Recent advances in the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis

References

• Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 940–941 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel RJ, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. Curr. Opin. Pediatr.17, 690–694 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukkada V, Furuta GT, Atkins D et al. Feeding difficulties in children with eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases. Pediatrics126(3), e672–e677 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam PE. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: clinical manifestations. Gastrointest. Endoscopy Clin. N. Am.18, 11–23 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korsapati HR, Babaei A, Bhargava V et al. Dysfunction of the longitudinal muscles of the oesphagus in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gut58, 1056–1062 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straumann A, Spichtin HP, Grize L et al. Natural history of primary eosinophilic esophagitis: a followup of 30 adult patients for up to 11.5 years. Gastroenterology125, 1660–1669 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox VL, Nurko S, Futura GT. Eosinophilic esophagitis: it’s not just kid’s stuff. Gastrointest. Endosc.56, 260–270 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard C, Rothenberg ME. Basic pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest. Endoscopy Clin. N. Am.18, 133–143 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB et al. An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis. J. Clin. Invest.107, 83–90 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB et al. Interleukin-5 promotes eosinophil trafficking to the esophagus. J. Immunol.168, 2464–2469 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra A, Rothenberg ME. Intratracheal IL-13 induces eosinophilic esophagitis by an IL-5, eotaxin-1, and STAT6 dependent mechanism. Gastroenterology125, 1419–1427 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard C, Mishra A, Saito-Akei H et al. Inhibition of human interleukin-13-induced respiratory and oesophageal inflammation by anti-human-interleukin-13 antibody(CAT-354). Clin. Exp. Allergy35, 1096–1103 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg ME. Reviews in basic and clinical gastroenterology: biology and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology137, 1238–1249 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Bauer M, Fischer B et al. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with a T(H)2-type allergic inflammatory response. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.108(6), 954–961 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akei HS, Mishra A, Blanchard C et al. Epicutaneous antigen exposure primes for experimental eosinophilic esophagitis in mice. Gastroenterology129(3), 985–994 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akei HS, Brandt EB, Mishra A et al. Epicutaneous aeroallergen exposure induces systemic TH2 immunity that predisposes to allergic nasal responses. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.118(1), 62–69 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanchard C, Mingler MK, Vicario M et al. IL-13 involvement in eosinophilic esophagitis: transcriptome analysis and reversibility with glucocorticoids. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.120, 204–214 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard C, Wang N, Stringer KF et al. Eotaxin-3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Clin. Invest.116(2), 536–547 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard C, Mingler MK, McBride M et al. Periostin facilitates eosinophil tissue infiltration in allergic lung and esophageal responses. Mucosal Immunol.1, 289–296 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Regan GM, Sandilands A, McLean WH et al. Filaggrin in atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.122, 689–693 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallon PG, Sasaki T, Sandilands A et al. A homozygous frameshift mutation in the mouse Fig gene facilitates enhanced percutaneous allergen priming. Nat. Genet.41, 602–608 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell MD, Fairchild HR, Kim BE et al. TH2 cytokines act on S100/A11 to downregulate keratinocyte differentiation. J. Invest. Dermatol.128, 2248–2258 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum JE, Fox VL, Twarog FJ et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: immunopathological analysis and response to fluticasone proprionate. Gastroenterology122, 1216–1225 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucendo AJ, Navarro M, Comas C et al. Immunophenotypic characterization and quantification of the epithelial inflammatory infiltrate in eosinophilic esophagitis through stereology; an analysis of the cellular mechanisms of the disease and the immunologic capacity of the esophagus. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.31, 598–606 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicario M, Blanchard C, Stringer KF et al. Local B cells and IgE production in the esophageal mucosa in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gut59, 12–20 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard C, Stucke EM, Burwinkel K et al. Coordinate interaction between IL-13 and epithelial differentiation cluster genes in eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Immunol.184(7), 4033–4041 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg ME. Common variants at 5q22 associate with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Nat. Genet.42(4), 289–291 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aceves SS, Newbury RO, Dohil R et al. Esophageal remodeling in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.119, 206–212 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters HS, Madara JL, Stafford RJ et al. Intraepithelial eosinophils: a new diagnostic criterion for reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology83, 818–823 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spechler SJ, Genta RM, Souza RF. Thoughts on the complex relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis. Am. J. Gastroeneterol.102, 1301–1306 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology133, 1342–1363 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Untersmayr E, Jensen-Jarolim E. The effect of gastric digestion of food allergy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.6, 214–219 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Astwood JD, Leach JN, Fuchs RL. Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nat. Biotechnol.14, 1269–1273 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitellas KM, Bennett WF, Bova JG et al. Radiographic manifestations of eosinophilic gastronenteritis. Abdom. Imaging20(5), 406–413 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liacouras CA, Spergel JM, Richelli E et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a 10-year experience in 381 children. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.3(12), 1198–1206 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liacouras CA, Wenner W, Voytek T et al. Primary eosinophilic esophagitis in children: successful treatment with oral corticosteroids. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.26(4), 380–385 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liacouras CA. Pharmacologic treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest. Endoscopy Clin. N. Am.18, 169–178 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faubion W Jr, Perrault J, Burgart LJ et al. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with inhaled corticosteroids. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.27(1), 90–93 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Collin MH et al. Clinical and immunopathologic effects of swallowed fluticasone for eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2(7), 568–575 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konikoff MR, Noel RJ, Blanchard C et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluticasone proprionate for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology131(5), 1381–1391 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aceves SS, Furtua GT, Spechler SJ. Integrated approach to treatment of children and adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest. Endoscopy Clin. N. Am.18, 195–217 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caldwell JM, Blanchard C, Collins MH et al. Glucocorticoid-regulated genes in eosinophilic esophagitis: a role for FKBP51. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.125(4), 879–888 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aceves SS, Bastian JF, Newbury RO et al. Oral viscous budesonide: a potential new therapy for eosinphilic esophagitis in children. Am. J. Gastroenterol.102, 2271–2279 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aceves SS, Dahil R, Newbury RO et al. Topical viscous budesonide suspension for treatment of esosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.116(3), 705–706 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipworth BJ. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med.159, 941–955 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH et al. First International Gastrointestinal Eosinophil Research Symposium (FIGERS) Subcommittees. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology133(4), 1342–1363 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redondo-Cerezo E, Cabello MJ, González Y et al. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: our recent experience: one-year experience of atypical onset of an uncommon disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.36, 1358–1360 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netzer P, Gschossmann JM, Straumann A. Corticosteroid-dependent eosinophilic oesophagitis: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine can induce and maintain long-term remission. Eur. J. Gastro. Hepatol.19, 865–869 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Simon HU. Eosinophilic esophagitis: escalating epidemiology? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.115, 418–419 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon D, Braathen LR, Simon HU. Anti-interleukin-5-antibody therapy in eosinophilic diseases. Pathobiology72(6), 287–292 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart TK, Cook RM, Zia-Amirhosseini P et al. Preclinical efficacy and safety of mepolizumab (SB-240563), a humanized monoclonal antibody to IL-5, in cynomologus monkeys. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.108, 250–257 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett JK, Jameson SC, Thomson B et al. Anti-interleukin-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for hypereosinophilic syndromes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.113(1), 115–119 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein ML, Collins MH, Villanueva JM et al. Anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.118, 1312–1319 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conus S, Straumann A, Simon HU. Anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy does not alter IL-5 receptor α levels in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.123(1), 269; author reply 269–270 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straumann A, Conus S, Grzonka P et al. Anti-interleukin-5 antibody treatment (mepolizumab) in active eosinophilic oesophagitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Gut59(1), 21–30 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJ et al. A short term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor α for Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease cA2 Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.337, 1029–1035 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot MJ. Maini RN, Feldmann M et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor α (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet334, 1105–1110 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Erin EM, Leaker BR, Nicholson GC et al. The effects of a monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-α in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174(7), 753–762 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Bussmann C, Conus S et al. Anti-TNF-α (infliximab) therapy for severe adult eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.122(2), 425–427 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly K, Lazenby A, Rowe P et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid based formula. Gastroenterology109, 1503–1512 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield JD, Lang DM, Goldblum JR et al. The role of allergy evaluation in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.44(1), 22–27 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn T, Beausoleil JL et al. Predictive values for skin prick test and atopy patch test for eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.119, 509–511 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults and children: evidence for a food allergy component in many patients. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.7, 274–278 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kagalwalla AF, Sentongo TA, Ritz S et al. Effect of six-food elimination diet on clinical and histologic outcomes in eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.4(9), 1097–1102 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liacouras CA, Spergel JM, Ruchelli E et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a 10 year experience in 381 children. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.3, 1198–1206 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz JE, Spergel JM, Ruchelli E et al. Elemental diet is an effective treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adolescents. Am. J. Gastroenterol.98, 777–782 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spergel JM, Shuker M. Nutritional management of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest. Endoscopy Clin. N. Am.18, 179–194 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spechler SJ. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Gastroenterology117, 229–232 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucendo AJ, De Rezende L. Endoscopic dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: a treatment strategy associated with a high risk of perforation. Endoscopy39, 376 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgouros SN, Bergele C, Mantides A. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: a systematic review. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.18, 211–217 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoepfer A, Straumann A, Hirano I et al. Esophageal dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: effectiveness, safety, and impact on the underlying inflammation. Am. J. Gastroenterol.24, 1–9 (2009).
   Google Scholar