References
- Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64(1):9-29
- Ghielmini M, Vitolo U, Kimby E, et al. ESMO Guidelines consensus conference on malignant lymphoma 2011 part 1: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Ann Oncol 2013;24(3):561-76
- Rozman C, Montserrat E. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333(16):1052-7
- Hallek M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment. Am J Hematol 2013;88(9):803-16
- Keating MJ, O’Brien S, Albitar M, et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(18):4079-88
- Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2010;376(9747):1164-74
- Fischer K, Bahlo J, Fink A-M, et al. Extended follow up of the CLL8 protocol, a randomized phase-III trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) comparing fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC) to FC plus rituximab (FCR) for previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): results on survival, progression-free survival, delayed neutropenias and secondary malignancies confirm superiority of the FCR regimen. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2012;120(21):435
- Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Solal-Celigny P, et al. Rituximab plus fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prolongs progression-free survival compared with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(10):1756-65
- Badoux XC, Keating MJ, Wang X, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab chemoimmunotherapy is highly effective treatment for relapsed patients with CLL. Blood 2011;117(11):3016-24
- Fischer K, Cramer P, Busch R, et al. Bendamustine combined with rituximab in patients with relapsed and/or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multicenter phase II trial of the German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(26):3559-66
- Visco C, Finotto S, Pomponi F, et al. The combination of rituximab, bendamustine, and cytarabine for heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory cytogenetically high-risk patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2013;88(4):289-93
- Badoux XC, Keating MJ, Wen S, et al. Lenalidomide as initial therapy of elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011;118(13):3489-98
- Badoux XC, Keating MJ, Wen S, et al. Phase II study of lenalidomide and rituximab as salvage therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(5):584-91
- Wierda WG, Padmanabhan S, Chan GW, et al. Ofatumumab is active in patients with fludarabine-refractory CLL irrespective of prior rituximab: results from the phase 2 international study. Blood 2011;118(19):5126-9
- Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Durig J, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with O-FC in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011;117(24):6450-8
- Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Mayer J, et al. Ofatumumab as single-agent CD20 immunotherapy in fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(10):1749-55
- Elter T, Gercheva-Kyuchukova L, Pylylpenko H, et al. Fludarabine plus alemtuzumab versus fludarabine alone in patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12(13):1204-13
- Fiegl M, Stauder R, Steurer M, et al. Alemtuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final results of a large observational multicenter study in mostly pretreated patients. Ann Hematol 2014;93(2):267-77
- Ofatumumab vs Physician’s Choice in Subjects With Bulky Fludarabine-Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01313689
- Ofatumumab Maintenance Treatment vs No Further Treatment in Relapsed CLL Responding to Induction Therapy (PROLONG). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01039376
- List A. Lenalidomide–a transforming therapeutic agent in myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2009;9(Suppl 3):S302-4
- Jasielec JK, Jakubowiak AJ. Current approaches to the initial treatment of symptomatic multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol Oncol 2013;2(1): 10.2217/ijh.13.3
- Ferrajoli A, Lee BN, Schlette EJ, et al. Lenalidomide induces complete and partial remissions in patients with relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2008;111(11):5291-7
- Strati P, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, et al. Lenalidomide induces long-lasting responses in elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2013;122(5):734-7
- Chen CI, Bergsagel PL, Paul H, et al. Single-agent lenalidomide in the treatment of previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(9):1175-81
- Chanan-Khan A, Miller KC, Lawrence D, et al. Tumor flare reaction associated with lenalidomide treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia predicts clinical response. Cancer 2011;117(10):2127-35
- A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lenalidomide as Maintenance Therapy for Patients With B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Following Second Line Therapy. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00774345
- Badoux X, O’Brien S, Wierda WG, et al. Combination of ofatumumab and lenalidomide in patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia: initial results of a phase II trial. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2010;116(21):2464
- Burger JA. Nurture versus nature: the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011;2011:96-103
- Herishanu Y, Perez-Galan P, Liu D, et al. The lymph node microenvironment promotes B-cell receptor signaling, NF-kappaB activation, and tumor proliferation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011;117(2):563-74
- Burger JA, Chiorazzi N. B cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Trends Immunol 2013;34(12):592-601
- Woyach JA, Bojnik E, Ruppert AS, et al. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) function is important to the development and expansion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood 2014;123(8):1207-13
- Jones JA, Byrd JC. How will B-cell-receptor-targeted therapies change future CLL therapy? Blood 2014;123(10):1455-60
- Wiestner A. Emerging role of kinase-targeted strategies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012;120(24):4684-91
- Woyach JA, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC. The B-cell receptor signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in CLL. Blood 2012;120(6):1175-84
- Satterthwaite AB, Witte ON. The role of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase in B-cell development and function: a genetic perspective. Immunol Rev 2000;175:120-7
- Khan WN. Regulation of B lymphocyte development and activation by Bruton’s tyrosine kinase. Immunol Res 2001;23(2-3):147-56
- de Gorter DJ, Beuling EA, Kersseboom R, et al. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase and phospholipase Cgamma2 mediate chemokine-controlled B cell migration and homing. Immunity 2007;26(1):93-104
- Ponader S, Chen SS, Buggy JJ, et al. The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor PCI-32765 thwarts chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival and tissue homing in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2012;119(5):1182-9
- Burger JA, Montserrat E. Coming full circle: 70 years of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell redistribution, from glucocorticoids to inhibitors of B-cell receptor signaling. Blood 2013;121(9):1501-9
- ten Hacken E, Scielzo C, Bertilaccio MT, et al. Targeting the LYN/HS1 signaling axis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2013;121(12):2264-73
- Wang YH, Fan L, Wang L, et al. Expression levels of Lyn, Syk, PLCgamma2 and ERK in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and higher levels of Lyn are associated with a shorter treatment-free survival. Leuk Lymphoma 2013;54(6):1165-70
- Suljagic M, Longo PG, Bennardo S, et al. The Syk inhibitor fostamatinib disodium (R788) inhibits tumor growth in the Eμ- TCL1 transgenic mouse model of CLL by blocking antigen-dependent B-cell receptor signaling. Blood 2010;116(23):4894-905
- Hoellenriegel J, Coffey GP, Sinha U, et al. Selective, novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors suppress chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell activation and migration. Leukemia 2012;26(7):1576-83
- Byrd JC, Woyach JA, Johnson AJ. Translating PI3K-delta inhibitors to the clinic in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the story of CAL-101 (GS1101). Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2012;32:691-4
- Burger JA, Hoellenriegel J. Phosphoinositide 3’-kinase delta: turning off BCR signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Oncotarget 2011;2(10):737-8
- Chang JE, Kahl BS. PI3-Kinase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2014;9(1):33-43
- Friedberg JW, Sharman J, Sweetenham J, et al. Inhibition of Syk with fostamatinib disodium has significant clinical activity in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2010;115(13):2578-85
- Park SR, Speranza G, Piekarz R, et al. A multi-histology trial of fostamatinib in patients with advanced colorectal, non-small cell lung, head and neck, thyroid, and renal cell carcinomas, and pheochromocytomas. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013;71(4):981-90
- Genovese MC, Kavanaugh A, Weinblatt ME, et al. An oral Syk kinase inhibitor in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a three-month randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis that did not respond to biologic agents. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(2):337-45
- Furman RR, Sharman JP, Coutre SE, et al. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2014;370(11):997-1007
- Lannutti BJ, Meadows SA, Herman SE, et al. CAL-101, a p110delta selective phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, inhibits PI3K signaling and cellular viability. Blood 2011;117(2):591-4
- Brown JR, Byrd JC, Coutre SE, et al. Idelalisib, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110delta, for relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014;123(22):3390-7
- Cheson BD, Byrd JC, Rai KR, et al. Novel targeted agents and the need to refine clinical end points in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(23):2820-2
- Sharman J, de Vos S, Leonard JP, et al. A phase 1 study of the selective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-delta (PI3K{delta}) inhibitor, CAL-101 (GS-1101), in combination with rituximab and/or bendamustine in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2011;118(21):1787
- Efficacy and Safety of Idelalisib (GS-1101; CAL-101) in Combination With Ofatumumab for Previously Treated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01659021
- Davids MS, Pagel JM, Kahl BS, et al. Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199 (GDC-0199) monotherapy shows anti-tumor activity including complete remissions in high-risk relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Blood 2013;122(21):872
- Seymour JF, Gerecitano JF, Kahl BS, et al. The single-agent Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199 (GDC-0199) in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): responses observed in all mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients. Blood 2013;122(21):1789
- Mossner E, Brunker P, Moser S, et al. Increasing the efficacy of CD20 antibody therapy through the engineering of a new type II anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced direct and immune effector cell-mediated B-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 2010;115(22):4393-402
- Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, et al. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med 2014;370(12):1101-10
- Singh J, Petter RC, Kluge AF. Targeted covalent drugs of the kinase family. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010;14(4):475-80
- Dubovsky JA, Beckwith KA, Natarajan G, et al. Ibrutinib is an irreversible molecular inhibitor of ITK driving a Th1-selective pressure in T lymphocytes. Blood 2013;122(15):2539-49
- Honigberg LA, Smith AM, Sirisawad M, et al. The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor PCI-32765 blocks B-cell activation and is efficacious in models of autoimmune disease and B-cell malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(29):13075-80
- Advani RH, Buggy JJ, Sharman JP, et al. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib (PCI-32765) has significant activity in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(1):88-94
- Wang ML, Rule S, Martin P, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2013;369(6):507-16
- Woyach JA, Smucker K, Smith LL, et al. Prolonged lymphocytosis during ibrutinib therapy is associated with distinct molecular characteristics and does not indicate a suboptimal response to therapy. Blood 2014;123(12):1810-17
- O’Brien S, Furman RR, Coutre SE, et al. Ibrutinib as initial therapy for elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase 1b/2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014;15(1):48-58
- Hoellenriegel J, Meadows SA, Sivina M, et al. The phosphoinositide 3’-kinase delta inhibitor, CAL-101, inhibits B-cell receptor signaling and chemokine networks in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011;118(13):3603-12
- Furman RR, Cheng S, Lu P, et al. A novel mutation in bruton tyrosine kinase confers acquired resistance to ibrutinib (PCI-32765) in CLL. Blood 2013;122(21):4914
- Landau D, Hoellenriegel J, Sougnez C, et al. Clonal evolution in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) developing resistance to BTK inhibition. Blood 2013;122(21):866
- Woyach JA, Furman RR, Liu TM, et al. Resistance mechanisms for the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. N Engl J Med 2014;370(24):2286-94
- Harb WA, Hill BT, Gabrilove J, et al. Phase 1 study of single agent CC-292, a highly selective Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21):1630-0
- Karlin L, Rule S, Shah N, et al. A phase I study of the oral BTK inhibitor ONO-4059 in patients with relapsed/refractory and high risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21):676-6
- Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coutre SE, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2013;369(1):32-42
- Burger JA, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, et al. Safety and activity of ibrutinib plus rituximab for patients with high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2014;15(10):1090-9
- Barrientos JC, Barr PM, Flinn I, et al. Ibrutinib in combination with bendamustine and rituximab is active and tolerable in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL: final results of a phase 1b study. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21):525-5
- A Study of Ibrutinib in Combination With Bendamustine and Rituximab in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01611090
- Ibrutinib and Rituximab Compared With Fludarabine Phosphate, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab in Treating Patients With Untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02048813
- Rituximab and Bendamustine Hydrochloride, Rituximab and Ibrutinib, or Ibrutinib Alone in Treating Older Patients With Previously Untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01886872
- Byrd JC, Brown JR, O’Brien S, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2014;371(3):213-23
- A Study of the Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Ibrutinib Given in Combination With Bendamustine and Rituximab in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01776840
- A Study of PCI-32765 (Ibrutinib) in Combination With Either Bendamustine and Rituximab or Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone in Patients With Previously Treated Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01974440
- Farooqui M, Lozier JN, Valdez J, et al. Ibrutinib (PCI 32765) rapidly improves platelet counts in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/ small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) Patients and has minimal effects on platelet aggregation. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2012;120(21):1789
- Gilbert JA. Lenalidomide as first-line therapy for elderly CLL patients. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(9):e345
- Burke RT, Meadows S, Loriaux MM, et al. A potential therapeutic strategy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by combining Idelalisib and GS-9973, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor. Oncotarget 2014;5(4):908-15
- A Phase 3 Study of Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) Versus Ofatumumab in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (RESONATE™). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01578707
- A Multicenter, Open-label, Phase 3 Study of the Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor PCI-32765 Versus Chlorambucil in Patients 65 Years or Older With Treatment-naive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (RESONATE™-2). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01722487
- Karlin L, Rule S, Shah N, et al. A phase I study of the oral BTK inhibitor ONO-4059 in patients with relapsed/refractory and high risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). 2013;122(21):676-6
- Glenn M, Mato AR, Allgood SD, et al. First-in-human study of AMG 319, a highly selective, small molecule inhibitor of PI3Kδ, in adult patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2013;122(21):678-8