Sclerotic skin disease: when smooth skin is unwelcome

References

• Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP. Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma). Mayo Clin. Proc.70(11), 1068–1076 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulian F, Athreya BH, Laxer R et al. Juvenile localized scleroderma: clinical and epidemiological features in 750 children. An international study. Rheumatology (Oxford)45(5), 614–620 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres JE, Sanchez JL. Histopathologic differentiation between localized and systemic scleroderma. Am. J. Dermatopathol.20(3), 242–245 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka CT, Gibbs NF. Trauma-induced linear scleroderma. Cutis63(1), 29–32 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drago F, Rampini P, Lugani C, Rebora A. Generalized morphoea after antitetanus vaccination. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.23(3), 142 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McColl G, Buchanan RR. Unilateral scleroderma following ischemic hand injury. J. Rheumatol.21(2), 380–381 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer JV, Carroll C, Dvoretsky I, Huether MJ, Girardi M. Postirradiation morphea of the breast: presentation of two cases and review of the literature. Dermatology200(1), 67–71 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig RJ, Werner RJ, Winker W, Boehncke WH, Wolter M, Kaufmann R. Chronic venous insufficiency – a potential trigger for localized scleroderma. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.20(1), 96–99 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnant J, de Monte M, Guilmot JL et al. Relationship between occupational risk factors and severity markers of systemic sclerosis. J. Rheumatol.32(9), 1713–1718 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovenzi M, Barbone F, Pisa FE, et al. A case-control study of occupational exposures and systemic sclerosis. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health77(1), 10–16 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weide B, Walz T, Garbe C. Is morphoea caused by Borrelia burgdorferi? A review. Br. J. Dermatol.142(4), 636–644 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breier FH, Aberer E, Stanek G, Khanakaha G, Schlick A, Tappeiner G. Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from circumscribed scleroderma. Br. J. Dermatol.140(5), 925–930 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara H, Fujiwara K, Hashimoto K et al. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA (B. garinii or B. afzelii) in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus tissues of German and Japanese but not of US patients. Arch. Dermatol.133(1), 41–44 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dillon WI, Saed GM, Fivenson DP. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphea, scleroderma, or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of patients from North America. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.33(4), 617–620 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takehara K, Sato S. Localized scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder. Rheumatology (Oxford)44(3), 274–279 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett FC, Tan FK, Uziel Y et al. Autoantibodies to the extracellular matrix microfibrillar protein, fibrillin 1, in patients with localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum.42(12), 2656–2659 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan FK, Arnett FC, Antohi S et al. Autoantibodies to the extracellular matrix microfibrillar protein, fibrillin-1, in patients with scleroderma and other connective tissue diseases. J. Immunol.163(2), 1066–1072 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimura Y, Ihn H, Jinnin M, Asano Y, Yamane K, Tamaki K. Rheumatoid factor isotypes in localized scleroderma. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.30(4), 405–408 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimra Y, Ihn H, Jinnin M et al. Anti-agalactosyl immunoglobulin G antibodies in localized scleroderma. Int. J. Dermatol.44(10), 817–820 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmajer R, Perlish JS, Reeves JR. Cellular infiltrates in scleroderma skin. Arthritis Rheum.20(4), 975–984 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen MJ, Hansen C, Craig S. Ultraviolet A irradiation stimulates collagenase production in cultured human fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol.99(4), 440–444 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stege H, Berneburg M, Humke S et al. High-dose UVA1 radiation therapy for localized scleroderma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.36(6 Pt 1), 938–944 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mofty M, Mostafa W, El-Darouty M et al. Different low doses of broad-band UVA in the treatment of morphea and systemic sclerosis. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed.20(3), 148–156 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter A, Hyun J, Stucker M, Sommer A, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. A randomized controlled study of low-dose UVA1, medium-dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.54(3), 440–447 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Avermaete A et al. Combined treatment with calcipotriol ointment and low-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in childhood morphea. Pediatr. Dermatol.18(3), 241–245 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch PG, Rettig P, Burnham JM et al. Treatment of pediatric localized scleroderma with methotrexate. J. Rheumatol.33(3), 609–614 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Breuckmann F et al. Pulsed high-dose corticosteroids combined with low-dose methotrexate in severe localized scleroderma. Arch. Dermatol.141(7), 847–852 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charles C, Clements P, Furst DE. Systemic sclerosis: hypothesis-driven treatment strategies. Lancet367(9523), 1683–1691 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T. The bleomycin-induced scleroderma model: what have we learned for scleroderma pathogenesis? Arch. Dermatol. Res.297(8), 333–344 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka T, Yamazaki S. Increased prevalence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in systemic sclerosis skin. Br. J. Dermatol.150(6), 1091–1095 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri C, Longombardo G, Azzi A, Zakrzewska K. Parvovirus B19 and systemic sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.17(2), 267–268 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnett FC, Howard RF, Tan F et al. Increased prevalence of systemic sclerosis in a Native American tribe in Oklahoma. Association with an Amerindian HLA haplotype. Arthritis Rheum.39(8), 1362–1370 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan FK, Stivers DN, Foster MW et al. Association of microsatellite markers near the fibrillin 1 gene on human chromosome 15q with scleroderma in a native American population. Arthritis Rheum.41(10), 1729–1737 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Habashi JP, Judge DP, Holm TM et al. Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science312(5770), 117–121 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nietert PJ, Mitchell HC, Bolster MB, Shaftman SR, Tilley BC, Silver RM. Racial variation in clinical and immunological manifestations of systemic sclerosis. J. Rheumatol.33(2), 63–68 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen VD. Autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis. Semin. Arthritis Rheum.35(1), 35–42 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan E, Furst DE. Systemic sclerosis mortality in the United States: 1979–1998. Eur. J. Epidemiol.20(10), 855–861 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum.43(11), 2437–2444 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen VD. The lung in systemic sclerosis. J Clin. Rheumatol.11(1), 40–46 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen V. Targeted therapy for systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun. Rev.5(2), 122–124 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AE, Shea B, Welch V, Fenlon D, Pope JE. Calcium-channel blockers for Raynaud’s phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum.44(8), 1841–1847 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziadzio M, Denton CP, Smith R et al. Losartan therapy for Raynaud’s phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum.42(12), 2646–2655 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milio G, Corrado E, Genova C et al. Iloprost treatment in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis and the quality of life: a new therapeutic protocol. Rheumatology (Oxford)45(8), 999–1004 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwana M, Kaburaki J, Okazaki Y, Yasuoka H, Kawakami Y, Ikeda Y. Increase in circulating endothelial precursors by atorvastatin in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum.54(6), 1946–1951 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korn JH, Mayes M, Matucci Cerinic M et al. Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum.50(12), 3985–3993 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Launay D, Diot E, Pasquier E et al. Bosentan for treatment of active digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis. Presse Med.35(4 Pt 1), 587–592 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton CP, Furst DE, Matucci-Cerinic M et al. Bosentan prevents occurrence but does not speed healing of digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Rheumatology (Oxford)45(Suppl. 1), I154 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Dutz J. Treatment options for the cutaneous manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Skin Therapy Lett.6(1), 3–5 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson LP, Marshall RW, Hickling P. Treatment of cutaneous calcinosis in limited systemic sclerosis with minocycline. Ann Rheum Dis.62(3), 267–269 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter A, Breuckmann F, Uhle A et al. Low-dose UVA1 phototherapy in systemic sclerosis: effects on acrosclerosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.50(5), 740–747 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Takagawa S, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Anti-sclerotic effect of transforming growth factor-β antibody in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced scleroderma. Clin. Immunol.92(1), 6–13 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobler RM, French LE, Kim Y et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of photopheresis in systemic sclerosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.54(5), 793–799 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano C, Rubegni P, De Aloe G et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.17(1), 10–13 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Hoogen FH, Boerbooms AM, Swaak AJ, Rasker JJ, van Lier HJ, van de Putte LB. Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24 week observational trial. Br. J. Rheumatol.35(4), 364–372 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pope JE, Bellamy N, Seibold JR et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum.44(6), 1351–1358 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Laar JM, McSweeney PA. High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous progenitor cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol.17(2), 233–245 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farge D, Passweg J, van Laar JM et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: report from the EBMT/EULAR Registry. Ann. Rheum. Dis.63(8), 974–981 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash RA, McSweeney PA, Nelson JL et al. Allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients with severe systemic sclerosis: resolution of dermal fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum.54(6), 1982–1986 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Laar JM, Farge D, Tyndall A. Autologous Stem cell Transplantation International Scleroderma (ASTIS) trial: hope on the horizon for patients with severe systemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.64(10), 1515 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar