References
- Morrison DC, Ulevitch RJ. The effects of bacterial endotoxins on host mediation systems. A review. Am J Pathol 1978;93(2):526-618
- Rietschel ET, Brade L, Schade U, et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: relationship of structure and conformation to endotoxic activity, serological specificity and biological function. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990;256:81-99
- Rylander R, Haglind P. Airborne endotoxins and humidifier disease. Clin Allergy 1984;14(1):109-12
- Ozesmi M, Aslan H, Hillerdal G, et al. Byssinosis in carpet weavers exposed to wool contaminated with endotoxin. Br J Ind Med 1987;44(7):479-83
- Fromme H, Bischof W, Dietrich S, et al. Airborne allergens, endotoxins, and particulate matter in elementary schools, results from Germany (LUPE 2). J Occup Environ Hyg 2013;10(10):573-82
- Bahador M, Cross AS. From therapy to experimental model: a hundred years of endotoxin administration to human subjects. J Endotoxin Res 2007;13(5):251-79
- Favorite GO, Morgan HR. effects produced by the intravenous injection in man of a toxic antigenic material derived from Eberthella typhosa: clinical, hematological, chemical and serological studies. J Clin Invest 1942;21(5):589-99
- Greisman SE, Wagner HN, Iio M, Hornick RB. Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance. ii. relationship between endotoxin tolerance and reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in man. J Exp Med 1964;119:241-64
- Lowry SF. Human endotoxemia: a model for mechanistic insight and therapeutic targeting. Shock 2005;24(Suppl 1):94-100
- van der Poll T, Levi M, Dentener M, et al. Epinephrine exerts anticoagulant effects during human endotoxemia. J Exp Med 1997;185(6):1143-8
- Schneiter R, Neal PA, Caminita BH. Etiology of acute illness among workers using low-grade stained cotton. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1942;32(12):1345-59
- Cavagna G, Foa V, Vigliani EC. Effects in man and rabbits of inhalation of cotton dust or extracts and purified endotoxins. Br J Ind Med 1969;26(4):314-21
- Michel O, Nagy AM, Schroeven M, et al. Dose-response relationship to inhaled endotoxin in normal subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156(4 Pt 1):1157-64
- Michel O, Duchateau J, Plat G, et al. Blood inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin in normal subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25(1):73-9
- Sandstrom T, Bjermer L, Rylander R. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation in healthy subjects increases neutrophils, lymphocytes and fibronectin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Eur Respir J 1992;5(8):992-6
- Thorn J, Rylander R. Inflammatory response after inhalation of bacterial endotoxin assessed by the induced sputum technique. Thorax 1998;53(12):1047-52
- Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998;282(5396):2085-8
- Shimazu R, Akashi S, Ogata H, et al. MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 1999;189(11):1777-82
- Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, et al. Cutting edge: toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. J Immunol 1999;162(7):3749-52
- Kawai T, Takeuchi O, Fujita T, et al. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates the MyD88-independent pathway and results in activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 and the expression of a subset of lipopolysaccharide-inducible genes. J Immunol 2001;167(10):5887-94
- Netea MG, van Deuren M, Kullberg BJ, et al. Does the shape of lipid A determine the interaction of LPS with Toll-like receptors? Trends Immunol 2002;23(3):135-9
- Kitz R, Rose MA, Placzek K, et al. LPS inhalation challenge: a new tool to characterize the inflammatory response in humans. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2008;197(1):13-19
- Brittan M, Barr L, Conway Morris A, et al. A novel subpopulation of monocyte-like cells in the human lung after lipopolysaccharide inhalation. Eur Respir J 2012;40(1):206-14
- Kharitonov SA, Sjobring U. Lipopolysaccharide challenge of humans as a model for chronic obstructive lung disease exacerbations. Contrib Microbiol 2007;14:83-100
- Barr LC, Brittan M, Morris AC, et al. A randomized controlled trial of peripheral blood mononuclear cell depletion in experimental human lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188(4):449-55
- Kitz R, Rose MA, Borgmann A, et al. Systemic and bronchial inflammation following LPS inhalation in asthmatic and healthy subjects. J Endotoxin Res 2006;12(6):367-74
- Korsgren M, Linden M, Entwistle N, et al. Inhalation of LPS induces inflammatory airway responses mimicking characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012;32(1):71-9
- Ek A, Palmberg L, Larsson K. Influence of fluticasone and salmeterol on airway effects of inhaled organic dust; an in vivo and ex vivo study. Clin Exp Immunol 2000;121(1):11-16
- Strandberg K, Ek A, Palmberg L, Larsson K. Fluticasone and ibuprofen do not add to the effect of salmeterol on organic dust-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. J Intern Med 2008;264(1):83-94
- Virtala R, Ekman AK, Jansson L, et al. Airway inflammation evaluated in a human nasal lipopolysaccharide challenge model by investigating the effect of a CXCR2 inhibitor. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42(4):590-6
- Glader P, Smith ME, Malmhall C, et al. Interleukin-17-producing T-helper cells and related cytokines in human airways exposed to endotoxin. Eur Respir J 2010;36(5):1155-64
- Schulze J, Rosewich M, Riemer C, et al. Methacholine challenge–comparison of an ATS protocol to a new rapid single concentration technique. Respir Med 2009;103(12):1898-903
- Schulze J, Rosewich M, Dressler M, et al. Bronchial allergen challenge using the Medicaid dosimeter. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012;157(1):89-97
- Jorgensen JH, Lee JC, Pahren HR. Rapid detection of bacterial endotoxins in drinking water and renovated wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol 1976;32(3):347-51
- Castellan RM, Olenchock SA, Kinsley KB, Hankinson JL. Inhaled endotoxin and decreased spirometric values. An exposure-response relation for cotton dust. N Engl J Med 1987;317(10):605-10
- Rylander R. Endotoxin in the environment–exposure and effects. J Endotoxin Res 2002;8(4):241-52
- Liebers V, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Bruning T. Health effects due to endotoxin inhalation (review). Arch Toxicol 2008;82(4):203-10
- Christiani DC, Wang XR, Pan LD, et al. Longitudinal changes in pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in cotton textile workers. A 15-yr follow-up study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163(4):847-53
- Radon K, Weber C, Iversen M, et al. Exposure assessment and lung function in pig and poultry farmers. Occup Environ Med 2001;58(6):405-10
- Bakirci N, Kalaca S, Francis H, et al. Natural history and risk factors of early respiratory responses to exposure to cotton dust in newly exposed workers. J Occup Environ Med 2007;49(8):853-61
- Hasday JD, Bascom R, Costa JJ, et al. Bacterial endotoxin is an active component of cigarette smoke. Chest 1999;115(3):829-35
- Moller W, Heimbeck I, Hofer TP, et al. Differential inflammatory response to inhaled lipopolysaccharide targeted either to the airways or the alveoli in man. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e33505
- Suffredini AF, Hochstein HD, McMahon FG. Dose-related inflammatory effects of intravenous endotoxin in humans: evaluation of a new clinical lot of Escherichia coli O:113 endotoxin. J Infect Dis 1999;179(5):1278-82
- Willette AA, Lubach GR, Coe CL. Environmental context differentially affects behavioral, leukocyte, cortisol, and interleukin-6 responses to low doses of endotoxin in the rhesus monkey. Brain Behav Immun 2007;21(6):807-15
- Thorne PS. Inhalation toxicology models of endotoxin- and bioaerosol-induced inflammation. Toxicology 2000;152(1-3):13-23
- Lipworth BJ. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42(6):697-705
- Duchaine C, Meriaux A, Thorne PS, Cormier Y. Assessment of particulates and bioaerosols in eastern Canadian sawmills. AIHAJ 2000;61(5):727-32
- Rask-Andersen A, Malmberg P, Lundholm M. Endotoxin levels in farming: absence of symptoms despite high exposure levels. Br J Ind Med 1989;46(6):412-16
- Pirie RS, Dixon PM, Collie DD, McGorum BC. Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled endotoxin in control and heaves horses. Equine Vet J 2001;33(3):311-18
- Loh LC, Vyas B, Kanabar V, et al. Inhaled endotoxin in healthy human subjects: a dose-related study on systemic effects and peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Respir Med 2006;100(3):519-28
- Nightingale JA, Rogers DF, Hart LA, et al. Effect of inhaled endotoxin on induced sputum in normal, atopic, and atopic asthmatic subjects. Thorax 1998;53(7):563-71
- Michel O, Ginanni R, Le Bon B, et al. Inflammatory response to acute inhalation of endotoxin in asthmatic patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146(2):352-7
- Michel O, Dentener M, Corazza F, et al. Healthy subjects express differences in clinical responses to inhaled lipopolysaccharide that are related with inflammation and with atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107(5):797-804
- O’Grady NP, Preas HL, Pugin J, et al. Local inflammatory responses following bronchial endotoxin instillation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163(7):1591-8
- Doyen V, Kassengera Z, Dinh DH, Michel O. Time course of endotoxin-induced airways’ inflammation in healthy subjects. Inflammation 2012;35(1):33-8
- Michel O, Murdoch R, Bernard A. Inhaled LPS induces blood release of Clara cell specific protein (CC16) in human beings. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115(6):1143-7
- Arbour NC, Lorenz E, Schutte BC, et al. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet 2000;25(2):187-91
- Senthilselvan A, Dosman JA, Chenard L, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 variants reduce airway response in human subjects at high endotoxin levels in a swine facility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123(5):1034-40; 1040 e1031-1032
- Alexis N, Eldridge M, Reed W, et al. CD14-dependent airway neutrophil response to inhaled LPS: role of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107(1):31-5
- Brass DM, Savov JD, Whitehead GS, et al. LPS binding protein is important in the airway response to inhaled endotoxin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114(3):586-92
- Michel O, Duchateau J, Sergysels R. Effect of inhaled endotoxin on bronchial reactivity in asthmatic and normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 1985 1989:66(3):1059-64
- Shyamsundar M, McKeown ST, O’Kane CM, et al. Simvastatin decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation in healthy volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179(12):1107-14
- Maris NA, de Vos AF, Dessing MC, et al. Antiinflammatory effects of salmeterol after inhalation of lipopolysaccharide by healthy volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172(7):878-84
- Kline JN, Cowden JD, Hunninghake GW, et al. Variable airway responsiveness to inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160(1):297-303
- Levan TD, Michel O, Dentener M, et al. Association between CD14 polymorphisms and serum soluble CD14 levels: effect of atopy and endotoxin inhalation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121(2):434-40; e431
- Hernandez ML, Herbst M, Lay JC, et al. Atopic asthmatic patients have reduced airway inflammatory cell recruitment after inhaled endotoxin challenge compared with healthy volunteers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130(4):869-76; e862
- Roos-Engstrand E, Wallin A, Bucht A, et al. Increased expression of p38 MAPK in human bronchial epithelium after lipopolysaccharide exposure. Eur Respir J 2005;25(5):797-803
- Fouassier M, Souweine B, Sapin AF, et al. Increase in proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood without haemostatic changes after LPS inhalation. Thromb Res 2009;124(5):584-7
- Aul R, Patel S, Summerhill S, et al. LPS challenge in healthy subjects: an investigation of neutrophil chemotaxis mechanisms involving CXCR1 and CXCR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2012;13(3):225-31
- Aul R, Armstrong J, Duvoix A, et al. Inhaled LPS challenges in smokers: a study of pulmonary and systemic effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;74(6):1023-32
- Nick JA, Coldren CD, Geraci MW, et al. Recombinant human activated protein C reduces human endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation via inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis. Blood 2004;104(13):3878-85
- Leaker BR, Barnes PJ, O’Connor B. Inhibition of LPS-induced airway neutrophilic inflammation in healthy volunteers with an oral CXCR2 antagonist. Respir Res 2013;14:137
- Janssen O, Schaumann F, Holz O, et al. Low-dose endotoxin inhalation in healthy volunteers–a challenge model for early clinical drug development. BMC Pulm Med 2013;13:19