4
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Graft-versus-host disease and immunologic rejection: implications for diagnosis and treatments of pregnancy complications

Pages 37-49 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Murase N, Ildstad S, Ricodi C, Trucco M. Cell migration, chimerism, and graft acceptance. Lancet339, 1579–1582 (1992).
  • Starzl TE, Lakkis FG. The unfinished legacy of liver transplantation: emphasis on immunology. Hepatology43(2 Suppl. 1), S151–S163 (2006).
  • Bettens F, Tiercy JM, Campanile N et al. Microchimerism after liver transplantation: absence of rejection without abrogation of antidonor-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte mediated alloreactivity. Liver Transpl.11, 290–297 (2005).
  • Olszewski WL, Iterewicz B, Maksymovicz M, Stanislawska J. Transplantation of organs is transplantation of donor DNA: fate of DNA disseminated in recipient. Transpl. Int.18, 412–418 (2005).
  • Crispim JC, Wastowski IJ, Faggioni LP, Costa R, Saber L, Donadi EA. Microchimerism evaluation in recipients of living-related or unrelated deceased allograft renal transplants. Transplant. Proc.38, 2828–2830 (2006).
  • Gaia S, Cappia S, Smedile A et al. Epithelial microchimerism: consistent finding in human liver transplants. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.21, 1801–1806 (2006).
  • Pollack MS, Speeg KV, Callander NS et al. Severe, late-onset graft-versus-host disease in a liver transplant recipient documented by chimerism analysis. Hum. Immunol.66, 28–31 (2005).
  • Araujo MB, Leonardi LS, Boin IF et al. Molecular mechanisms associated with donor-specific microchimerims in peripheral blood of Brazilian patients after liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc.38, 1411–1417 (2006).
  • Weinstein A, Dexter D, KuKuruga DL, Philosophe B, Hess J, Klassen D. Acute graft-versus host disease in pancreas transplantation: a comparison of two case presentations and a review of the literature. Transplantation,82, 127–131 (2006).
  • Smith DM, Agura ED, Ausloos K, Ring WS, Domiati-Saad R, Klintmalm GB. Graft-vs-host disease as a complication of lung transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant.25, 1175–1177 (2006).
  • Rowe V, Banovic T, Mac Donald KP et al. Host B cells produce IL-10 following TBI and attenuate acute GVHD after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood108, 2485–2492 (2006).
  • Koopmans M, Kremer-Hovinga IC, Baelde HJ et al. Chimerism in kidneys, livers and hearts of normal women: implications for transplantation studies. Am. J. Transplant.5, 1495–1502 (2005).
  • Davies CJ. Why is the fetal allograft not rejected? J. Anim. Sci.85(13 Suppl.), E32–E35 (2006).
  • Mosebach M, Pakner A, Jakubiczka S, Wieacker P, Heim MU. Dispermic chimerism identified during blood group determination and HLA typing. Transfusion46, 1978–1981 (2006).
  • Williams CA, Wallace MR, Drury KC et al. Blood lymphocyte chimerism associated with IVF and monochorionic dizygous twinning: case report. Hum. Reprod.19, 2816–2821 (2004).
  • Drexler C, Wagner T. Blood group chimerism. Curr. Opin. Hematol.13, 484–489 (2006).
  • Johnson KL, Bianchi DW. Fetal cells in maternal tissue following pregnancy: what are the consequences? Hum. Reprod. Update10, 497–502 (2004).
  • Khosrotehrani K, Bianchi DW. Multi-lineage potential of fetal cells in maternal tissue: a legacy in reverse. J. Cell Sci.118, 1559–1563 (2005).
  • Nelson JL. Microchimerism in human health and disease. Autoimmunity36, 5–9 (2006).
  • Lo YMD, Lau TK, Chan LYS, Leung TN, Chang AMZ. Quantitative analysis of the bidirectional fetomaternal transfer of nucleated cells and plasma DNA. Clin. Chem.46, 1301–1309 (2000).
  • Kolialexi A, Tsangaris GT, Antsklis A, Mavroua A. Rapid clearance of fetal cells from materntal circulation after delivery. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1022, 113–118 (2004).
  • Ariga H, Ohto H, Busch MP et al. Kinetics of fetal cellular and cell-free DNA in maternal circulation during and after pregnancy: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Transfusion41, 1524–1530 (2001).
  • Artlett CM, Cox LA, Ramos RC et al. Increased microchimerism CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood from women with systemic sclerosis. Clin. Immunol.103, 303–308 (2002).
  • Lambert NC, Lo YM, Erickson TD et al. Male microchimerism in healthy women and women with scleroderma: cells or circulating DNA? A quantitative answer. Blood100, 2845–2851 (2002).
  • Ando T, Davies TF. Self-recognition and the role of fetal microchimerism. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.18, 197–211 (2004).
  • Gleicher N, Barad D. Gender as risk factor for autoimmune diseases. J. Autoimmun.28, 1–6 (2007).
  • Lambert NC, Erickson TD, Yan Z et al. Quantification of maternal microchimerism by HLA-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction: studies of healthy women and women with scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum.50, 906–914 (2004).
  • Khosrotehrani K, Mery L, Aractingi S, Bianchi DW, Johnson KL. Absence of fetal cell microchimerism in cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis.64, 159–160 (2005).
  • Weger W, Bauer M, Odell E et al. Role of microchimerism in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Exp. Dermatol.15, 125–129 (2006).
  • The International Perinatal HIV Group. The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 – a meta analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 977–987 (1999).
  • Harrison KL, Baker JW. Fetal-maternal macrotransfusion – a study of 400 postpartum women. Aust. NZ J. Obstet. Gynaecol.18, 176–178 (1978).
  • Gleicher N. Pregnancy-related cell traffic, microchimerism and autoimmunity: the possibility of reducing autoimmune disease prevalence. Expert Rev. Obstet. Gynecol.2, 341–345 (2007).
  • Bianchi DW, Williams JM, Sullivan LM, Hanson FW, Klinger KW, Shuber AP. PCR quantitation of fetal cells in maternal blood in normal and aneuploid pregnancies. Am. J. Hum. Genet.61, 822–829 (1997).
  • Wataganara T, LeShane ES, Farina A et al. Maternal serum cell-free fetal DNA levels are increased in cases of trisomy 13 but not trisomy 18. Hum. Genet.112, 204–208 (2003).
  • Bauer M, Hutterer G, Eder M et al. A prospective analysis of cell-free fetal DNA concentration in maternal plasma as an indicator for adverse pregnancy outcome. Prenat. Diagn.26, 831–836 (2006).
  • Bianchi DW, Farina A, Weber W et al. Significant fetal-maternal hemorrhage after termination of pregnancy: implications for development of fetal cell microchimerism. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.184, 703–706 (2001).
  • Khosrotehrani K, Johnson KL, Lau J, Dupuy A, Cha DH, Bianchi DW. The influence of fetal loss on the presence of fetal cell microchimerism: a systemic review. Arthritis Rheum.48, 3237–3241 (2003).
  • Holzgreve W, Ghezzi F, di Naro E, Ganshirt D, Maymon E, Hahn S. Disturbed feto–maternal cell traffic in preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol.91, 669–672 (1998).
  • Lo YMD, Leung TN, Tein MSC et al. Quantitative abnormalities of fetal DNA in maternal serum in preeclampsisa. Clin. Chem.45, 184–188 (1999).
  • Hahn S, Holzgreve W. Fetal cells and cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood: new insights into pre-eclampsia. Hum. Reprod. Update8, 501–508 (2002).
  • Gleicher N. Why much of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia has to be ‘autoimmune’ in nature. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.196(1), 5.e1–5.e7 (2007).
  • David M, Smidt J, Chen FC, Stein U, Dudenhausen JW. Risk factors for fetal-to-maternal transfusion in Rh D-negative women – results of a prospective study of 842 pregnant women. J. Perinat. Med.32, 254–257 (2004).
  • Gleicher N, Pratt D, Dudkiewicz A. What do we really know about autoantibody abnormalities and reproductive failure: a critical review. Autoimmunity16, 115–140 (1993).
  • Bianchi DW, Romero R. Biological implications of bi-directional fetomaternal cell traffic: a summary of a national Institute of Child Health and Human Development-sponsored conference. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med.14, 123–129 (2003).
  • Norwitz ER. Defective implantation and placentation: laying the blueprint for pregnancy complications. Reprod. Biomed. Online13, 591–599 (2006).
  • Nelson JL, Hughes KA, Smith AG, Nisperos BB, Branchaud AM, Hansen JA, Maternal–fetal disparity in HLA class II alloantigens and pregnancy-induced amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med.329, 466–471(1993).
  • Farley DM, Grainger DA, Tjaden BL, Frazier LM, Maki JR. Use of gestational carrier for a patient with recurrent adverse pregnancy: outcomes from early onset severe preeclampsia. Fertil. Steril.87, 189 (2007).
  • Nelson JL, Furst DE, Maloney S et al. Microchimerism and HLA-compatible relatiosnships of pregnancy in scleroderma. Lancet351, 559–562 (1998).
  • Lambert NC, Evans PC, Hashizumi TL et al. Cutting edge: perisisten fetal microchimerism in T lymphocytes is associated with HLA-DQA1*0501: implications in autoimmunity. J. Immunol.164, 5545–5548 (2000).
  • Campagnoli C, Roberts IA, Kumar S, Bennet PR, Bellantuono I, Fisk NM. Identification of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in human first-trimester fetal blood, liver and bone marrow. Blood98, 2396–2402 (2001).
  • O’Donoghue K, Chan J, de La Fuente J et al. Microchimerism in female bone marrow and bone decades after mesenchymal stem-cell trafficking in pregnancy. Lancet364, 179–182 (2004).
  • Donckier V, Troisi R, Toungouz M et al. Donor stem cell infusion after non-myeloablative conditioning for tolerance induction to HLA mismatched adult living-donor liver graft. Transpl. Immunol.13, 139–146 (2004).
  • Donckier V, Troisi R, Le Moine A et al. Early immunosuppression withdrawal after living donor liver transplantation and donor stem cell infusion. Liver Transpl.12, 1523–1528 (2006).
  • Le Blanc K, Rasmusson I, Sundberg B et al. Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet363, 1439–1441 (2004).
  • Ringden O, Uzunel R, Rasmusson I et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of therapy-resistant graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation27, 1390–1397 (2006).
  • Iwaki Y, Cecka JM, Terasaki PI. The transfusion effect. Clin. Transpl.283–292 (1988).
  • Siemionow M, Agaoglu G. Role of blood transfusion in transplantation: a review. J. Reconstr. Microsurg.21, 555–563 (2005).
  • Posthuma EF, Marijt EW, Barge RM et al. α-interferon with very-low-dose donor lymphocyte infusion for hematologic or cytogenetic relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia induces rapid and durable complete remission and is associated with acceptable graft-versus-host disease. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.10, 204–212 (2004).
  • Feeney JG, Tovey LA, Scott JS. Influence of previous blood-transfusion on incidence of pre-eclampsia. Lancet1, 874–875 (1977).
  • Ober C, Karrison T, Odm RR et al. Mononuclear-cell immunization in prevention of recurrent miscarriages: a randomized trial. Lancet31, 365–369 (1999).
  • Porter TF, Scott JR. Alloimmune causes of recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin. Reprod. Med.18, 393–400 (2000).
  • Cowchock FS, Smith JB, Davis S, Scher J, Batzer F, Corson S. Paternal mononuclear cell immunization therapy for repeated miscarriage: predictive variables for pregnancy success. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.22, 12–17 (1990).
  • Carp HJ, Toder V, Mashiach S. Immunotherapy and habitual abortion. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.28, 281–284 (1992).
  • Gatenby PA, Cameron K, Simens RJ et al. Treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion by immunization with paternal lymphocytes: results of a controlled trial. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.29, 88–94 (1993).
  • Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group. Worldwide collaborative observational study and meta analysis on allogenic leukocyte immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.32, 55–72 (1994). [Erratum: Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.32, 255 (1994)].
  • Daya S, Gunby J. The effectiveness of allogeneic leukocyte immunization in unexplained primary recurrent spontaneous abortion. Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.32, 294–302 (1994).
  • Carp HJ, Toder V, Torchinsky A et al. Allogenic leukocyte immunization after five or more miscarriages. Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group. Hum. Reprod.12, 250–255 (1997).
  • Steck T, Westphal E, Wurfel W. Maternal immunization by husband’s leukocytes for repeated fetal death associated with mild pre-eclampsia – case report with successful outcome. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet.252, 103–107 (1992).
  • Balic M, Lin H, Young L et al. Most early disseminated cancer cells detected in bone marrow of breast cancer patients have a putative breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Clin. Cancer Res.12, 5615–5621 (2006).
  • Gleicher N, Beers P, Cohen CJ, Kerenyi TD, Gusberg SB. Leukocyte migration enhancement. III. Common denominators of pregnancy and malignancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.136, 5–10 (1980).
  • Gleicher N, Siegel I. Common denominators of pregnancy and malignancy. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res.70, 339–353 (1981).
  • Shaaban AF, Kim HB, Gaur L, Liechty KW, Flake AW. Prenatal transplantation of cytokine-stimulated marrow improves early chimerism in resistant strain combination but results in poor long-term engraftment. Exp. Hematol.34, 1278–1287 (2006).
  • Klonoff-Cohen HS, Savitz DA, Cefalo RC, McCann MF. An epidemiologic study of contraception and preeclampsia. JAMA262, 3143–3417 (1989).
  • Einarsso JI, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Gardner MO. Sperm exposure and development of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.188, 1241–1243 (2003).
  • Ness RB, Markovic N, Harger G, Day R. Barrier methods, length of preconception intercourse, and preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy23, 227–235 (2004).
  • Trupin LS, Simon LP, Eskenazi B. Change in paternity: a risk factor for preeclampsia in multiparas. Epidemiology7, 240–244 (1996).
  • Mahanty HD, Cherikh WS, Chang GJ, Baxter-Lowe LA, Roberts JP. Influence of pretransplant pregnancy on survival of renal allograft from living donors. Transplantation72, 228–232 (2001).
  • Loren AW, Bunin GR, Boudreau C et al. Impact of donor and recipient sex and parity on outcomes of HLA-identical sibling allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.12, 758–769 (2006).
  • Flowers ME, Pepe MS, Longton G et al. Marrow transplantation for Fanconi anemia, with or without leukemic transformation: an update on the Seattle experience. Br. J. Haematol.74, 492–496 (1990).
  • Domiati-Saad R, Klintmalm GB, Netto G, Agura ED, Chinnakotla S, Smith DM. Acute graft versus host disease after liver transplantation: patterns of lymphocyte chimerism. Am. J. Transplant.5, 2968–2973 (2005).
  • Van Besien K. Standardizing chronic graft-versus-host disease. Future Oncol.2, 459–462 (2006).
  • Holinski S, Modersohn D, Proch C, Meyer R, Konertz W. Age-dependent chronic rejection after experimental heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant.25, 1099–1102 (2006).
  • Melin-Aldana H, Thorman K, Duerst R, Kletzel M, Jacobsohn DA. Hepatic pattern of graft versus host disease in children. Pediatr. Blood Cancer49, 727–730 (2007).
  • Akpek G, Boitnott JK, Lee LA et al. Hepatitis variant of graft-versus-host disease after donor lymphocyte infusion. Blood100, 3903–3907 (2002).
  • Sohn SK, Kim DH, Baek JH et al. Risk-factor analysis for predicting progressive- or quiescent-type chronic graft-versus-host disease in a patient cohort with a history of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.37, 699–708 (2006).
  • Akpek G, Zahurak ML, Piantadosi S et al. Development of a prognostic model for grading chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood97, 1219–1226 (2001). [Erratum, Blood99, 14 (2002)].
  • Akpek G, Lee SJ, Flowers ME et al. Performance of new clinical grading system for chronic graft-versus-host disease: a multicenter study. Blood102, 802–809 (2003).
  • Lee KH, Choi SJ, Lee JH et al. Prognostic factors identifiable at the time of onset of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Haematologica90, 939–948 (2005).
  • Denianke KS, Frieden IJ, Cowan MJ, Williams ML, Mccalmont TH. Cutaneous manifestations of maternal engraftment in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency: a clinopathologic study. Bone Marrow Transplant.28, 227–233 (2001).
  • Roger D, Vaillant L, Fignon A et al. Specific pruritic diseases of pregnancy. A prospective study of 3192 pregnant women. Arch. Dermatol.130, 734–739 (1994).
  • Kroumpouzos G, Cohen LM. Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.43, 132–134 (2000).
  • Kroumpouzos G, Cohen LM. Dermatoses of pregnancy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.45, 1–19 (2001).
  • Fagan EA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Clin. Liver Dis.3, 603–632 (1999).
  • Glantz A, Marschall HU, Lammert F, Mattson LA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology42, 1399–1405 (2005).
  • Aractingi S, Berkane N, Bertheau P et al. Fetal DNA in skin of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy. Lancet352, 1898–1901 (1998).
  • Appleton Al, Curtis A, Wilkens J, Cant AJ. Differentiation of materno–fetal GVHD from Ommen’s syndrome in pre-BMT patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. Bone Marrow Transplant.14, 157–159 (1994).
  • Gaber LW, Spargo BH, Lindheimer MD. Renal pathology in pre-eclampsia. Baillieres Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.8, 443–468 (1994).
  • Strevens H, Wide-Swensson D, Hansen A et al. Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG110, 831–836 (2003).
  • Subramanya A, Houghton D, Watnick S. Steroid-responsive idiopathic glomerular capillary endotheliosis: case report and literature review. Am. J. Kidney Dis.45, 1090–1095 (2005).
  • Arias F, Mancilla-Jimenez R. Hepatic fibrinogen deposits in pre-eclampsia. Immunofluorescent evidence. N. Engl. J. Med.295, 578–582 (1976).
  • Rolfes DB, Ishak KG. Liver disease in toxemia of pregnancy. Am. J. Gastroenterol.81, 1138–1144 (1986).
  • Ray RA, Lewin KJ, Colonna J, Goldstein LI, Busuttil RW. The role of liver biopsy in evaluating acute allograft dysfunction following liver transplantation: a clinical histologic correlation of 34 liver transplants. Hum. Pathol.19, 835–848 (1988).
  • Drachenberg CB, Papadimitriou JC, Farney A et al. Pancreas transplantation: the histology morphology of graft loss and correlation. Transplantation 27, 71, 1784–1791 (2001).
  • Filipovich AH, Weisdorf D, Pavletic S et al. National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. Diagnosis and staging working group report. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.11, 945–956 (2005).
  • Shulman HM, Kleiner D, Lee SJ et al. Histopathologic diagnosis of chronic graft-versus-host disease: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: II. Pathology Working Group Report. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.12, 31–47 (2006).
  • Hiesse C, Goldschmidt E, Santelli G, Charpentier B, Machover D, Fries D. Membranous nephropathy in a bone marrow recipient. Am. J. Kidney Dis.11, 188–191 (1998).
  • Otani M, Shimojo H, Shiozawa S, Shigematsu H. Renal involvement in bone marrow transplantation. Nephrology (Carlton)10, 530–536 (2005).
  • Gorcynski RM, Hadidi S, Yu G, Clark DA. The same immunoregulatory molecules contribute to successful pregnancy and transplantation. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.48, 18–26 (2002).
  • Wilzynski JR. Immunological analogy between allograft rejection, recurrent abortion and preeclampsia – the same basic mechanism? Hum. Immunol.67, 492–511 (2006).
  • Rappaport VJ, Hirata G, Yap HK, Jordan AC. Anti-vascular endothelial cell antibodies in severe preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.162, 138–145 (1990).
  • El-Roeiy A, Myers SA, Gleicher N. The relationship between autoantibodies and intrauterine growth retardation in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.164, 1253–1261 (1991).
  • Milliez J, Lelong F, Bayani N et al. The prevalence of autoantibodies during third-trimester pregnancy complicated by hypertension or idiopathic fetal growth retardation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.165, 51–56 (1991).
  • Yamamoto T, Yoshimura S, Geshi Y et al. Measurement of antiphospholipid antibody by ELISA using purified β2-glycoprotein in preeclampsia. Immunology94, 196–200 (1993).
  • Branch DW, Mitchell MD, Miller E, Palinski W, Witzum JL. Preeclampsia and serum antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Lancet343, 645–646 (1994).
  • Anderson BE, McNiff J, Jain D, Blazar BR, Shlomchik WD, Shlomchik MJ. Distinct roles for donor- and host-derived antigen-presenting ells and costimulatory molucles in murine chronic graft-versus-host disease: requirements depend on target organ. Blood105, 2227–2234 (2005).
  • Tivol E, Komorowski R, Drobyski WR. Emergent autoimmunity in graft-versus-host disease. Blood105, 4885–4891 (2005).
  • Raulet DH. Does low level expression of HLA molecules engender autoimmunity? N. Engl. J. Med.340, 278–284 (1999).
  • Goker H, Haznedaroglu IC, Chao NJ. Acute graft-versus-host disease pathobiology and management. Exp. Hematol.29, 259–277 (2001).
  • Miranda S, Litwin S, Barrientos G et al. Dendritic cells therapy confers a protective microenvironment in murine pregnancy. Scand. J. Immunol.64, 493–499 (2006).
  • Trivedi HL, Mishra VV, Vanikar AV et al. Embryonic stem cell derived and adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for tolerance induction in renal allograft recipient: a case report. Transplant. Proc.38, 3103–3108 (2006).
  • Hoffman P, Edinger M. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and graft versus host disease. Semin. Hematol.43, 62–69 (2006).
  • Zaya F, Bacigalupo A, Patriarca F et al. GITMO (Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo). Treatment of refractory chronic GVHD with rituximab: a GITMO study. Bone Marrow Transplant.40, 273–277 (2007).
  • Knop S, Herbart H, Gratwohl A et al. Treatment of steroid-resistant acute GVHD with OKT3 and high dose steroids results in better disease control and lower incidence of infectious complications when compared to high dose steroids alone: a randomized muticenter trial by the EBMT Chronic Leukemia Working Party. Leukemia21, 1830–1833 (2007).
  • Martin JN Jr, Rose CH, Briery CM. Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticosteroids for mother and child. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.195, 914–934 (2006).
  • Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lima F, Alves J et al. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: a prospective study of 78 pregnancies. Br. J. Rheumatol.35, 133–138 (1996).
  • Samuel D, Riordan S, Strasser S, Kurtovic J, Singh-Grewel I, Koorey D. Severe autoimmune hepatitis first presenting in the early post partum period. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2, 622–624 (2004).
  • Sliwa K, Fett J, Elkayam U. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Lancet368, 687–693 (2006).
  • Nathanielsz PW. A time to be born. Implications of animal studies in maternal fetal medicine. Birth21, 163–169 (1994).
  • Russel CA. Alloreactivity and the predictive value of anti-recipient specific interleukin 2 producing helper T lymphocyte precursor frequencies for alloreactivity after bone marrow transplantation. Dan. Med. Bull.49, 89–108 (2002).
  • Bertinetto FE, Dall’Omo AM, Mazzola GA et al. Role of non-HLA genetic polymorphisms in graft-versus-host disease after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int. J. Immunogenet.33, 375–384 (2006).
  • Annells MF, Hart PH, Mullighan CG et al. Interleukins-1,4,6,10, tumor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor-β, FAS, and mannose-binding protein C gene polymorphism in Australian women: Risk of preterm birth Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.191, 2056–2067 (2004).
  • Speer EM, Gentile DA, Zeevi A, Pillage G, Huo D, Skoner DP. Role of single nucleotide polymorphism of cytokine genes in spontaneous preterm delivery. Hum. Immunol.67, 915–923 (2006).
  • Steinborn A, Gunes H, Roddiger S, Halberstadt E. Elevated placental cytokinerelease, a process associated with preterm labor in the absence of intrauterine infection. Obstet. Gynecol.88, 534–539 (1996).
  • Maymon E, Gheezi F, Edwin SS et al. The tumor necrosis factor alpha and its soluble receptor profile in term and preterm parturition. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.181, 1142–1148 (1999).
  • Alvarez-de-la-Rosa M, Rebollo FJ, Codoceo R, Gonzalez A. Maternal serum interleukin 1, 2–6, 8 and interleukin-2 receptor levels in preterm labor and delivery. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol.88, 57–60 (2000).
  • Farina A, LeShane ES, Romero R et al. High levels of fetal cell-free DNA in maternal serum: a risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.193, 421–425 (2005).
  • Sibai BM. Preeclampsia as a cause of preterm and late preterm (near-term) births. Semin. Perinatol.30, 16–19 (2006).
  • Basso O, Rasmussen S, Weinberg CR, Wilcox AJ, Irgens LM, Skajaerven R. Trends in fetal and infant survival following preclampsia. JAMA296, 1357–1362 (2006).
  • Magann EF, Martin JN Jr, Isaacs JD, Perry KG Jr, Martin RW, Meydrech EF. Immediate postpartum curettage: accelerated recovery from severe preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol.81, 502–506 (1993).
  • Dodd JM, Flenady V, Cincotta R, Crowther CA. Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.25, CD004947 (2006).
  • Ragusa A, de Carolis C, dal Lago A et al. Progesterone supplement in pregnancy: an immunologic therapy? Lupus13, 639–642 (2004).
  • Mowbray JF, Gibbings C, Liddell H, Reginald PW, Underwood JL, Beard RW. Controlled trial of treatment or recurrent spontaneous abortion by immunization with paternal cells. Lancet1, 941–943 (1985).
  • Coulam CB, Stephenson M, Stern JJ, Clark DA. Immunotherapy for recurrent pregnancy loss: analysis of results from clinical trials. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.35, 352–359 (1996).
  • Blanche P, Dreyfus F, Sicard D. Polymyositis and chronic graft-versus-host disease: efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin and methotrexate. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.13, 377–379 (1995).
  • Katz VL, Thorp JM Jr, Watson WJ, Fowler L, Heine RP. Human immunoglobulin therapy for preeclampsia associated with lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibody. Obstet. Gynecol.76, 986–988 (1990).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.