Antithrombotic treatment for stroke associated with antiphospholipid antibodies

References

• Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:295-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreoli L, Chighizola CB, Banzato A, et al. The estimated frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with pregnancy morbidity, stroke, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Hunt BJ, Khamashta MA. A systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1487-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Legnani C, et al. Clinical course of high-risk patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:237-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1133-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:848-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling D, Mackie I, Moore GW, et al. Guidelines on the investigation and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol 2012;157:47-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine SR, Brey RL, Tilley BC, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004;291:576-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Cuadrado MJ, Ruiz-Arruza I, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: report of a task force at the 13th International Congress on antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2011;20:206-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansberg MG, O'Donnell MJ, Khatri P, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141:e601S-e36S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Clerici M, et al. Laboratory control of oral anticoagulant treatment by the INR system in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus anticoagulant. Results of a collaborative study involving nine commercial thromboplastins. Br J Haematol 2001;115:672-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, et al. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. Circulation 2003;107:1692-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkan D, Rahman A, Cohen H, et al. What are the potential new treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome? Antiphospholipid syndrome. Springer Science + Business media, NY, USA; 2012
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, et al. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:20-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jancinova V, Nosal R, Petrikova M. On the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on blood platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 1994;74:495-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara DE, Liu X, Espinola RG, et al. Inhibition of the thrombogenic and inflammatory properties of antiphospholipid antibodies by fluvastatin in an in vivo animal model. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3272-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halcox JP, Deanfield JE. Beyond the laboratory: clinical implications for statin pleiotropy. Circulation 2004;109:II42-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Amoura Z, Ravaud P, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French AutoImmunity and Rituximab registry. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:2458-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapira I, Andrade D, Allen SL, et al. Brief report: induction of sustained remission in recurrent catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome via inhibition of terminal complement with eculizumab. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:2719-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:981-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arachchillage DJ, Cohen H. Use of new oral anticoagulants in antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2013;15:331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi E, Gatti L, Guarneri D, et al. Functional protein S in women with lupus anticoagulant inhibitor. Thromb Res 1992;65:253-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ISRCTN Register. Available from: http://isrctn.org/ISRCTN68222801
   Google Scholar