Pulmonary sarcoidosis: diagnostic and treatment update

References

• Danbolt N. The historical aspects of sarcoidosis. Postgrad Med J 1958;34(391):245-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasse A, Georges CG, Biller H, et al. Th1 cytokine pattern in sarcoidosis is expressed by bronchoalveolar CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2000;122(2):241-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker C, Bauer W, Braun RK, et al. Activated T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavages from patients with various lung diseases associated with eosinophilia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150(4):1038-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164(10 Pt 1):1885-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drent M, De Vries J, Lenters M, et al. Sarcoidosis: assessment of disease severity using HRCT. Eur Radiol 2003;13(11):2462-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Torrington KG, Hnatiuk OW. Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study. Chest 2001;120(1):109-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell DM, Emerson CJ, Collins JV, Stableforth DE. Transbronchial lung biopsy with the fibreoptic bronchoscope: analysis of results in 433 patients. Br J Dis Chest 1981;75(3):258-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haponik EF, Summer WR, Terry PB, Wang KP. Clinical decision making with transbronchial lung biopsies. The value of nonspecific histologic examination. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;125(5):524-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell DM, Mitchell DN, Collins JV, Emerson CJ. Transbronchial lung biopsy through fibreoptic bronchoscope in diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Br Med J 1980;280(6215):679-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wall CP, Gaensler EA, Carrington CB, Hayes JA. Comparison of transbronchial and open biopsies in chronic infiltrative lung diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;123(3):280-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poletti V, Patelli M, Ferracini R, et al. Transbronchial lung biopsy in infiltrative lung disease. The importance of the pathologic approach. Sarcoidosis 1988;5(1):43-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitamura A, Takiguchi Y, Kurosu K, et al. Feasibility of cytological diagnosis of sarcoidosis with endobronchial US-guided transbronchial aspiration. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2012;29(2):82-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chee A, Khalil M, Stather DR, et al. Cytologic assessment of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspirates in sarcoidosis. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2012;19(1):24-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plit ML, Havryk AP, Hodgson A, et al. Rapid cytological analysis of endobronchial ultrasound-guided aspirates in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2013;42(5):1302-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oki M, Saka H, Kitagawa C, et al. Prospective study of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes versus transbronchial lung biopsy of lung tissue for diagnosis of sarcoidosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;143(6):1324-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Bartheld MB, Dekkers OM, Szlubowski A, et al. Endosonography vs conventional bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis: the GRANULOMA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309:23). 2457-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofgren S, Lundback H. The bilateral hilar lymphoma syndrome; a study of the relation to tuberculosis and sarcoidosis in 212 cases. Acta Med Scand 1952;142(4):265-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James DG, Carstairs LS, Trowell J, Sharma OP. Treatment of sarcoidosis. Report of a controlled therapeutic trial. Lancet 1967;2(7515):526-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel HL, Fouts DW, Beggs RA. A controlled trial of prednisone treatment of sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;107(4):609-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietinalho A, Tukiainen P, Haahtela T, et al. Oral prednisolone followed by inhaled budesonide in newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Finnish Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Study Group. Chest 1999;116(2):424-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selroos O, Sellergren TL. Corticosteroid therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis. A prospective evaluation of alternate day and daily dosage in stage II disease. Scand J Respir Dis 1979;60(4):215-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eule H, Roth I, Ehrke I, Weinecke W. Corticosteroid therapy of intrathoracic sarcoidosis stages I and II--results of a controlled clinical trial. Z Erkr Atmungsorgane 1977;149(1):142-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zaki MH, Lyons HA, Leilop L, Huang CT. Corticosteroid therapy in sarcoidosis. A five-year, controlled follow-up study. N Y State J Med 1987;87(9):496-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spratling L, Tenholder MF, Underwood GH, et al. Daily vs alternate day prednisone therapy for stage II sarcoidosis. Chest 1985;88(5):687-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paramothayan NS, Lasserson TJ, Jones PW. Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;18(2):CD001114
   Google Scholar
• Schutt AC, Bullington WM, Judson MA. Pharmacotherapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis: a Delphi consensus study. Respir Med 2010;104(5):717-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16(2):149-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selroos OB. Use of budesonide in the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;465:713-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberts C, van der Mark TW, Jansen HM. Inhaled budesonide in pulmonary sarcoidosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Dutch Study Group on Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 1995;8(5):682-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkkila S, Froseth B, Hellstrom PE, et al. Inhaled budesonide influences cellular and biochemical abnormalities in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1988;5(2):106-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baughman RP, Iannuzzi MC, Lower EE, et al. Use of fluticasone in acute symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19(3):198-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiteri MA. Inhaled corticosteroids in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Postgrad Med J 1991;67(786):327-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Winget DB, Lower EE. Methotrexate is steroid sparing in acute sarcoidosis: results of a double blind, randomized trial. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2000;17(1):60-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lower EE, Baughman RP. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(8):846-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suda T, Sato A, Toyoshima M, et al. Weekly low-dose methotrexate therapy for sarcoidosis. Intern Med 1994;33(7):437-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lower EE, Baughman RP. The use of low dose methotrexate in refractory sarcoidosis. Am J Med Sci 1990;299(3):153-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremers JP, Drent M, Bast A, et al. Multinational evidence-based World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders recommendations for the use of methotrexate in sarcoidosis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of sarcoidologists worldwide. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013;19(5):545-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorselaars AD, Wuyts WA, Vorselaars VM, et al. Methotrexate versus azathioprine in second line therapy of sarcoidosis. Chest 2013;14(3):805-12
   Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Lower EE. Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2004;21(1):43-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majithia V, Sanders S, Harisdangkul V, Wilson JG. Successful treatment of sarcoidosis with leflunomide. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42(5):700-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modrykamien A, Arrossi A, Reddy A. A. 50-year-old man with stage 2 sarcoidosis with pleural involvement. J Hosp Med 2009;4(4):E1-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baughman RP, Lower EE. Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2004;21(1):43-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo DH, Bandyopadhyay D, Xu M, et al. Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2011;38(5):1145-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pueringer RJ, Schwartz DA, Dayton CS, et al. The relationship between alveolar macrophage TNF, IL-1, and PGE2 release, alveolitis, and disease severity in sarcoidosis. Chest 1993;103(3):832-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Strohofer SA, Buchsbaum J, Lower EE. Release of tumor necrosis factor by alveolar macrophages of patients with sarcoidosis. J Lab Clin Med 1990;115(1):36-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden E, Turino GM. Interleukin 1 secretion from human alveolar macrophages in lung disease. J Clin Immunol 1986;6(4):326-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asano M, Minagawa T, Ohmichi M, Hiraga Y. Detection of endogenous cytokines in sera or in lymph nodes obtained from patients with sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;84(1):92-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Drent M, Kavuru M, et al. Infliximab therapy in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174(7):795-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Helman DL, Davies DB, Nathan SD. Pulmonary hypertension in advanced sarcoidosis: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Eur Respir J 2005;25(5):783-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handa T, Nagai S, Miki S, et al. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2006;129(5):1246-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Davies DB, Nathan SD. Predicting mortality in patients with sarcoidosis awaiting lung transplantation. Chest 2003;124(3):922-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith LJ, Lawrence JB, Katzenstein AA. Vascular sarcoidosis: a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med Sci 1983;285(1):38-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodman DM, Lindenfeld J. Successful treatment of sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension with corticosteroids. Chest 1990;97(2):500-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies J, Nellen M, Goodwin JF. Reversible pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Postgrad Med J 1982;58(679):282-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damuth TE, Bower JS, Cho K, Dantzker DR. Major pulmonary artery stenosis causing pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Chest 1980;78(6):888-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barst RJ, Ratner SJ. Sarcoidosis and reactive pulmonary hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1985;145(11):2112-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milman N, Burton CM, Iversen M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in end-stage pulmonary sarcoidosis: therapeutic effect of sildenafil? J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27(3):329-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judson MA, Highland KB, Kwon S, et al. Ambrisentan for sarcoidosis associated pulmonary hypertension. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2011;28(2):139-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Judson MA, Lower EE, et al. Inhaled iloprost for sarcoidosis associated pulmonary hypertension. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2009;26(2):110-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar