3,217
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Clinical data on injectable tissue fillers: a review

&
Pages 835-853 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Smith KC. Reversible vs nonreversible fillers in facial aesthetics: concerns and considerations. Dermatol. Online J. 14(8), 3 (2008).
  • Lowe NJ, Maxwell CA, Patnaik R. Adverse reactions to dermal fillers: review. Dermatol. Surg. 31(11 Pt 2), 1616–1625 (2005).
  • Dijkema SJ, van der Lei B, Kibbelaar RE. New-fill injections may induce late-onset foreign body granulomatous reaction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 115(5), 76e–78e (2005).
  • Vochelle D. The use of poly-L-lactic acid in the management of soft-tissue augmentation: a five-year experience. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 23(4), 223–226 (2004).
  • Narins RS, Jewell M, Rubin M, Cohen J, Strobos J. Clinical conference: management of rare events following dermal fillers--focal necrosis and angry red bumps. Dermatol. Surg. 32(3), 426–434 (2006).
  • Nicolau PJ. Long-lasting and permanent fillers: biomaterial influence over host tissue response. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119(7), 2271–2286 (2007).
  • De Boulle K. Management of complications after implantation of fillers. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 3(1), 2–15 (2004).
  • Sneistrup C, Holmich LR, Dahlstrom K. [Long-term complications after injection of permanent tissue-fillers to the lips]. Ugeskr. Laeger. 171(17), 1414 (2009).
  • Lemperle G, Rullan PP, Gauthier-Hazan N. Avoiding and treating dermal filler complications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 118(Suppl. 3), 92S–107S (2006).
  • Duffy DM. Liquid silicone for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol. Surg. 31(11 Pt 2), 1530–1541 (2005a).
  • Lemperle G, Romano JJ, Busso M. Soft tissue augmentation with artecoll: 10-year history, indications, techniques, and complications. Dermatol. Surg. 29(6), 573–587, discussion 87 (2003).
  • Friedman PM, Mafong EA, Kauvar AN, Geronemus RG. Safety data of injectable nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol. Surg. 28(6), 491–494 (2002).
  • Duffy DM. Complications of fillers: overview. Dermatol. Surg. 31(11 Pt 2), 1626–1633 (2005).
  • Glavas IP. Filling agents. Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am. 18(2), 249–57, v–vi (2005).
  • Narins RS, Bowman PH. Injectable skin fillers. Clin. Plast. Surg. 32(2), 151–162 (2005).
  • Salles AG, Lotierzo PH, Gemperli R et al. Complications after polymethylmethacrylate injections: report of 32 cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 121(5), 1811–1820 (2008).
  • Grunebaum LD, Bogdan Allemann I, Dayan S, Mandy S, Baumann L. The risk of alar necrosis associated with dermal filler injection. Dermatol. Surg. 35( Suppl. 35) 635–640 (2009).
  • De Boulle K. Critical reflections on ArteFill, a permanent injectable product for soft tissue augmentation: mechanism of action and injection techniques, indications, and applications. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 34(3), 287–289 (2010).
  • El Shafey SI. Complications from repeated injection or puncture of old polyacrylamide gel implant sites: case reports. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 32(1), 162–165 (2008).
  • Dayan SH, Bassichis BA. Facial dermal fillers: selection of appropriate products and techniques. Aesthet. Surg. J. 28(3), 335–347 (2008).
  • Finn JC, Cox S. Fillers in the periorbital complex. Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am. 15(1), 123–132, viii (2007).
  • Ghislanzoni M, Bianchi F, Barbareschi M, Alessi E. Cutaneous granulomatous reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid gel. Br. J. Dermatol. 154(4), 755–758 (2006).
  • Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel dermal fillers: clinical findings, long-term follow-up and review of the literature. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 22(2), 150–161 (2008).
  • Bardazzi F, Ruffato A, Antonucci A, Balestri R, Tabanelli M. Cutaneous granulomatous reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid gel: another case. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 18(1), 59–62 (2007).
  • Carruthers J, Klein AW, Carruthers A, Glogau RG, Canfield D. Safety and efficacy of nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid for improvement of mouth corners. Dermatol. Surg. 31(3), 276–280 (2005).
  • Narins RS, Dayan SH, Brandt FS, Baldwin EK. Persistence and improvement of nasolabial fold correction with nonanimal-stabilized hyaluronic acid 100,000 gel particles/mL filler on two retreatment schedules: results up to 18 months on two retreatment schedules. Dermatol. Surg. 34( Suppl. 34), S2–S8, discussion S (2008).
  • Baumann LS, Shamban AT, Lupo MP et al. Comparison of smooth-gel hyaluronic acid dermal fillers with cross-linked bovine collagen: a multicenter, double-masked, randomized, within-subject study. Dermatol. Surg. 33( Suppl. 33) S128–S135 (2007).
  • Silvers SL, Eviatar JA, Echavez MI, Pappas AL. Prospective, open-label, 18-month trial of calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for facial soft-tissue augmentation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy: one-year durability. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 118(Suppl. 3), 34S–45S (2006).
  • Goldberg RA, Fiaschetti D. Filling the periorbital hollows with hyaluronic acid gel: initial experience with 244 injections. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 22(5), 335–341, discussion 41–43 (2006).
  • van Dam D, van der Lei B, Cromheecke M. Statements on the safety of permanent soft tissue fillers in Europe. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 33(4), 479–481 (2009).
  • Farahani SS, Sexton J, Stone JD, Quinn K, Woo SB. Lip nodules caused by hyaluronic acid filler injection: report of three cases. Head Neck Pathol.6(1), 16–20 (2012).
  • Rendon MI. Long-term aesthetic outcomes with injectable poly-l-lactic acid: observations and practical recommendations based on clinical experience over 5 years. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 11(2), 93–100 (2012).
  • Bass LS, Smith S, Busso M, McClaren M. Calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for treatment of nasolabial folds: long-term safety and efficacy results. Aesthet. Surg. J. 30(2), 235–238 (2010).
  • Salles AG, Lotierzo PH, Gimenez R, Camargo CP, Ferreira MC. Evaluation of the poly-L-lactic acid implant for treatment of the nasolabial fold: 3-year follow-up evaluation. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 32(5), 753–756 (2008).
  • Liew S, Nguyen DQ. Nonsurgical volumetric upper periorbital rejuvenation: a plastic surgeon's perspective. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 35(3), 319–325 (2010).
  • Tzikas TL. A 52-month summary of results using calcium hydroxylapatite for facial soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol. Surg. 34(Suppl. 1), S9–S15 (2008).
  • Monstrey SJ, Pitaru S, Hamdi M et al. A two-stage phase I trial of Evolence30 collagen for soft-tissue contour correction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 120(1), 303–311 (2007).
  • Bennett R, Taher M. Restylane persistent for 23 months found during Mohs micrographic surgery: a source of confusion with hyaluronic acid surrounding basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol. Surg. 31(10), 1366–1369 (2005).
  • Bergsma JE, de Bruijn WC, Rozema FR, Bos RR, Boering G. Late degradation tissue response to poly(L-lactide) bone plates and screws. Biomaterials16(1), 25–31 (1995).
  • Webster RC, Gaunt JM, Hamdan US, Fuleihan NS, Smith RC. Injectable silicone for facial soft-tissue augmentation. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 112(3), 290–296 (1986a).
  • Webster RC, Hamdan US, Gaunt JM, Fuleihan NS, Smith RC. Rhinoplastic revisions with injectable silicone. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 112(3), 269–276 (1986b).
  • Webster RC, Fuleihan NS, Hamdan US, Gaunt JM, Smith RC. Injectable silicone: Report of 17.000 Facial treatments since 1962. Am. J. Cosm. Surg. 3(2), 41–48 (1986c).
  • Aronsohn R. A 22 year experience with the use of silicone injections. Am. J. Cosm. Surg. 1(1), 21–28 (1984).
  • Mastruserio DN, Pesqueira MJ, Cobb MW. Severe granulomatous reaction and facial ulceration occurring after subcutaneous silicone injection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 34(5 Pt 1), 849–852 (1996).
  • Jones DH, Carruthers A, Orentreich D et al. Highly purified 1000-cSt silicone oil for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated facial lipoatrophy: an open pilot trial. Dermatol. Surg. 30(10), 1279–1286 (2004).
  • Prather CL, Jones DH. Liquid injectable silicone for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol. Ther.19(3), 159–168 (2006).
  • Lemperle G, Gauthier-Hazan N, Lemperle M. PMMA-Microspheres (Artecoll) for long-lasting correction of wrinkles: refinements and statistical results. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 22(5), 356–365 (1998).
  • Epstein RE, Spencer JM. Correction of atrophic scars with artefill: an open-label pilot study. J. Drugs Dermatol. 9(9), 1062–1064 (2010).
  • de Cassia Novaes W, Berg A. Experiences with a new nonbiodegradable hydrogel (Aquamid): a pilot study. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 27(5), 376–380 (2003).
  • Christensen L, Breiting V, Vuust J, Hogdall E. Adverse reactions following injection with a permanent facial filler polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid): Causes and treatment. Eur. J. Plast. Surg. 28(7), 464–471 (2006).
  • Narins RS, Coleman WP 3rd, Rohrich R et al. 12-Month controlled study in the United States of the safety and efficacy of a permanent 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel soft-tissue filler. Dermatol. Surg. 36(Suppl.), 31819–31829 (2010).
  • Karim RB, de Lint CA, van Galen SR et al. Long-term effect of polyalkylimide gel injections on severity of facial lipoatrophy and quality of life of HIV-positive patients. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 32(6), 873–878 (2008).
  • Loutfy MR, Raboud JM, Antoniou T et al. Immediate versus delayed polyalkylimide gel injections to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 21(9), 1147–1155 (2007).
  • Lombardi T, Samson J, Plantier F, Husson C, Kuffer R. Orofacial granulomas after injection of cosmetic fillers. Histopathologic and clinical study of 11 cases. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 33(2), 115–120 (2004).
  • Kim KJ, Lee HW, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK. Artecoll granuloma: a rare adverse reaction induced by microimplant in the treatment of neck wrinkles. Dermatol. Surg. 30(4 Pt 1), 545–547 (2004).
  • Lee MW, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. A case of cutaneous pseudolymphoma associated with silicone injection. Acta Derm. Venereol. 84(4), 312–313 (2004).
  • Rapaport MJ, Vinnik C, Zarem H. Injectable silicone: cause of facial nodules, cellulitis, ulceration, and migration. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 20(3), 267–276 (1996).
  • Alcalay J, Alkalay R, Gat A, Yorav S. Late-onset granulomatous reaction to Artecoll. Dermatol. Surg. 29(8), 859–862 (2003).
  • Requena C, Izquierdo MJ, Navarro M et al. Adverse reactions to injectable aesthetic microimplants. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23(3), 197–202 (2001).
  • Cheng NX, Xu SL, Deng H et al. Migration of implants: a problem with injectable polyacrylamide gel in aesthetic plastic surgery. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 30(2), 215–225 (2006).
  • Cohen SR, Berner CF, Busso M et al. Five-year safety and efficacy of a novel polymethylmethacrylate aesthetic soft tissue filler for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol. Surg. 33( Suppl. 33), S222–S230 (2007).
  • Cohen SR, Holmes RE. Artecoll: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material: report of a controlled, randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 251 subjects. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 114(4), 964–976, discussion 77–79 (2004).
  • Narins RS, Cohen S, Group aTF-YI. Novel polymethylmethacrylate soft tissue filler for the correction of nasolabial folds: interim results of a 5-year long-term safety and patient satisfaction study. Dermatol. Surg. 36766–36774 (2010).
  • Negredo E, Puig J, Aldea D et al. Four-year safety with polyacrylamide hydrogel to correct antiretroviral-related facial lipoatrophy. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 25(4), 451–455 (2009).
  • Pallua N, Wolter TP. A 5-year assessment of safety and aesthetic results after facial soft-tissue augmentation with polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid): a prospective multicenter study of 251 patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 125(6), 1797–1804 (2010).
  • Hanke CW, Rohrich RJ, Busso M et al. Facial soft-tissue fillers: assessing the state of the science conference---proceedings report. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 64(4 Suppl.), S53–S65 (2011).
  • Hanke CW, Rohrich RJ, Busso M et al. Facial soft-tissue fillers conference: assessing the state of the science. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 64(4 Suppl.), S66–S85 (2011).
  • Rohrich RJ, Hanke CW, Busso M et al. Facial soft-tissue fillers conference: assessing the state of the science. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 127(4 Suppl.), 22S–S (2011).
  • Rohrich RJ, Hanke CW, Busso M et al. Facial soft-tissue fillers: Assessing the state of the science conference – Proceedings report. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 127(Suppl. 4S), 9S–21S (2011).
  • Glogau RG. Fillers: from the past to the future. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 31(2), 78–87 (2012).
  • Kablik J, Monheit GD, Yu L, Chang G, Gershkovich J. Comparative physical properties of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.) 1302–1312 (2009).
  • Edsman K, Nord LI, Ohrlund A, Larkner H, Kenne AH. Gel properties of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Dermatol. Surg. 38(7 Pt 2), 1170–1179 (2012).
  • Rzany B, Cartier H, Kestemont P et al. Full-face rejuvenation using a range of hyaluronic acid fillers: efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction over 6 months. Dermatol. Surg. 38(7 Pt 2), 1153–1161 (2012).
  • Carruthers A, Carey W, De Lorenzi C, Remington K, Schachter D, Sapra S. Randomized, double-blind comparison of the efficacy of two hyaluronic acid derivatives, restylane perlane and hylaform, in the treatment of nasolabial folds. Dermatol. Surg. 31(11 Pt 2), 1591–1598, discussion 8 (2005).
  • Dover JS, Rubin MG, Bhatia AC. Review of the efficacy, durability, and safety data of two nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid fillers from a prospective, randomized, comparative, multicenter study. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.) 1322–1330, discussion 30–31 (2009).
  • Kestemont P, Cartier H, Trevidic P et al. Sustained efficacy and high patient satisfaction after cheek enhancement with a new hyaluronic acid dermal filler. J. Drugs. Dermatol. 11(1 Suppl.), s9–s16 (2012).
  • Ascher B, Bayerl C, Brun P et al. Efficacy and safety of a new hyaluronic acid dermal filler in the treatment of severe nasolabial lines – 6-month interim results of a randomized, evaluator-blinded, intra-individual comparison study. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 10(2), 94–98 (2011).
  • Cartier H, Trevidic P, Rzany B et al. Perioral rejuvenation with a range of customized hyaluronic acid fillers: efficacy and safety over six months with a specific focus on the lips. J. Drugs Dermatol. 11(1 Suppl.), s17–s26 (2012).
  • Prager W, Wissmueller E, Havermann I et al. A prospective, split-face, randomized, comparative study of safety and 12-month longevity of three formulations of hyaluronic acid dermal filler for treatment of nasolabial folds. Dermatol. Surg. 38(7 Pt 2), 1143–1150 (2012).
  • DeLorenzi C, Weinberg M, Solish N, Swift A. Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous non-animal-stabilized hyaluronic acid in aesthetic facial contouring: interim report. Dermatol. Surg. 32(2), 205–211 (2006).
  • Lowe NJ, Grover R. Injectable hyaluronic acid implant for malar and mental enhancement. Dermatol. Surg. 32(7), 881–885, discussion 5 (2006).
  • Lowe NJ, Maxwell CA, Lowe P, Duick MG, Shah K. Hyaluronic acid skin fillers: adverse reactions and skin testing. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 45(6), 930–933 (2001).
  • Raspaldo H, De Boulle K, Levy PM. Longevity of effects of hyaluronic acid plus lidocaine facial filler. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 9(1), 11–15 (2010).
  • Narins RS, Coleman WP 3rd, Donofrio LM et al. Improvement in nasolabial folds with a hyaluronic acid filler using a cohesive polydensified matrix technology: results from an 18-month open-label extension trial. Dermatol. Surg. 36(Suppl.) 31800–31808 (2010).
  • Malhotra R. Deep orbital Sub-Q restylane (nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid) for orbital volume enhancement in sighted and anophthalmic orbits. Arch. Ophthalmol. 125(12), 1623–1629 (2007).
  • Andre P. Evaluation of the safety of a non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid (NASHA -- Q-Medical, Sweden) in European countries: a retrospective study from 1997 to 2001. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 18(4), 422–425 (2004).
  • McCracken MS, Khan JA, Wulc AE et al. Hyaluronic acid gel (Restylane) filler for facial rhytids: lessons learned from American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery member treatment of 286 patients. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 22(3), 188–191 (2006).
  • Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Zamora E, Borbujo J. Granulomatous foreign body reaction against hyaluronic acid: report of a case after lip augmentation. Dermatol. Surg. 29(12), 1225–1226 (2003).
  • Hoenig JF, Brink U, Korabiowska M. Severe granulomatous allergic tissue reaction after hyaluronic acid injection in the treatment of facial lines and its surgical correction. J. Craniofac. Surg. 14(2), 197–200 (2003).
  • Zimmermann US, Clerici TJ. The histological aspects of fillers complications. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 23(4), 241–250 (2004).
  • Bisaccia E, Lugo A, Torres O, Johnson B, Scarborough D. Persistent inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid gel: a case report. Cutis 79(5), 388–389 (2007).
  • Dal Sacco D, Cozzani E, Parodi A, Rebora A. Scar sarcoidosis after hyaluronic acid injection. Int. J. Dermatol. 44(5), 411–412 (2005).
  • Engelhard P, Knies M. Safety and efficacy of New-Fill® (polylactic acid) in the treatment of HIV associated lipoatrophy of the face (HALF). Proceedings of 14th International AIDS Conference. Catalonia, Spain (2002).
  • Borelli C, Kunte C, Weisenseel P, Thoma-Greber E, Korting HC, Konz B. Deep subcutaneous application of poly-L-lactic acid as a filler for facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol.18(6), 273–278 (2005).
  • Moyle GJ, Lysakova L, Brown S et al. A randomized open-label study of immediate versus delayed polylactic acid injections for the cosmetic management of facial lipoatrophy in persons with HIV infection. HIV Med.5(2), 82–7 (2004).
  • Burgess CM, Quiroga RM. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 52(2), 233–239 (2005).
  • Beer K. A single-center, open-label study on the use of injectable poly-L-lactic acid for the treatment of moderate to severe scarring from acne or varicella. Dermatol. Surg. 33( Suppl. 33), S159–S167 (2007).
  • Cattelan AM, Bauer U, Trevenzoli M et al. Use of polylactic acid implants to correct facial lipoatrophy in human immunodeficiency virus 1-positive individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Arch. Dermatol. 142(3), 329–334 (2006).
  • Humble G, Mest D. Soft tissue augmentation using sculptra. Facial Plast Surg. 20(2), 157–163 (2004).
  • Moyle GJ, Brown S, Lysakova L, Barton SE. Long-term safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid in the treatment of HIV-related facial lipoatrophy. HIV Med. 7(3), 181–185 (2006).
  • Valantin MA, Aubron-Olivier C, Ghosn J et al. Polylactic acid implants (New-Fill) to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients: results of the open-label study VEGA. AIDS 17(17), 2471–2477 (2003).
  • Narins RS, Baumann L, Brandt FS et al. A randomized study of the efficacy and safety of injectable poly-L-lactic acid versus human-based collagen implant in the treatment of nasolabial fold wrinkles. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 62(3), 448–462 (2010).
  • Levy RM, Redbord KP, Hanke CW. Treatment of HIV lipoatrophy and lipoatrophy of aging with poly-L-lactic acid: a prospective 3-year follow-up study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 59(6), 923–933 (2008).
  • Woerle B, Hanke CW, Sattler G. Poly-L-lactic acid: a temporary filler for soft tissue augmentation. J. Drugs Dermatol. 3(4), 385–389 (2004).
  • Lowe NJ, Maxwell CA, Lowe P, Shah A, Patnaik R. Injectable poly-l-lactic acid: 3 years of aesthetic experience. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.), 1344–1349 (2009).
  • Sadove R. Injectable poly-L: -lactic acid: a novel sculpting agent for the treatment of dermal fat atrophy after severe acne. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 33(1), 113–116 (2009).
  • Beljaards RC, de Roos KP, Bruins FG. NewFill for skin augmentation: a new filler or failure? Dermatol. Surg. 31(7 Pt 1), 772–776, discussion 6 (2005).
  • Reszko AE, Sadick NS, Magro CM, Farber J. Late-onset subcutaneous nodules after poly-L-lactic acid injection. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.), 1380–1384 (2009).
  • Hamilton DG, Gauthier N, Robertson BF. Late-onset, recurrent facial nodules associated with injection of poly-L-lactic acid. Dermatol. Surg. 34(1), 123–126, discussion 6 (2008).
  • Godin MS, Majmundar MV, Chrzanowski DS, Dodson KM. Use of radiesse in combination with restylane for facial augmentation. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 8(2), 92–97 (2006).
  • Jacovella PF, Peiretti CB, Cunille D, Salzamendi M, Schechtel SA. Long-lasting results with hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) facial filler. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 118(3 Suppl.), 15S–21S (2006).
  • Smith S, Busso M, McClaren M, Bass LS. A randomized, bilateral, prospective comparison of calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres versus human-based collagen for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol. Surg. 33( Suppl. 33), S112–S121, discussion S21 (2007).
  • Sadick NS, Katz BE, Roy D. A multicenter, 47-month study of safety and efficacy of calcium hydroxylapatite for soft tissue augmentation of nasolabial folds and other areas of the face. Dermatol. Surg. 33( Suppl. 33), S122–S126, discussion S6–S7 (2007).
  • Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Evaluation of injectable calcium hydroxylapatite for the treatment of facial lipoatrophy associated with human immunodeficiency virus. Dermatol. Surg. 34(11), 1486–1499 (2008).
  • Moers-Carpi MM, Tufet JO. Calcium hydroxylapatite versus nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid for the correction of nasolabial folds: a 12-month, multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, split-face trial. Dermatol. Surg. 34(2), 210–215 (2008).
  • Moers-Carpi M, Storck R, Howell DJ, Ogilvie P, Ogilvie A. Physician and patient satisfaction after use of calcium hydroxylapatite for cheek augmentation. Dermatol. Surg. 38(7 Pt 2), 1217–1222 (2012).
  • Jansen DA, Graivier MH. Evaluation of a calcium hydroxylapatite-based implant (Radiesse) for facial soft-tissue augmentation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 118(3 Suppl.), 22S–30S, discussion 1S–3S (2006).
  • Sankar V, McGuff HS. Foreign body reaction to calcium hydroxylapatite after lip augmentation. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 138(8), 1093–1096 (2007).
  • Lemperle G, Hazan-Gauthier N, Lemperle M. PMMA microspheres (Artecoll) for skin and soft-tissue augmentation. Part II : Clinical investigations. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96(3), 627–634 (1995).
  • Bagal A, Dahiya R, Tsai V, Adamson PA. Clinical experience with polymethylmethacrylate microspheres (Artecoll) for soft-tissue augmentation: a retrospective review. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 9(4), 275–280 (2007).
  • Silva MT, Curi AL. Blindness and total ophthalmoplegia after aesthetic polymethylmethacrylate injection: case report. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 62(3B), 873–874 (2004).
  • de Melo Carpaneda E, Carpaneda CA. Adverse Results with PMMA Fillers. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 36(4), 955–963 (2012).
  • Bergeret-Galley C, Latouche X, Illouz YG. The value of a new filler material in corrective and cosmetic surgery: DermaLive and DermaDeep. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 25(4), 249–255 (2001).
  • Bachmann F, Erdmann R, Hartmann V, Wiest L, Rzany B. The spectrum of adverse reactions after treatment with injectable fillers in the glabellar region: results from the Injectable Filler Safety Study. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.), 21629–21634 (2009).
  • Rossner M, Rossner F, Bachmann F, Wiest L, Rzany B. Risk of severe adverse reactions to an injectable filler based on a fixed combination of hydroxyethylmethacrylate and ethylmethacrylate with hyaluronic acid. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.), 1367–1374 (2009).
  • Sidwell RU, Dhillon AP, Butler PE, Rustin MH. Localized granulomatous reaction to a semi-permanent hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel cosmetic filler. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 29(6), 630–632 (2004).
  • Christensen L, Breiting V, Janssen M, Vuust J, Hogdall E. Adverse reactions to injectable soft tissue permanent fillers. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 29(1), 34–48 (2005).
  • Furmanczyk PS, Wolgamot GM, Argenyi ZB, Gilbert SC. Extensive granulomatous reaction occurring 1.5 years after DermaLive injection. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.) 1385–1388 (2009).
  • Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V, Miro-Mur F, Vilardell-Tarres M. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects of polyalkylimide dermal fillers: clinical findings and long-term follow-up. Arch. Dermatol. 144(5), 637–642 (2008).
  • Gamo R, Pinedo F, Vicente J et al. Keratoacanthoma-like reaction after a hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel cosmetic filler. Dermatol. Surg. 34(7), 954–959 (2008).
  • Rauso R, Gherardini G, Parlato V, Amore R, Tartaro G. Polyacrylamide gel for facial wasting rehabilitation: how many milliliters per session? Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 36(1), 174–179 (2012).
  • Mole B, Gillaizeau F, Carbonnel E et al. Polyacrylamide hydrogel injection in the management of human immunodeficiency virus-related facial lipoatrophy: results of the LIPOPHILL open-label study. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 28(3), 251–258 (2012).
  • Bassichis B, Blick G, Conant M et al. Injectable poly-L-lactic acid for human immunodeficiency virus-associated facial lipoatrophy: cumulative year 2 interim analysis of an open-label study (FACES). Dermatol. Surg. 38(7 Pt 2), 1193–1205 (2012).
  • De Santis G, Pignatti M, Baccarani A et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus–related facial lipoatrophy: A 5-year follow-up. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 129(1), 101 (2012).
  • von Buelow S, von Heimburg D, Pallua N. Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft-tissue augmentation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116(4), 1137–1146, discussion 47–48 (2005).
  • von Buelow S, Pallua N. Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft-tissue augmentation in a 2-year follow-up: a prospective multicenter study for evaluation of safety and aesthetic results in 101 patients. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 118(3 Suppl.), 85S–91S (2006).
  • Breiting V, Aasted A, Jorgensen A, Opitz P, Rosetzsky A. A study on patients treated with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for facial corrections. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 28(1), 45–53 (2004).
  • Kalantar-Hormozi A, Mozafari N, Rasti M. Adverse effects after use of polyacrylamide gel as a facial soft tissue filler. Aesthet. Surg. J. 28(2), 139–142 (2008).
  • Manafi A, Emami AH, Pooli AH, Habibi M, Saidian L. Unacceptable results with an accepted soft tissue filler: polyacrylamide hydrogel. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 34(4), 413–422 (2010).
  • Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V, Miro-Mur F, Vilardell-Tarres M. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to polyacrylamide dermal fillers: clinical findings, management, and follow-up. Dermatol. Surg. 35(Suppl.), 1360–1366 (2009).
  • Treacy PJ, Goldberg DJ. Use of a biopolymer polyalkylimide filler for facial lipodystrophy in HIV-positive patients undergoing treatment with antiretroviral drugs. Dermatol. Surg. 32(6), 804–808 (2006).
  • Antoniou T, Raboud JM, Kovacs C et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of polyalkylimide gel for the treatment of HIV-associated lipoatrophy. AIDS Care 21(10), 1247–1252 (2009).
  • Hoenig JF. Cheek augmentation with Bio-Alcamid in facial lipoatrophy in HIV seropositive patients. J. Craniofac. Surg. 19(4), 1085–1088 (2008).
  • Protopapa C, Sito G, Caporale D, Cammarota N. Bio-Alcamid in drug-induced lipodystrophy. J. Cosmet. Laser Ther. 5(3–4), 226–230 (2003).
  • Pacini S, Ruggiero M, Morucci G, Cammarota N, Protopapa C, Gulisano M. Bio-alcamid: a novelty for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 107(3), 209–214 (2002).
  • Ross AH, Malhotra R. Long-term orbitofacial complications of polyalkylimide 4% (bio-alcamid). Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 25(5), 394–397 (2009).
  • Schelke LW, van den Elzen HJ, Canninga M, Neumann MH. Complications after treatment with polyalkylimide. Dermatol. Surg. 35( Suppl. 35), 1625–1628 (2009).
  • Goldan O, Georgiou I, Grabov-Nardini G et al. Early and late complications after a nonabsorbable hydrogel polymer injection: a series of 14 patients and novel management. Dermatol. Surg. 33( Suppl. 33), S199–S206, discussion S (2007).
  • Karim RB, Hage JJ, van Rozelaar L, Lange CA, Raaijmakers J. Complications of polyalkylimide 4% injections (Bio-Alcamid): a report of 18 cases. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 59(12), 1409–1414 (2006).
  • Chrastil-LaTowsky B, Wesley NO, MacGregor JL, Kaminer MS, Arndt KA. Delayed inflammatory reaction to bio-alcamid polyacrylamide gel used for soft-tissue augmentation. Arch. Dermatol. 145(11), 1309–1312 (2009).
  • Akrish S, Dayan D, Taicher S, Adam I, Nagler RM. Foreign body granulomas after injection of Bio-alcamid for lip augmentation. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 30(5), 356–359 (2009).
  • Jones DH, Carruthers A, Fitzgerald R, Sarantopoulos GP, Binder S. Late-appearing abscesses after injections of nonabsorbable hydrogel polymer for HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. Dermatol. Surg. 33( Suppl. 33), S193–S198 (2007).
  • Moscona RA, Fodor L. A retrospective study on liquid injectable silicone for lip augmentation: long-term results and patient satisfaction. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 63(10), 1694–1698 (2010).
  • Hevia O. Six-year experience using 1,000-centistoke silicone oil in 916 patients for soft-tissue augmentation in a private practice setting. Dermatol. Surg. 35( Suppl. 35), 1646–1652 (2009).

Websites