Update on ovarian cancer pathogenesis: history, controversies, emerging issues and future impact

References

• Goff BA, Mandel L, Muntz HG, Melancon CH. Ovarian carcinoma diagnosis. Cancer 89, 2068–2075 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurman RJ, Shih, Ie-M. Molecular pathogenesis and extraovarian origin of epithelial ovarian cancer – shifting the paradigm. Hum. Pathol. 42, 918–931 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen VW, Ruiz B, Killeen JL et al. Pathology and classification of ovarian tumors. Cancer 97 (Suppl. 120), 2631–2642 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karst AM, Drapkin R. Ovarian cancer pathogenesis: a model in evolution. J. Oncol. 2010, 1–13 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Iorio MV, Visone R, Di Leva G et al. MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 67, 8699–8707 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobel M, Kalloger SE, Boyd N, McKinney S et al. Ovarian carcinoma subtypes are different diseases: implications for biomarker studies. PLOS Med. 5, e232 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving JA, Clement, PB. Diseases of the Peritoneum. In: Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Kurman RJ, Ellenson, LH, Ronnett, BM (Eds). Springer Science + Business Media, LLC New York, NY, USA 642–667 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Mostoufizadeh G, Scully R. Malignant tumors arising in endometriosis. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 23, 951–963 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brinton LA, Gridley G, Persson I, Baron J, Bergqvist A. Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 176, 572–579 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinton, LA, Sakoda LC, Sherman ME et al. Relationship of benign gynecologic diseases to subsequent risk of ovarian and uterine tumors. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 14, 2929–2935 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing MA, Cushing-Haugen KL, Wicklund, KG, Doherty JA, Weiss NS. Risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in relation to benign ovarian conditions and ovarian surgery. Cancer Causes Control 19, 1357–1364 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, JA. Endometrial carcinoma of the ovary, arising in endometrial tissue in that organ. Arch. Surg. 10, 1–72 (1925).
   Google Scholar
• Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 14, 422 (1927).
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa S, Kaku T, Amada S et al. Ovarian endometriosis associated with ovarian carcinoma: A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Gynecol. Oncol. 77, 298–304 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezhat F, Cohen C, Rahaman J, Gretz H, Cole P, Kalir T. Comparative immunohistochemical studies of bcl-2 and p53 proteins in benign and malignant ovarian endometriotic cysts. Cancer 94, 2935–2940 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czernobilsky, B, Morris, WJ. A histologic study of ovarian endometriosis with emphasis on hyperplastic and atypical changes. Obstet. Gynecol. 53, 318–323 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prowse AH, Manek S, Varma R et al. Molecular genetic evidence that endometriosis is a precursor of ovarian cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 119, 556–562 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Hitchcock A, Bryan EJ, Watson RH, Englefield P, Thomas EJ, Campbell IG. Microsatellite analysis of endometriosis reveals loss of heterozygosity at candidate ovarian tumor suppressor gene loci. Cancer Res. 56, 3534–3539 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato N, Tsunoda H, Nishida M et al. Loss of heterozygosity on 10q23.3 and mutation of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN in benign endometrial cyst of the ovary: Possible sequence progression from benign endometrial cyst to endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Res. 60, 7052–7056 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obata K, Hoshiai H. Common genetic changes between endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 50(Suppl. 1) 39–43 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas EJ, Campbell IG. Molecular genetic defects in endometriosis. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 50(Suppl. 1), 44–50 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiegand KC, Shah SP, Al-Agha OM et al.ARID1A mutations in endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas. N. Engl J. Med. 14, 1532–43 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Saito M, Okamoto A, Kohno T et al. Allelic imbalance and mutations of the PTEN gene in ovarian cancer. Int. J. Cancer 85, 160–165 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu KH, Daniels M. Endometrial and ovarian cancer in women with the Lynch syndrome: update in screening and prevention. Fam. Cancer 12, 273–277 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landen CN Jr, Birrer MJ, Sood AK. Early events in the pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 995–1005 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu KH, Garber JE, Cramer DW et al. Occult ovarian tumors in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations undergoing proplylactic oophorectomy. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 2728–2732 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piek JMJ, van Diest PJ, Zweemer RP et al. Dysplastic changes in prophylactically removed fallopian tubes of women predisposed to developing ovarian cancer. J. Pathol. 195, 451–456 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcangiu ML, Peissel B, Pasini B, Spatti G, Radice P, Manoukian S. Incidental carcinomas in prophylactic specimens in BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ-line mutation carriers, with emphasis on fallopian tube lesions: report of 6 cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 30(10), 1222–1230 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Leeper K, Garcia R, Swisher E, Goff B, Greer B, Paley P. Pathologic findings in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens in high-risk women. Gynecol. Oncol. 87, 52–56 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch A, Shaw P, Rosen J, Murphy S, Narod A, Colgan TJ. Clinical and pathologic findings of prophylactic salpingoophorectomies in 159 BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. Gynecol. Oncol. 100, 58–64 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, IeM, Kurman, RJ. Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Am. J. Pathol. 164, 1511–1518 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih IeM, Kurman RJ. Molecular pathogenesis of ovarian borderline tumors: new insights and old challenges. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 7273–7279 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landen CN Jr, Birrer MJ, Sood AK. Early events in the pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 995–1005 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurman RJ, Shih IM. Pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Lessons from morphology and molecular biology and their clinical implications. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 27. 151–160 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum CP, Drapkin R, Miron A et al. The distal fallopian tube: a new model for pelvic serous carcinogenesis. Curr Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 19, 3–9 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levanon, I, Crum, C, Drapkin R. New insights into the pathogenesis of serous ovarian cancer and its clinical impact. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 5284–5293 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norquist, BM, Garcia, RL, Allison KH et al. The molecular pathogenesis of hereditary ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 116, 5261–5271 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Miron A, Drapkin R et al. A candidate precursor to serous carcinoma that originates in the distal fallopian tube. J. Pathol. 211, 26–35, (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geyer JT, Lopez-Garcia MA, Sanchez-Estevez C et al. Pathogenetic pathways in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma. A molecular study of 29 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 33, 1157–1163 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Stem cell, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414, 105–111 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulkes WD. BCA1 functions as a breast stem cell regulator. J. Med. Genet. 41, 1–5 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bapat SA, Mali AM, Koppikar CB, Kurrey NK. Stem and progenitor-like cells contribute to the aggressive behavior of human epithelial ovarian cancer Cancer Res. 65, 3025–3029 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szotek PP, Pieretti-Vanmarcke R, Masiakos PT et al. Ovarian cancer side population defines cells with stem cell-like characteristics and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance responsiveness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11154–11159 (2006)
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed N, Abubaker K, Findlay J, Quinn M. Cancerous ovarian stem cells: obscure targets for therapy but relevant to chemoresistance. J. Cell. Biochem. 114, 21–34 (2013)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Q, Geng L, Kvalheim G, Gaudernack G, Suo Z. Identification of cancer stem-like side population cells in ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 33, 175–181 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Balch C, Chan MW et al. Identification and characterization of ovarian cancer-initiating cells from primary human tumors. Cancer Res. 68, 4311–4320 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baba T, Convery PS, Matsumura N et al. Epigenetic regulation of CD133 and tumorigenicity of CD133+ ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 28, 209–218 (2009)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvero AB, Chen R, Fu HH et al. Molecular phenotyping of human ovarian cancer stem cells unravels the mechanisms for repair and chemoresistance. Cell Cycle 8, 158–166 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton S, Mousa SA. Therapeutics formulated to target cancer stem cells: is it in our future? Cancer Cell Int. 11, 7 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Mezencev R, Bowen NJ, Matyunina LV, McDonald JF. Isolation and characterization of stem-like cells from a human ovarian cancer cell line. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 363, 257–268 (2012)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flesken-NikitinA, Hwang CH, Cheng CY, Michurina TV, Enikolopov G, Nikitin AY. Ovarian surface epithelium at the junction area contains a cancer-prone stem cell niche. Nature 495, 241–245 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Wang E, Bhattacharyya S, Szabolcs A et al. Enhancing chemotherapy response with Bmi-1 silencing in ovarian cancer. PLoS ONE 6, e17918 (2011)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamazawa S, Kigawa J, Kanamori Y et al. Multidrug resistance gene-1 is a useful predictor of paclitaxel-based chemotherapy for patients with ovarian cancer Gynecol. Oncol. 86, 171–176 (2002)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo MG, Xue K, Liu J, McBride H, Tsang BK. Calpain-mediated processing of p53-associated parkin-like cytoplasmic protein (PARC) affects chemosensitivity of human ovarian cancer cells by promoting p53 subcellular trafficking. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 3963–3975 (2012)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surowiak P, Materna V, Kaplenko I et al. ABCC2 (MRP2, cMOAT) can be localized in the nuclear membrane of ovarian carcinomas and correlates with resistance to cisplatin and clinical outcome. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 7149–7158 (2006)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita Y, Kalir T, Rahaman J, Dottino P, Kohtz DS. Alterations in nuclear pore architecture allow cancer cell entry into or exit from drug-resistant dormancy. Am. J. Pathol. 180, 375–389 (2012)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan Q, Wang C, Ngai S. Ovarian cancer stem cells: a new target for cancer therapy. BioMed. Res. Int. 2013, 916819 (2013)
   Google Scholar
• Yin G, Alvero AB, Craveiro V et al. Constitutive proteasomal degradation of TWIST-1 in epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells impacts differentiation and metastatic potential. Oncogene 32, 39–49 (2013)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar-GallardoC, Rutledge EC, Martinez-ArroyoAM, Hidalgo JJ, Domingo S, Simon C. Overcoming challenges of ovarian cancer stem cells: novel therapeutic approaches. Stem Cell Rev. 8, 994–1010 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar