PET tracer technology for monitoring focal epilepsies

References

• Semah F, Picot MC, Adam C et al. Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology51, 1256–1262 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen LJ, Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Does the cause of localisation-related epilepsy influence the response to antiepileptic drug treatment? Epilepsia42, 357–362 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med.345, 311–318 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyllie E, Comair YG, Kotagal P, Bulacio J, Bingaman W, Ruggieri P. Seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents. Ann. Neurol.44, 740–748 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Gadol AA, Ozduman K, Bronen RA, Kim JH, Spencer DD. Long-term outcome after epilepsy surgery for focal cortical dysplasia. J. Neurosurg.101, 55–65 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salanova V, Markand O, Worth R. Temporal lobe epilepsy, analysis of patients with dual pathology. Acta Neurol. Scand.109, 126–131 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenow F, Luders H. Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain124, 1683–700 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez G, Specht K, Weis S et al. Intrasubject reproducibility of presurgical language lateralization and mapping using fMRI. Neurology60(6), 969–975 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adcock JE, Wise RG, Oxbury JM, Oxbury SM, Matthews PM. Quantitative fMRI assessment of the differences in lateralization of language-related brain activation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage18(2), 423–438 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li LM, Fish DR, Sisodiya SM, Shorvon SD, Alsanjari N, Stevens JM. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging in adults with partial or secondary generalised epilepsy attending a tertiary referral unit. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.59, 384–387 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu RS, Lemieux L, Bell GS et al. A longitudinal quantitative MRI study of community-based patients with chronic epilepsy and newly diagnosed seizures, methodology and preliminary findings. Neuroimage14, 231–243 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RS, Lemieux L, Bell GS et al. The structural consequences of newly diagnosed seizures. Ann. Neurol.52, 573–580 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doescher JS, de Grauw TJ, Musick BS et al. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in a cohort of normal children with newly diagnosed seizures. J. Child Neurol.21, 491–495 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King MA, Newton MR, Jackson GD et al. Epileptology of the first-seizure presentation, a clinical, electroencephalographic, and magnetic resonance imaging study of 300 consecutive patients. Lancet352, 1007–1011 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel J Jr. Introduction to temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res.26, 141–150 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR Jr, Sharbrough FW, Twomey CK et al. Temporal lobe seizures, lateralization with MR volume measurements of the hippocampal formation. Radiology175, 423–429 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson GD, Connelly A, Duncan JS, Grunewald RA, Gadian DG. Detection of hippocampal pathology in intractable partial epilepsy, increased sensitivity with quantitative magnetic resonance T2 relaxometry. Neurology43, 1793–1799 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woermann FG, Barker GJ, Birnie KD, Meencke HJ, Duncan JS. Regional changes in hippocampal T2 relaxation and volume, a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.65, 656–664 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronen RA, Fulbright RK, Kim JH, Spencer SS, Spencer DD. A systematic approach for interpreting MR images of the seizure patient. Am. J. Roentgenol.169, 241–247 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cendes F, Cook MJ, Watson C et al. Frequency and characteristics of dual pathology in patients with lesional epilepsy. Neurology45, 2058–2064 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koepp MJ, Hand KS, Labbé C et al.In vivo [11C]flumazenil-PET correlates with ex vivo [3H]flumazenil autoradiography in hippocampal sclerosis. Ann. Neurol.43, 618–626 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koepp MJ, Labbé C, Richardson MP et al. Regional hippocampal [11C]flumazenil PET in temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral and bilateral hippocampal sclerosis. Brain120, 1865–1876 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaillard WD, Kopylev L, Weinstein S et al. Low incidence of abnormal (18F)FDG-PET in children with new-onset partial epilepsy, a prospective study. Neurology58(5), 717–722 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chassoux F, Semah F, Bouilleret V et al. Metabolic changes and electro-clinical patterns in mesio-temporal lobe epilepsy, a correlative study. Brain127(Pt 1), 164–174 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouilleret V, Dupont S, Spelle L, Baulac M, Samson Y, Semah F. Insular cortex involvement in mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy, a positron emission tomography study. Ann. Neurol.51(2), 202–208 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dupont S, Semah F, Baulac M, Samson Y. The underlying pathophysiology of ictal dystonia in temporal lobe epilepsy, an FDG-PET study. Neurology51(5), 1289–1292 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savic I, Ingvar M, Stone-Elander S. Comparison of [11C]flumazenil and [18F]FDG as PET markers of epileptic foci. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.56(6), 615–621 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry TR, Frey KA, Sackellares JC et al.In vivo cerebral metabolism and central benzodiazepine-receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology43(10), 1998–2006 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szelies B, Weber-Luxenburger G, Pawlik G et al. MRI-guided flumazenil- and FDG-PET in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage3(2), 109–118 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debets RM, Sadzot B, van Isselt JW et al. Is 11C-flumazenil PET superior to 18FDG PET and 123I-iomazenil SPECT in presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.62(2), 141–150 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juhasz C, Chugani DC, Muzik O et al. Electroclinical correlates of flumazenil and fluorodeoxyglucose PET abnormalities in lesional epilepsy. Neurology55(6), 825–835 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hand KS, Baird VH, van Paesschen W et al. Central benzodiazepine receptor autoradiography in hippocampal sclerosis. Br. J. Pharmacol.122(2), 358–364 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammers A, Koepp MJ, Hurlemann R, Richardson MP, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. Abnormalities of grey and white matter [11C]flumazenil binding in temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI. Brain125, 2257–2271 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammers A, Koepp MJ, Labbe C et al. Neocortical abnormalities of [11C]-flumazenil PET in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology56(7), 897–906 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frost JJ, Mayberg HS, Fisher RS et al. µ opiate receptors measured by positron emission tomography are increased in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol.23(3), 231–237 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberg HS, Sadzot B, Meltzer CC et al. Quantification of µ and non-µ opiate receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy using positron emission tomography. Ann. Neurol.30(1), 3–11 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumlien E, Nilsson A, Hagberg G, Langstrom B, Bergstrom M. PET with 11C-deuterium-deprenyl and 18F-FDG in focal epilepsy. Acta Neurol. Scand.103(6), 360–366 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumlien E, Bergstrom M, Lilja A et al. Positron emission tomography with [11C]deuterium-deprenyl in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia36(7), 712–721 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toczek MT, Carson RE, Lang L et al. PET imaging of 5-HT1A receptor binding in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology60(5), 749–756 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muzik O, Chugani DC, Chakraborty P, Mangner T, Chugani HT. Analysis of [C-11]α-methyl-tryptophan kinetics for the estimation of serotonin synthesis rate in vivo.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.17(6), 659–669 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merlet I, Ryvlin P, Costes N et al. Statistical parametric mapping of 5-HT(1A) receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal ictal onset on intracranial EEG. Neuroimage22(2), 886–896 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pennell PB. PET, cholinergic neuroreceptor mapping. Adv. Neurol.83, 157–563 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biraben A, Semah F, Ribeiro M-J, Douaud G, Remy P, Depaulis A. PET evidence for a role of the basal ganglia in patients with ring chromosome 20 epilepsy. Neurology63, 73–77 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werhahn KJ, Landvogt C, Klimpe S et al. Decreased dopamine D2/D3-receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: an [18F]fallypride PET study. Epilepsia47, 1392 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumlien E, Hartvig P, Valind S, Oye I, Tedroff J, Langstrom B. NMDA-receptor activity visualized with (S)-[N-methyl-11C]ketamine and positron emission tomography in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia40(1), 30–37 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meltzer CC, Zubieta JK, Links JM, Brakeman P, Stumpf MJ, Frost JJ. MR-based correction of brain PET measurements for heterogeneous gray matter radioactivity distribution. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.16(4), 650–658 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tortella FC, Long JB, Holaday JW. Endogenous opioid systems, physiological role in the self-limitation of seizures. Brain Res.332(1), 174–178 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepp MJ, Richardson MP, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. Focal cortical release of endogenous opioids during reading-induced seizures. Lancet352, 952–955 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madar I, Lesser RP, Krauss G et al. Imaging of δ- and µ-opioid receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy by positron emission tomography. Ann. Neurol.41(3), 358–367 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theodore WH, Carson RE, Andreasen P et al. PET imaging of opiate receptor binding in human epilepsy using [18F]cyclofoxy. Epilepsy Res.13(2), 129–139 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chugani DC, Chugani HT. PET, mapping of serotonin synthesis. Adv. Neurol.83, 165–171 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diksic M, Nagahiro S, Sourkes TL, Yamamoto YL. A new method to measure brain serotonin synthesis in vivo. I. Theory and basic data for a biological model. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.10(1), 1–12 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diksic M. α-methyl tryptophan as a tracer for in vivo studies of brain serotonin system, from autoradiography to positron emission tomography. J. Chem. Neuroanat.5, 349–354 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shoaf SE, Carson RE, Hommer D et al. The suitability of [11C]-α-methyl-L-tryptophan as a tracer for serotonin synthesis, studies with dual administration of [11C] and [14C] labeled tracer. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.20(2), 244–252 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natsume J, Kumakura Y, Bernasconi N et al. α-[11C] methyl-L-tryptophan and glucose metabolism in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology60(5), 756–761 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waterhouse RN. Imaging the PCP site of the NMDA ion channel. Nucl. Med. Biol.30(8), 869–878 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sisodiya SM. Malformations of cortical development, burdens and insights from important causes of human epilepsy. Lancet Neurol.3(1), 29–38 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkovich AJ, Kuzniecky RI. Neuroimaging of focal malformations of cortical development. J. Clin. Neurophysiol.13(6), 481–494 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tassi L, Colombo N, Garbelli R et al. Focal cortical dysplasia, neuropathological subtypes, EEG, neuroimaging and surgical outcome. Brain125, 1719–1732 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson MP, Koepp MJ, Brooks DJ, Fish DR, Duncan JS. Benzodiazepine receptors in focal epilepsy with cortical dysgenesis, an 11C-flumazenil PET study. Ann. Neurol.40(2), 188–198 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson MP, Koepp MJ, Brooks DJ et al. Cerebral activation in malformations of cortical development. Brain121, 1295–1304 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammers A, Koepp MJ, Richardson MP et al. Central benzodiazepine receptors in malformations of cortical development: a quantitative study. Brain124, 1555–1565 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammers A, Koepp MJ, Richardson MP, Hurlemann R, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. Grey and white matter flumazenil binding in neocortical epilepsy with normal MRI. A PET study of 44 patients. Brain126, 1300–1318 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers A, Koepp MJ, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. Periventricular white matter flumazenil binding and postoperative outcome in hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsia46(6), 944–948 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards JC, Wyllie E, Ruggeri PM et al. Seizure outcome after surgery for epilepsy due to malformation of cortical development. Neurology55(8), 1110–1114 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sisodiya SM, Free SL, Stevens JM, Fish DR, Shorvon SD. Widespread cerebral structural changes in patients with cortical dysgenesis and epilepsy. Brain118, 1039–1050 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedi M, Reutens D, Okazawa H et al. Localizing value of α-methyl-L-tryptophan PET in intractable epilepsy of neocortical origin. Neurology57, 1629–1636 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fedi M, Reutens DC, Andermann F et al. α-[11C]-Methyl-L-tryptophan PET identifies the epileptogenic tuber and correlates with interictal spike frequency. Epilepsy Res.52(3), 203–213 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juhasz C, Chugani DC, Muzik O et al. α-methyl-L-tryptophan PET detects epileptogenic cortex in children with intractable epilepsy. Neurology60, 960–968 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kagawa K, Chugani DC, Asano E et al. Epilepsy surgery outcome in children with tuberous sclerosis complex evaluated with α-[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan positron emission tomography (PET). J. Child Neurol.20(5), 429–438 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marusic P, Najm IM, Ying Z et al. Focal cortical dysplasias in eloquent cortex, functional characteristics and correlation with MRI and histopathologic changes. Epilepsia43, 27–32 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer BW, Chodkiewicz JP, Laws ER Jr, Vedrenne C. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, a surgically curable tumor of young patients with intractable partial seizures. Report of thirty-nine cases. Neurosurgery23(5), 545–556 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson MP, Hammers A, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. Benzodiazepine-GABA(A) receptor binding is very low in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, a PET study. Epilepsia42(10), 1327–1334 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Maehara T, Nariai T, Arai N et al. Usefulness of [11C]methionine PET in the diagnosis of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia45(1), 41–45 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koepp MJ, Hammers A, Labbe C, Woermann FG, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. 11C-flumazenil PET in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy and normal MRI. Neurology54(2), 332–339 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamusuo S, Pitkanen A, Jutila L et al. [11 C]Flumazenil binding in the medial temporal lobe in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, correlation with hippocampal MR volumetry, T2 relaxometry, and neuropathology. Neurology54(12), 2252–2260 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szelies B, Weber-Luxenburger G, Mielke R et al. Interictal hippocampal benzodiazepine receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy, comparison with coregistered hippocampal metabolism and volumetry. Eur. J. Neurol.7(4), 393–400 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryvlin P, Bouvard S, Le Bars D et al. Clinical utility of flumazenil-PET versus [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-PET and MRI in refractory partial epilepsy. A prospective study in 100 patients. Brain121, 2067–2081 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson MP, Koepp MJ, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. 11C-flumazenil PET in neocortical epilepsy. Neurology51(2), 485–492 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savic I, Thorell JO, Roland P. [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography visualizes frontal epileptogenic regions. Epilepsia36(12), 1225–1232 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berkovic SF, McIntosh AM, Kalnins RM et al. Preoperative MRI predicts outcome of temporal lobectomy, an actuarial analysis. Neurology45(7), 1358–1363 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer SS, Bautista RE. Functional neuroimaging in localization of the ictal onset zone. Adv. Neurol.83, 285–296 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer SS, Theodore WH, Berkovic SF. Clinical applications, MRI, SPECT, and PET. Magn. Reson. Imaging13(8), 1119–1124 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Oertzen J, Urbach H, Jungbluth S et al. Standard magnetic resonance imaging is inadequate for patients with refractory focal epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.73(6), 643–647 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbach H, Hattingen J, von Oertzen J et al. MR imaging in the presurgical workup of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Am. J. Neuroradiol.25(6), 919–926 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bancaud J, Talairach J. Clinical semiology of frontal lobe seizures. Adv. Neurol.57, 3–58 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isnard J, Guenot M, Ostrowsky K, Sindou M, Mauguiere F. The role of the insular cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol.48(4), 614–623 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sisodiya SM, Moran N, Free SL et al. Correlation of widespread preoperative magnetic resonance imaging changes with unsuccessful surgery for hippocampal sclerosis. Ann. Neurol.41(4), 490–496 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theodore WH, DeCarli C, Gaillard WD. Total cerebral volume is reduced in patients with localization-related epilepsy and a history of complex febrile seizures. Arch. Neurol.60(2), 250–252 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon HH, Kwon HL, Mattson RH, Spencer DD, Spencer SS. Long-term seizure outcome in patients initially seizure-free after resective epilepsy surgery. Neurology61(4), 445–450 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates SF, Chen C, Robey R, Kang M, Figg WD, Fojo T. Reversal of multidrug resistance, lessons from clinical oncology. Novartis Found. Symp.243, 83–96 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Löscher W, Potschka H. Role of multidrug transporters in pharmacoresistance to antiepileptic drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.301, 7–14 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löscher W, Potschka H. Blood–brain barrier active efflux transporters, ATP-binding cassette gene family. Neuro. Rx.2, 86–98 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Remy S, Beck H. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Brain129, 18–35 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronica E, Gorter JA, Ramkema M et al. Expression and cellular distribution of multidrug resistance-related proteins in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia45, 441–451 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dombrowski SM, Desai SY, Marroni M et al. Overexpression of multiple drug resistance genes in endothelial cells from patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia42, 1501–1506 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisodiya SM, Heffernan J, Squier MV. Over-expression of P-glycoprotein in malformations of cortical development. Neuroreport10, 3437–3441 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tishler DM, Weinberg KI, Hinton DR, Barbaro N, Annett GM, Raffel C. MDR1 gene expression in brain of patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia36, 1–6 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner M, Langer O, Sunder-Plassmann R et al. Influence of functional haplotypes in the drug transporter gene ABCB1 on central nervous system drug distribution in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.78, 182–190 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasongko L, Link JM, Muzi M et al. Imaging P-glycoprotein transport activity at the human blood-brain barrier with positron emission tomography. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.77, 503–514 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toornvliet R, van Berckel BN, Luurtsema G et al. Effect of age on functional P-glycoprotein in the blood–brain barrier measured by use of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil and positron emission tomography. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.79, 540–548 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui A, Kerb R, Weale ME et al. Association of multidrug resistance in epilepsy with a polymorphism in the drug-transporter gene ABCB1. New Eng. J. Med.348(15), 1442–1448 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortekaas R, Leenders KL, van Oostrom JC et al. Blood–brain barrier dysfunction in parkinsonian midbrain in vivo.Ann. Neurol.57, 176–179 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar