Nutritional therapy for the treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease

References

• Griffiths AM, Hugot J-P. Crohn’s Disease. In: Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, 4th Edition. Walker A, Goulet O, Kleinman RE et al. (Eds). BC Decker, Hamilton, ON, Canada (2004).
   Google Scholar
• IBD Working Group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis – the Porto criteria. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.41, 1–7 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousvaros A, Antonioli DA, Colletti RB et al. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.44, 653–674 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachos M, Tondeur M, Griffiths AM. Enteral nutritional therapy for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1, CD000542 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Borrelli O, Cordischi L, Cirulli M et al. Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled open-label trial. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.4, 744–753 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AG, Taylor F, Miller V. Dietary intake and nutritional treatment in childhood Crohn’s disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.17, 75–81 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiges H, Markowitz J, Rosa J, Daum F. Home nocturnal supplemental nasogastric feedings in growth-retarded adolescents with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology97, 905–910 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pons R, Whitten K, Woodhead H, Leach ST, Lemberg DA, Day AS. Dietary intakes of children with Crohn’s Disease. Br. J. Nutr.30, 1–6 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Geerling BJ, Badart-Smook A, Stockbrugger RW et al. Comprehensive nutritional status in recently diagnosed patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with population controls. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.54, 514–521 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippi J, Al-Jaouni R, Wiroth JB, Hebuterne X, Schneider SM. Nutritonal deficiencies in patients with Crohn’s disease in remission. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.12, 185–191 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trebble TM, Wootton SA, May A et al. Essential fatty acid status in paediatric Crohn’s disease: relationship with disease activity and nutritional status. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.18, 433–442 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerling BJ, Badart-Smook A, Stockbrugger RW, Brummer RJ. Comprehensive nutritional status in patients with long-standing Crohn disease currently in remission. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.67, 919–926 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll RH, Meredith SC, Sitrin M, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology83, 1252–1258 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin AD, Leach ST, Woodhead HJ, Mendoza-Cruz C, Lemberg DA, Day AS. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D deficiency in children with IBD treated with enteral nutrition or steroids. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.22, A417 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Schoon EJ, Muller MC, Vermeer C et al. Low serum and bone vitamin K status in patients with longstanding Crohn’s disease: another pathogenetic factor of osteoporosis in Crohn’s disease? Gut48, 473–477 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK. Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland. Arch. Dis. Child88(11), 995–1000 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondike SB, McGuire E, Kugathasan S. Weight status in pediatric IBD patients at the time of diagnosis: effects of the obesity epidemic. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.39(Suppl. 1), S317 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Saha MT, Ruuska T, Laippala P, Lenko HL. Growth of prepubertal children with inflammatory bowel disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.26, 310–314 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballinger AB, Azooz O, El-Haj T, Poole S, Farthing MJ. Growth failure occurs through a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 which is independent of undernutrition in a rat model of colitis. Gut46, 694–700 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawczenko A, Azooz O, Paraszczuk J et al. Intestinal inflammation-induced growth retardation acts through IL-6 in rats and depends on the -174 IL-6 G/C polymorphism in children. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102, 13260–13265 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JJ, Escher JC, Shuman MJ et al. Final adult height of children with inflammatory bowel disease is predicted by parental height and patient minimum height Z-score. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21214 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Sawczenko A, Ballinger AB, Savage MO, Sanderson IR. Clinical features affecting final adult height in patients with pediatric-onset Crohn’s disease. Pediatrics118, 124–129 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths AM, Nguyen P, Smith C, MacMillan JH, Sherman PM. Growth and clinical course of children with Crohn’s disease. Gut34, 939–943 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawczenko A, Ballinger AB, Croft NM, Sanderson IR, Savage MO. Adult height in patients with early onset of Crohn‘s disease. Gut52, 454–455 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paerregaard A, Urne FU. Anthropometry at the time of diagnosis in Danish children with inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Paediatr.94, 1682–1683 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voitk AJ, Echave V, Feller JH, Brown RA, Gurd FN. Experience with elemental diet in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Is this primary therapy? Arch. Surg.107, 329–333 (1973).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teahon K, Pearson M, Smith T, Bjarnason I. Alterations in nutritional status and disease activity during treatment of Crohn’s disease with elemental diet. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.30(1), 54–60 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teahon K, Bjarnason I, Pearson M, Levi AJ. Ten years’ experience with an elemental diet in the management of Crohn’s disease. Gut31(10), 1133–1137 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson IR, Udeen S, Davies PS, Savage MO, Walker-Smith JA. Remission induced by an elemental diet in small bowel Crohn’s disease. Arch. Dis. Child.62(2), 123–127 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues AF, Johnson T, Davies P, Murphy MS. Does polymeric formula improve adherence to liquid diet therapy in children with active Crohn’s disease? Arch. Dis. Child.92(9), 767–770 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Day AS, Whitten KE, Lemberg DA et al. Exclusive enteral feeding as primary therapy for Crohn’s disease in Australian children and adolescents: a feasible and effective approach. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.21(10), 1609–1614 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan E, Gaunt W, Cardigan T, Garrick V, McGrogan P, Russell RK. The use of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) for induction of remission in children with Crohn’s disease (CD) demonstrates that disease phenotype does not influence clinical remission. Aliment. Pharmacol. Therap.30(5), 501–507 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Afzal NA, Davies S, Paintin M et al. Colonic Crohn’s disease in children does not respond well to treatment with enteral nutrition if the ileum is not involved. Dig. Dis. Sci.50(8), 1471–1475 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine A, Milo T, Buller H, Markowitz J. Consensus and controversy in the management of pediatric Crohn disease: an international survey. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.36(4), 464–469 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akobeng A. Crohn’s disease: current treatment options. Arch. Dis. Child.93(9), 787–792 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akobeng AK, Miller V, Stanton J, Elbadri AM, Thomas AG. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of glutamine-enriched polymeric diet in the treatment of active Crohn’s disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.30(1), 78–84 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman C, Berkowitz D, Weiss B et al. Nutritional supplementation with polymeric diet enriched with transforming growth factor-b 2 for children with Crohn's disease. Israel Med. Assoc. J.10(7), 503–507 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson P, Van Limbergen JE, Wilson DC, Satsangi J, Russell RK. Genetics of childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21283 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Qin J, Li R, Raes J et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature464(7285), 59–65 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andoh A, Tsujikawa T, Sasaki M et al. Faecal microbiota profile of Crohn’s disease determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Therap.29(1), 75–82 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lionetti P, Callegari ML, Ferrari S et al. Enteral nutrition and microflora in pediatric Crohn’s disease. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr.29(4 Suppl.), S173–S175 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach ST, Mitchell HM, Eng WR, Zhang L, Day AS. Sustained modulation of intestinal bacteria by exclusive enteral nutrition used to treat children with Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Therap.28(6), 724–733 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong N, Leach S, Day A. Polymeric formula has direct anti-inflammatory effects on enterocytes in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation. Dig. Dis. Sci.52(9), 2029–2036 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kajiura T, Takeda T, Sakata S et al. Change of intestinal microbiota with elemental diet and its impact on therapeutic effects in a murine model of chronic colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci.54(9), 1892–1900 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seidman EG, Lohoues MJ, Turgeon J, Bouthillier L, Morin CL. Elemental diet versus prednisone as initial therapy in Crohn’s disease: early and long-term results. Gastroenterology100, A250 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Heuschkel RB, Menache CC, Megerian JT, Baird AE. Enteral nutrition and corticosteroids in the treatment of acute Crohn’s disease in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.31, 8–15 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziechciarz P, Horvath A, Shamir R, Szajewska H. Meta-analysis: enteral nutrition in active Crohn’s disease in children. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.26(6), 795–806 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight C, El-Matary W, Spray C, Sandhu BK. Long-term outcome of nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Clin. Nutr.24, 775–779 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frøslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH; IBSEN Group. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology133(2), 412–422 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berni Canani R, Terrin G, Borrelli O et al. Short and long-term therapeutic efficacy of nutritional therapy and corticosteroids in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Dig. Liver Dis.38, 381–387 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fell JM, Paintin M, Arnaud-Battandier F et al. Mucosal healing and a fall in mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induced by a specific oral polymeric diet in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.14, 281–289 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breese EJ, Michie CA, Nicholls SW et al. The effect of treatment on lymphokine-secreting cells in the intestinal mucosa of children with Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.9, 547–552 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landi B, Anh TN, Cortot A et al. Endoscopic monitoring of Crohn’s disease treatment: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. The Groupe d’Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology102(5), 1647–1653 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modigliani R, Mary JY, Simon JF et al. Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn’s disease. Evolution on prednisolone. Groupe d’Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology98, 811–818 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruuska T, Savilahti E, Maki M, Ormala T, Visakorpi JK. Exclusive whole protein enteral diet versus prednisolone in the treatment of acute Crohn’s disease in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.19, 175–180 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby EA, Sawczenko A, Thomas AG, Wilson D. Interventions for growth failure in childhood Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.CD003873 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Hannon TS, Dimeglio LA, Pfefferkorn MD, Denne SC. Acute effects of enteral nutrition on protein turnover in adolescents with Crohn disease. Pediatr. Res.61, 356–360 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shamir R, Phillip M, Levine A. Growth retardation in pediatric Crohn’s disease: pathogenesis and interventions. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.13, 620–628 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitten KE, Leach ST, Bohane TD, Woodhead HJ, Day AS. Effect of exclusive enteral nutrition on bone turnover in children with Crohn’s disease. J. Gastroenterol.45(4), 399–405 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dear KLE, Compston JE, Hunter JO. Treatments for Crohn’s disease that minimise steroid doses are associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis. Clin. Nutr.20, 541–546 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson T, MacDonald S, Hill SM, Thomas A, Murphy MS. Treatment of active Crohn’s disease in children using partial enteral nutrition with liquid formula: a randomised controlled trial. Gut66, 356–361 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Falconer J. Food reintroduction following exclusive enteral nutrition in paediatric Crohn’s Disease. Comp. Nutr.9(2), 21–23 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Whitten KE, Day AS, Rogers P, Ooi CY. An international survey of enteral nutrition protocols used in children with Crohn’s disease. Presented at: 3rd World Congress of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Igazu Falls, Brazil, 16–20 August 2008 (Abstract P0816).
   Google Scholar
• Verma S, Kirkwood B, Brown S, Giaffer MH. Oral nutritional supplementation is effective in the maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Dig. Liver Dis.32, 769–774 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bamba T, Shimoyama T, Sasaki M et al. Dietary fat attenuates the benefits of an elemental diet in active Crohn’s disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.15, 151–157 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Krantz M, Bodin L, Stenhammar L, Lindquist B. Elemental versus polymeric enteral nutrition in paediatric Crohn’s disease: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Acta. Paediatr.93, 327–335 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gailhoustet L, Goulet O, Cachin N, Schmitz J. Study of psychological repercussions of 2 modes of treatment of adolescents with Crohn’s disease. Arch. Pediatr.9, 110–116 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilschanski M, Sherman P, Pencharz P et al. Supplementary enteral nutrition maintains remission in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Gut38, 543–548 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart M, Day AS, Otley A. Physician attitudes and practices of enteral nutrition as primary treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease in North America. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. (2010) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Day AS, Stephenson T, Stewart M, Otley AR. Exclusive enteral nutrition for children with Crohn’s disease: use in Australia and attitudes of Australian paediatric gastroenterologists. J. Paediatr. Child Health45, 337–341 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bannerjee K, Camacho-Hubner C, Babinska K et al. Anti-inflammatory and growth-stimulating effects precede nutritional restitution during enteral feeding in Crohn disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.38, 239–241 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otley AR, Murray A, Christensen B, Williams T, Rashid M, Ste-Marie M. Primary enetral nutrition induces and maintains remission and reduces steroid exposure in a paediatric Crohn’s disease population. Gastroenterology128(4), (Suppl. 2), W1053 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Riordan AM, Hunter JO, Cowan RE et al. Treatment of active Crohn’s disease by exclusion diet: East Anglian multicentre controlled trial. Lancet342(8880), 1131–1134 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shergill-Bonner R, Brennan M, Torrente F, Heuschkel R. Food reintroduction after exclusive enteral nutrition – a clinical experience. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.44, E36 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Belli DC, Seidman E, Bouthillier L et al. Chronic intermittent elemental diet improves growth failure in children with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology94, 603–610 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Verma S, Kirkwood B, Brown S, Giaffer MH. Oral nutritional supplementation is effective in the maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Dig. Liver Dis.32, 769–774 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harries AD, Jones LA, Danis V et al. Controlled trial of supplemented oral nutrition in Crohn’s disease. Lancet1(8330), 887–890 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi S, Utsunomiya K, Kuriyama S et al. Effectiveness of an ‘half elemental diet’ as maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease: a randomised-controlled trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.24, 1333–1340 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Nakahigashi M, Saniabadi AR et al. Impacts of long-term enteral nutrition on clinical and endoscopic disease activities and mucosal cytokines during remission in patients with Crohn’s disease: a prospective study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.13, 1493–1501 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esaki M, Matsumoto T, Hizawa K et al. Preventative effect of nutritional therapy against postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease, with reference to findings determined by intraoperative enteroscopy. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.40, 1431–1437 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Nakahigashi M, Umegae S, Kitagawa T, Matsumoto K. Impact of long-term enteral nutrition on clinical and endoscopic recurrence after resection for Crohn’s disease: a prospective, non-randomised, parallel, controlled study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.25, 67–72 (2006).
   Google Scholar