancet 352(9133), 1031–1032 (1998).
  • Mary-Krause M, Cotte L, Simon A, Partisani M, Costagliola D. Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected men. AIDS 17(17), 2479–2486 (2003).
  • Jutte A, Schwenk A, Franzen C, et al. Increasing morbidity from myocardial infarction during HIV protease inhibitor treatment? AIDS 13(13), 1796–1797 (1999).
  • Tickerts V, Brodt H, Staszewski S, Stille W Incidence of myocardial infarctions in HIV-infected patients between 1983 and 1998: the Frankfurt HIV-cohort study. Eur. J. Med. Res. 5(8), 329–333 (2000).
  • Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Williamson JM, et al Protease inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HIV-1. Lancet 360(9347), 1747–1748 (2002).
  • De Gaetano Donati K, Rabagliati R, Iacoviello L, Cauda R. HIV infection, HAART, and endothelial adhesion molecules: current perspectives. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4(4), 213–222 (2004).
  • Bowman L, Carlstedt BC, Hancock EF, Black CD. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) occurrence and evaluation in elderly in-patients. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf 5(1), 9–18 (1996).
  • Egger T, Dormann H, Ahne G, et al Identification of adverse drug reactions in geriatric in-patients using a computerized drug database. Drugs Aging 20(10), 769–776 (2003).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.