Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes: a view on human in vivo findings

References

• Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Hakkola J, Honkakoski P, Hukkanen J, Raunio H. Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: current status. Arch. Toxicol. 82(10), 667–715 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kola I. The state of innovation in drug development. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83(2), 227–230 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran JQ, Kovacs SJ, McIntosh TS, Davis HM, Martin DE. Morning spot and 24-hour urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol to cortisol ratios: intraindividual variability and correlation under basal conditions and conditions of CYP 3A4 induction. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39(5), 487–494 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Lin JH. CYP induction-mediated drug interactions: in vitro assessment and clinical implications. Pharm. Res. 23(6), 1089–1116 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahmi OA, Kish M, Boldt S, Obach RS. Cytochrome P450 3A4 mRNA is a more reliable marker than CYP3A4 activity for detecting pregnane X receptor-activated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 38(9), 1605–1611 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polasek TM, Lin FP, Miners JO, Doogue MP. Perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions arising from altered cytochrome P450 activity: a criteria-based assessment. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 71(5), 727–736 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebert DW, Dalton TP, Okey AB, Gonzalez FJ. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction of the CYP1 enzymes in environmental toxicity and cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 279(23), 23847–23850 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarikoski ST, Rivera SP, Hankinson O, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. CYP2S1: a short review. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207(Suppl. 2), 62–69 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fritsche E, Schäfer C, Calles C et al. Lightening up the UV response by identification of the arylhydrocarbon receptor as a cytoplasmatic target for ultraviolet B radiation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104(21), 8851–8856 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opitz CA, Litzenburger UM, Sahm F et al. An endogenous tumour-promoting ligand of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nature 478(7368), 197–203 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi J, Mori Y, Matsui S et al. Indirubin and indigo are potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands present in human urine. J. Biol. Chem. 276(34), 31475–31478 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison MS, Nagy SR. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 43, 309–334 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song X, Xie M, Zhang H, Li Y, Sachdeva K, Yan B. The pregnane X receptor binds to response elements in a genomic context-dependent manner, and PXR activator rifampicin selectively alters the binding among target genes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 32(1), 35–42 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima K, Nagata K, Matsubara T, Yamazoe Y. Broad but distinct role of pregnane x receptor on the expression of individual cytochrome P450s in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 22(4), 276–286 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miki Y, Suzuki T, Tazawa C, Blumberg B, Sasano H. Steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), cytochrome P450 3A4 and multidrug resistance gene 1 in human adult and fetal tissues. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 231(1–2), 75–85 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihunnah CA, Jiang M, Xie W. Nuclear receptor PXR, transcriptional circuits and metabolic relevance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1812(8), 956–963 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TK, Waxman DJ. Synthetic drugs and natural products as modulators of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Drug Metab. Rev. 38(1–2), 51–73 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima H, Sata F, Takeuchi S, Sueyoshi T, Nagai T. Comparative study of human and mouse pregnane X receptor agonistic activity in 200 pesticides using in vitro reporter gene assays. Toxicology 280(3), 77–87 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burk O, Koch I, Raucy J et al. The induction of cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) in the human liver and intestine is mediated by the xenobiotic sensors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutively activated receptor (CAR). J. Biol. Chem. 279(37), 38379–38385 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson SS, Chen Y, LeCluyse EL, Negishi M, Goldstein JA. Human CYP2C8 is transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha. Mol. Pharmacol. 68(3), 747–757 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortham M, Czerwinski M, He L, Parkinson A, Wan YJ. Expression of constitutive androstane receptor, hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha, and P450 oxidoreductase genes determines interindividual variability in basal expression and activity of a broad scope of xenobiotic metabolism genes in the human liver. Drug Metab. Dispos. 35(9), 1700–1710 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura M, Naito S, Yokoi T. Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of human nuclear receptor subfamilies. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 19(2), 135–149 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tolson AH, Wang H. Regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes by xenobiotic receptors: PXR and CAR. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62(13), 1238–1249 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Wang K, Wan YJ. Retinoids activate RXR/CAR-mediated pathway and induce CYP3A. Biochem. Pharmacol. 79(2), 270–276 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Mendy AJ, Dai G, Luo HR, He L, Wan YJ. Retinoids activate the RXR/SXR-mediated pathway and induce the endogenous CYP3A4 activity in Huh7 human hepatoma cells. Toxicol. Sci. 92(1), 51–60 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt-Hoffmann AH, Roos B, Sauer J et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between alitretinoin and ketoconazole or simvastatin or ciclosporin A. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 36(Suppl. 2), 24–28 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakelee HA, Takimoto CH, Lopez-Anaya A et al. The effect of bexarotene on atorvastatin pharmacokinetics: results from a Phase I trial of bexarotene plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 69(2), 563–571 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adedoyin A, Stiff DD, Smith DC et al. All-trans-retinoic acid modulation of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities: investigation with selective metabolic drug probes. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 41(2), 133–139 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi E, Fukami T, Itoh M et al. Human CYP2A6 is induced by estrogen via estrogen receptor. Drug Metab. Dispos. 35(10), 1935–1941 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz NL, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Swan GE, Jacob P 3rd. Female sex and oral contraceptive use accelerate nicotine metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 79(5), 480–488 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin I, Gasior MJ, Moolchan ET. Sex-based and hormonal contraception effects on the metabolism of nicotine among adolescent tobacco-dependent smokers. Nicotine Tob. Res. 9(4), 493–498 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinues B, Fanlo A, Mayayo E et al. CYP2A6 activity in a healthy Spanish population: effect of age, sex, smoking, and oral contraceptives. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 27(5), 367–372 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulmurugan R, Tamrazi A, Massoud TF, Katzenellenbogen JA, Gambhir SS. In vitro and in vivo molecular imaging of estrogen receptor a and ß homo- and heterodimerization: exploration of new modes of receptor regulation. Mol. Endocrinol. 25(12), 2029–2040 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Burns KA, Li Y, Arao Y, Petrovich RM, Korach KS. Selective mutations in estrogen receptor alpha D-domain alters nuclear translocation and non-estrogen response element gene regulatory mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 286(14), 12640–12649 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicolaides NC, Galata Z, Kino T, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. The human glucocorticoid receptor: molecular basis of biologic function. Steroids 75(1), 1–12 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascussi JM, Drocourt L, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Fabre JM, Maurel P, Vilarem MJ. Dual effect of dexamethasone on CYP3A4 gene expression in human hepatocytes. Sequential role of glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 268(24), 6346–6358 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pascussi JM, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Duret C, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Vilarem MJ, Maurel P. The tangle of nuclear receptors that controls xenobiotic metabolism and transport: crosstalk and consequences. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 48, 1–32 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat M, Pascussi JM, Pichard-Garcia L, Vilarem MJ, Maurel P. Transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 gene. Role of glucocorticoid receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 277(1), 209–217 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Ferguson SS, Negishi M, Goldstein JA. Identification of constitutive androstane receptor and glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in the CYP2C19 promoter. Mol. Pharmacol. 64(2), 316–324 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hukkanen J, Väisänen T, Lassila A et al. Regulation of CYP3A5 by glucocorticoids and cigarette smoke in human lung-derived cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 304(2), 745–752 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga T, Maruyama M, Harada E et al. Expression and induction of CYP3As in human fetal hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 318(2), 428–434 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck EJ, Pantuck CB, Garland WA et al. Stimulatory effect of brussels sprouts and cabbage on human drug metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 25(1), 88–95 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed GA, Peterson KS, Smith HJ et al. A phase I study of indole-3-carbinol in women: tolerability and effects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14(8), 1953–1960 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck EJ, Kuntzman R, Conney AH. Decreased concentration of phenacetin in plasma of cigarette smokers. Science 175(4027), 1248–1250 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt SN, Jusko WJ, Yurchak AM. Effect of smoking on theophylline disposition. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 19(5 Pt 1), 546–551 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck EJ, Hsiao KC, Conney AH et al. Effect of charcoal-broiled beef on phenacetin metabolism in man. Science 194(4269), 1055–1057 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappas A, Alvares AP, Anderson KE et al. Effect of charcoal-broiled beef on antipyrine and theophylline metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 23(4), 445–450 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana RJ, Lown KS, Paine MF et al. Effects of a chargrilled meat diet on expression of CYP3A, CYP1A, and P-glycoprotein levels in healthy volunteers. Gastroenterology 117(1), 89–98 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn EP, Tucker MA, Lambert G et al. A study of gender-based cytochrome P4501A2 variability: a possible mechanism for the male excess of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 4(5), 529–533 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djordjevic N, Ghotbi R, Bertilsson L, Jankovic S, Aklillu E. Induction of CYP1A2 by heavy coffee consumption in Serbs and Swedes. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 64(4), 381–385 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham K, Geusau A, Tosun Y, Helge H, Bauer S, Brockmöller J. Severe 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: insights into the measurement of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A2 induction. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72(2), 163–174 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Rothman N, Brown ED et al. Pan-fried meat containing high levels of heterocyclic aromatic amines but low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induces cytochrome P4501A2 activity in humans. Cancer Res. 54(23), 6154–6159 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert GH, Schoeller DA, Humphrey HE et al. The caffeine breath test and caffeine urinary metabolite ratios in the Michigan cohort exposed to polybrominated biphenyls: a preliminary study. Environ. Health Perspect. 89, 175–181 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald EF, Hwang SA, Lambert G, Gomez M, Tarbell A. PCB exposure and in vivo CYP1A2 activity among Native Americans. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(3), 272–277 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz D, Fabre I, Daujat M et al. Omeprazole is an aryl hydrocarbon-like inducer of human hepatic cytochrome P450. Gastroenterology 99(3), 737–747 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rost KL, Brösicke H, Heinemeyer G, Roots I. Specific and dose-dependent enzyme induction by omeprazole in human beings. Hepatology 20(5), 1204–1212 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G, Ibbotson SH, Comrie MM et al. Regulation of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes and cytoprotective gene expression by topical drugs in human skin in vivo. Br. J. Dermatol. 155(2), 275–281 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lønning E, Kvinnsland S, Bakke OM. Effect of aminoglutethimide on antipyrine, theophylline, and digitoxin disposition in breast cancer. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 36(6), 796–802 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Pieniaszek HJ Jr, Davidson AF, Benedek IH. Effect of moricizine on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose theophylline in healthy subjects. Ther. Drug Monit. 15(3), 199–203 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Kirby BJ, Collier AC, Kharasch ED et al. Complex drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors 2: in vivo induction and in vitro to in vivo correlation of induction of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2B6, and 2C9 by ritonavir or nelfinavir. Drug Metab. Dispos. 39(12), 2329–2337 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson RA, Miners JO, Wing LM, Birkett DJ. Theophylline-rifampicin interaction: non-selective induction of theophylline metabolic pathways. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 18(3), 445–448 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wietholtz H, Zysset T, Marschall HU, Generet K, Matern S. The influence of rifampin treatment on caffeine clearance in healthy man. J. Hepatol. 22(1), 78–81 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Backman JT, Granfors MT, Neuvonen PJ. Rifampicin is only a weak inducer of CYP1A2-mediated presystemic and systemic metabolism: studies with tizanidine and caffeine. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 62(6), 451–461 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu A, Granneman GR, Bertz RJ. Ritonavir. Clinical pharmacokinetics and interactions with other anti-HIV agents. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 35(4), 275–291 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penzak SR, Hon YY, Lawhorn WD, Shirley KL, Spratlin V, Jann MW. Influence of ritonavir on olanzapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 22(4), 366–370 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkett DJ, Miners JO, Attwood J. Evidence for a dual action of sulphinpyrazone on drug metabolism in man: theophylline-sulphinpyrazone interaction. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15(5), 567–569 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landay RA, Gonzalez MA, Taylor JC. Effect of phenobarbital on theophylline disposition. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 62(1), 27–29 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlqvist R, Steiner E, Koike Y, von Bahr C, Lind M, Billing B. Induction of theophylline metabolism by pentobarbital. Ther. Drug Monit. 11(4), 408–410 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Lucas RA, Gilfillan DJ, Bergstrom RF. A pharmacokinetic interaction between carbamazepine and olanzapine: observations on possible mechanism. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 54(8), 639–643 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker AC, Pritchard P, Preston T, Choonara I. Induction of CYP1A2 activity by carbamazepine in children using the caffeine breath test. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 45(2), 176–178 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wietholtz H, Zysset T, Kreiten K, Kohl D, Büchsel R, Matern S. Effect of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid on caffeine metabolism. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36(4), 401–406 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller M, Cosgriff J, Kwong T, Morken DA. Influence of phenytoin on theophylline clearance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 35(5), 666–669 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscarson M, Zanger UM, Rifki OF, Klein K, Eichelbaum M, Meyer UA. Transcriptional profiling of genes induced in the livers of patients treated with carbamazepine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 80(5), 440–456 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maglich JM, Stoltz CM, Goodwin B, Hawkins-Brown D, Moore JT, Kliewer SA. Nuclear pregnane x receptor and constitutive androstane receptor regulate overlapping but distinct sets of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification. Mol. Pharmacol. 62(3), 638–646 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto J, Alsar MJ. A pilot study of the effect of antipyrine on caffeine kinetics in six healthy volunteer subjects. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 22(3), 191–195 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang TK, Chen J, Pillay V, Ho JY, Bandiera SM. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of CYP1B1 gene expression in human liver. Toxicol. Sci. 71(1), 11–19 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkola J, Pelkonen O, Pasanen M, Raunio H. Xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in the human feto-placental unit: role in intrauterine toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 28(1), 35–72 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hukkanen J, Pelkonen O, Hakkola J, Raunio H. Expression and regulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in human lung. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 32(5), 391–411 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huuskonen P, Storvik M, Reinisalo M et al. Microarray analysis of the global alterations in the gene expression in the placentas from cigarette-smoking mothers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83(4), 542–550 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi AC, Appleton K, Henriod JB et al. Differential induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 by benzo[a]pyrene in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and by tobacco smoking in oral mucosa. Oral Oncol. 45(11), 980–985 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucier GW, Nelson KG, Everson RB et al. Placental markers of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ. Health Perspect. 76, 79–87 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar SK, Matsui MS, Mukhtar H. Ultraviolet-B exposure of human skin induces cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1. J Invest. Dermatol. 114(2), 328–333 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanaoka T, Yamano Y, Pan G et al. Cytochrome P450 1B1 mRNA levels in peripheral blood cells and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Chinese coke oven workers. Sci. Total Environ. 296(1–3), 27–33 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu SW, Chen CC, Kuo CY, Lin WH, Lin P. Increased cytochrome P4501B1 gene expression in peripheral leukocytes of municipal waste incinerator workers. Toxicol. Lett. 160(2), 112–120 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell WM, Scheiman JM, Traber PG. Induction of cytochrome P450IA genes (CYP1A) by omeprazole in the human alimentary tract. Gastroenterology 103(5), 1509–1516 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Xiao P, Ou-Yang DS et al. Simultaneous action of the flavonoid quercetin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2A6, N-acetyltransferase and xanthine oxidase activity in healthy volunteers. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 36(8), 828–833 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Xiao CQ, He YJ et al. Genistein alters caffeine exposure in healthy female volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 67(4), 347–353 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asimus S, Hai TN, Van Huong N, Ashton M. Artemisinin and CYP2A6 activity in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 64(3), 283–292 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Williams JM, Gandhi KK, Benowitz NL. Carbamazepine but not valproate induces CYP2A6 activity in smokers with mental illness. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19(10), 2582–2589 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kyerematen GA, Morgan M, Warner G, Martin LF, Vesell ES. Metabolism of nicotine by hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40(8), 1747–1756 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamano S, Tatsuno J, Gonzalez FJ. The CYP2A3 gene product catalyzes coumarin 7-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Biochemistry 29(5), 1322–1329 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashman JR, Park SB, Yang ZC, Wrighton SA, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL. Metabolism of nicotine by human liver microsomes: stereoselective formation of trans-nicotine N’-oxide. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5(5), 639–646 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh M, Nakajima M, Higashi E et al. Induction of human CYP2A6 is mediated by the pregnane X receptor with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 319(2), 693–702 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Cortés LF, Ruiz-Valderas R, Viciana P et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 41(9), 681–690 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loboz KK, Gross AS, Williams KM et al. Cytochrome P450 2B6 activity as measured by bupropion hydroxylation: effect of induction by rifampin and ethnicity. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 80(1), 75–84 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharasch ED, Mitchell D, Coles R, Blanco R. Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(5), 1663–1669 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei HP, Yu XY, Xie HT et al. Effect of St. John’s wort supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy male Chinese volunteers. Xenobiotica. 40(4), 275–281 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore LB, Goodwin B, Jones SA et al. St. John’s wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97(13), 7500–7502 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsson US, Jansson B, Hai TN, Huong DX, Tybring G, Ashton M. Artemisinin autoinduction is caused by involvement of cytochrome P450 2B6 but not 2C9. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 74(1), 32–43 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsherbiny DA, Asimus SA, Karlsson MO, Ashton M, Simonsson US. A model based assessment of the CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 inductive properties by artemisinin antimalarials: implications for combination regimens. J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn. 35(2), 203–217 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketter TA, Jenkins JB, Schroeder DH et al. Carbamazepine but not valproate induces bupropion metabolism. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 15(5), 327–333 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji P, Damle B, Xie J, Unger SE, Grasela DM, Kaul S. Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and carbamazepine after multiple-dose administration in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48(8), 948–956 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson SM, Maldarelli F, Natarajan V, Formentini E, Alfaro RM, Penzak SR. Efavirenz induces CYP2B6-mediated hydroxylation of bupropion in healthy subjects. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 49(5), 513–519 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngaimisi E, Mugusi S, Minzi OM et al. Long-term efavirenz autoinduction and its effect on plasma exposure in HIV patients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 88(5), 676–684 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jao JY, Jusko WJ, Cohen JL. Phenobarbital effects on cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics in man. Cancer Res. 32(12), 2761–2764 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery JT, Kalhorn TF, McDonald GB et al. Conditioning regimen-dependent disposition of cyclophosphamide and hydroxycyclophosphamide in human marrow transplantation patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(5), 1484–1494 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams ML, Wainer IW, Embree L, Barnett M, Granvil CL, Ducharme MP. Enantioselective induction of cyclophosphamide metabolism by phenytoin. Chirality 11(7), 569–574 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saussele T, Burk O, Blievernicht JK et al. Selective induction of human hepatic cytochromes P450 2B6 and 3A4 by metamizole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 82(3), 265–274 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan L, Wang JC, Jiang F et al. Induction of cytochrome P450 2B6 activity by the herbal medicine baicalin as measured by bupropion hydroxylation. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 65(4), 403–409 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Lin G, Zuo Z. Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics properties of Radix Scutellariae and its bioactive flavones. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 32(8), 427–445 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akao T, Kawabata K, Yanagisawa E et al. Baicalin, the predominant flavone glucuronide of scutellariae radix, is absorbed from the rat gastrointestinal tract as the aglycone and restored to its original form. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 52(12), 1563–1568 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Wang Q, Yao X. Induction of CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression by baicalin, baicalein, chlorogenic acid, and ginsenoside Rf through constitutive androstane receptor- and pregnane X receptor-mediated pathways. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 640(1–3), 46–54 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Kivistö KT. Rifampin decreases the plasma concentrations and effects of repaglinide. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 68(5), 495–500 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JY, Kim KA, Kang MH, Kim SL, Shin JG. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 75(3), 157–162 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ. Effects of trimethoprim and rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of the cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate rosiglitazone. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 76(3), 239–249 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 61(1), 70–78 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser H, Drescher S, Eichelbaum M, Fromm MF. Influence of rifampicin on the expression and function of human intestinal cytochrome P450 enzymes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 59(2), 199–206 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lønning PE, Kvinnsland S, Jahren G. Aminoglutethimide and warfarin. A new important drug interaction. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 12(1), 10–12 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Lønning PE, Ueland PM, Kvinnsland S. The influence of a graded dose schedule of aminoglutethimide on the disposition of the optical enantiomers of warfarin in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 17(2), 177–181 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Shadle CR, Lee Y, Majumdar AK et al. Evaluation of potential inductive effects of aprepitant on cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C9 activity. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44(3), 215–223 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depré M, Van Hecken A, Oeyen M et al. Effect of aprepitant on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 61(5–6), 341–346 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahi J, Stern RH, Milad MA et al. Effects of avasimibe on cytochrome P450 2C9 expression in vitro and in vivo. Drug Metab. Dispos. 32(12), 1370–1376 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Weber C, Banken L, Birnboeck H, Schulz R. Effect of the endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39(8), 847–854 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Giersbergen PL, Treiber A, Clozel M, Bodin F, Dingemanse J. In vivo and in vitro studies exploring the pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, and glyburide. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 71(4), 253–262 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Corn M. Effect of phenobarbital and glutethimide on biological half-life of warfarin. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 16(3), 606–612 (1966).
   Google Scholar
• Udall JA. Clinical implications of warfarin interactions with five sedatives. Am. J. Cardiol. 35(1), 67–71 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly RA. Interaction of sodium warfarin and rifampin. Studies in man. Ann. Intern. Med. 81(3), 337–340 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilly W, Breimer DD, Richter E. Induction of drug metabolism in man after rifampicin treatment measured by increased hexobarbital and tolbutamide clearance. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 9(2–3), 219–227 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson KM, Patterson JH, McQueen RH, Adams KF Jr, Pieper JA. Effects of erythromycin or rifampin on losartan pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 63(3), 316–323 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim ML, Min SS, Eron JJ et al. Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and phenytoin results in two-way drug interaction through cytochrome P-450 induction. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 36(5), 1034–1040 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh RF, Gaver VE, Patterson KB et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir induces the hepatic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 but inhibits the hepatic and intestinal activity of CYP3A as measured by a phenotyping drug cocktail in healthy volunteers. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 42(1), 52–60 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS et al. Effect of St John’s wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57(5), 592–599 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Blair EY, McLachlan AJ. Investigation of the effects of herbal medicines on warfarin response in healthy subjects: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46(11), 1370–1378 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breckenridge A, Orme M. Clinical implications of enzyme induction. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 179, 421–431 (1971).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orme M, Breckenridge A. Enantiomers of warfarin and phenobarbital. N. Engl. J. Med. 295(26), 1482–1483 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida N, Oda Y, Nishi S et al. Effect of barbiturate therapy on phenytoin pharmacokinetics. Crit. Care Med. 21(10), 1514–1522 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Lai ML, Lin TS, Huang JD. Effect of single- and multiple-dose carbamazepine on the pharmacokinetics of diphenylhydantoin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43(2), 201–203 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Herman D, Locatelli I, Grabnar I et al. The influence of co-treatment with carbamazepine, amiodarone and statins on warfarin metabolism and maintenance dose. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 62(4), 291–296 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson RG, Hooper WD, Patterson M, Eadie MJ, Maguire B. Extent of urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenytoin in healthy subjects given phenytoin. Ther. Drug Monit. 7(3), 283–289 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty M, Miller R, Seymour MA. Phenytoin auto-induction. Ther. Drug Monit. 20(1), 60–62 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Zhou HH, Anthony LB, Wood AJ, Wilkinson GR. Induction of polymorphic 4’-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin by rifampicin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 30(3), 471–475 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumond JB, Vourvahis M, Rezk NL et al. A phenotype-genotype approach to predicting CYP450 and p-glycoprotein drug interactions with the mixed inhibitor/inducer tipranavir/ritonavir. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 87(6), 735–742 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LS, Zhou G, Zhu B et al. St John’s wort induces both cytochrome P450 3A4-catalyzed sulfoxidation and 2C19-dependent hydroxylation of omeprazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 75(3), 191–197 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LS, Zhu B, Abd El-Aty AM et al. The influence of St John’s wort on CYP2C19 activity with respect to genotype. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44(6), 577–581 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson US, Ashton M, Trinh NH et al. Artemisinin induces omeprazole metabolism in human beings. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 64(2), 160–167 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara K, Svensson US, Tybring G, Hai TN, Bertilsson L, Ashton M. Stereospecific analysis of omeprazole supports artemisinin as a potent inducer of CYP2C19. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 13(6), 671–675 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asimus S, Elsherbiny D, Hai TN et al. Artemisinin antimalarials moderately affect cytochrome P450 enzyme activity in healthy subjects. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 21(3), 307–316 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan L, Wang G, Wang LS et al. Herbal medicine yin zhi huang induces CYP3A4-mediated sulfoxidation and CYP2C19-dependent hydroxylation of omeprazole. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 28(10), 1685–1692 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter E, Breimer DD, Zilly W. Disposition of hexobarbital in intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis in man and the influence of drug metabolism-inducing agents. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 17(3), 197–202 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemeyer G, Gramm HJ, Simgen W, Dennhardt R, Roots I. Kinetics of hexobarbital and dipyrone in critical care patients receiving high-dose pentobarbital. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32(3), 273–277 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud V, Ogburn E, Thong N et al. Induction of CYP2C19 and CYP3A activity following repeated administration of efavirenz in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 91(3), 475–482 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Lecamwasam DS, Franklin C, Turner P. Effect of phenobarbitone on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and urinary d-glucaric acid excretion in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2(3), 257–262 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnhaus EE, Park BK, Colombo JP, Heizmann P. The effect of enzyme induction on diazepam metabolism in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 8(6), 557–563 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnhaus EE, Brockmeyer N, Dylewicz P, Habicht H. The effect of antipyrine and rifampin on the metabolism of diazepam. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 42(2), 148–156 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellens JH, van der Wart JH, Brugman M, Breimer DD. Influence of enzyme induction and inhibition on the oxidation of nifedipine, sparteine, mephenytoin and antipyrine in humans as assessed by a “cocktail” study design. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 249(2), 638–645 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadama A, Ieiri I, Morita T et al. P-hydroxylation of phenobarbital: relationship to (S)-mephenytoin hydroxylation (CYP2C19) polymorphism. Ther. Drug Monit. 23(2), 115–118 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederbaum AI. CYP2E1 – biochemical and toxicological aspects and role in alcohol-induced liver injury. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 73(4), 657–672 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badger TM, Huang J, Ronis M, Lumpkin CK. Induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 during chronic ethanol exposure occurs via transcription of the CYP 2E1 gene when blood alcohol concentrations are high. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190(3), 780–785 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrot N, Nalpas B, Yang CS, Beaune PH. Modulation of cytochrome P450 isozymes in human liver, by ethanol and drug intake. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 19(6), 549–555 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi M, Lasker JM, Shimizu M, Rosman AS, Lieber CS. The intralobular distribution of ethanol-inducible P450IIE1 in rat and human liver. Hepatology 10(4), 437–446 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Lasker JM, Rosman AS, Lieber CS. Induction of cytochrome P-4502E1 in the human liver by ethanol is caused by a corresponding increase in encoding messenger RNA. Hepatology 17(2), 236–245 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girre C, Lucas D, Hispard E, Menez C, Dally S, Menez JF. Assessment of cytochrome P4502E1 induction in alcoholic patients by chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47(9), 1503–1508 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oneta CM, Lieber CS, Li J et al. Dynamics of cytochrome P4502E1 activity in man: induction by ethanol and disappearance during withdrawal phase. J. Hepatol. 36(1), 47–52 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raucy JL, Schultz ED, Wester MR et al. Human lymphocyte cytochrome P450 2E1, a putative marker for alcohol-mediated changes in hepatic chlorzoxazone activity. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25(12), 1429–1435 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raucy JL, Schultz ED, Kearins MC et al. CYP2E1 expression in human lymphocytes from various ethnic populations. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 23(12), 1868–1874 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed A, Hines RN, McCarver-May DG. Variation in induction of human placental CYP2E1: possible role in susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome? Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144(2), 396–400 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millonig G, Wang Y, Homann N et al. Ethanol-mediated carcinogenesis in the human esophagus implicates CYP2E1 induction and the generation of carcinogenic DNA-lesions. Int. J. Cancer 128(3), 533–540 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazze RI, Woodruff RE, Heerdt ME. Isoniazid-induced enflurane defluorination in humans. Anesthesiology 57(1), 5–8 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zand R, Nelson SD, Slattery JT et al. Inhibition and induction of cytochrome P4502E1-catalyzed oxidation by isoniazid in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 54(2), 142–149 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shea D, Kim RB, Wilkinson GR. Modulation of CYP2E1 activity by isoniazid in rapid and slow N-acetylators. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43(1), 99–103 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien JY, Peter RM, Nolan CM et al. Influence of polymorphic N-acetyltransferase phenotype on the inhibition and induction of acetaminophen bioactivation with long-term isoniazid. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 61(1), 24–34 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Prieto-Castelló MJ, Cardona A, Marhuenda D, Roel JM, Corno A. Use of the CYP2E1 genotype and phenotype for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to styrene. Toxicol. Lett. 192(1), 34–39 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Wongvijitsuk S, Navasumrit P, Vattanasit U, Parnlob V, Ruchirawat M. Low level occupational exposure to styrene: its effects on DNA damage and DNA repair. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 214(2), 127–137 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Cantú A, Castorena-Torres F, Bermúdez de León M et al. Occupational toluene exposure induces cytochrome P450 2E1 mRNA expression in peripheral lymphocytes. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(4), 494–499 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz NL, Peng M, Jacob P 3rd. Effects of cigarette smoking and carbon monoxide on chlorzoxazone and caffeine metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 74(5), 468–474 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyama T, Sugio K, Uramoto H et al. Increased cytochrome P450 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in bronchial epithelium of heavy smokers with non-small cell lung carcinoma carries a poor prognosis. Front. Biosci. 12, 4497–4503 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard LA, Miksys S, Hoffmann E, Mash D, Tyndale RF. Brain CYP2E1 is induced by nicotine and ethanol in rat and is higher in smokers and alcoholics. Br. J. Pharmacol. 138(7), 1376–1386 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyamfi MA, Kocsis MG, He L, Dai G, Mendy AJ, Wan YJ. The role of retinoid X receptor alpha in regulating alcohol metabolism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 319(1), 360–368 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Y, Dai T, Ao Y et al. Cytochrome P450 genes are differentially expressed in female and male hepatocyte retinoid X receptor alpha-deficient mice. Endocrinology 144(6), 2311–2318 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72(3), 276–287 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA et al. Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: St John’s wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba. Drugs Aging 22(6), 525–539 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G, Wolf CR, Deeni YY et al. Cutaneous expression of cytochrome P450 CYP2S1: individuality in regulation by therapeutic agents for psoriasis and other skin diseases. Lancet 361(9366), 1336–1343 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou SF. Drugs behave as substrates, inhibitors and inducers of human cytochrome P450 3A4. Curr. Drug Metab. 9(4), 310–322 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamba JK, Lin YS, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE. Genetic contribution to variable human CYP3A-mediated metabolism. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54(10), 1271–1294 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klosterskov Jensen P, Saano V, Haring P, Svenstrup B, Menge GP. Possible interaction between oxcarbazepine and an oral contraceptive. Epilepsia 33(6), 1149–1152 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Zaccara G, Gangemi PF, Bendoni L, Menge GP, Schwabe S, Monza GC. Influence of single and repeated doses of oxcarbazepine on the pharmacokinetic profile of felodipine. Ther. Drug Monit. 15(1), 39–42 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen AH, Brøsen K, Damkier P. A comparative pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers of the effect of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine on cyp3a4. Epilepsia 48(3), 490–496 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld WE, Doose DR, Walker SA, Nayak RK. Effect of topiramate on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 38(3), 317–323 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schöller-Gyüre M, Kakuda TN, Raoof A, De Smedt G, Hoetelmans RM. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etravirine. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 48(9), 561–574 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu A, Granneman GR, Witt G et al. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(5), 898–905 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet D, Hsu A, Qian J et al. Effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl oestradiol in healthy female volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46(2), 111–116 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahi J, Milad MA, Zheng X et al. Avasimibe induces CYP3A4 and multiple drug resistance protein 1 gene expression through activation of the pregnane X receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306(3), 1027–1034 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber C, Schmitt R, Birnboeck H et al. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in healthy male volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39(7), 703–714 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingemanse J, Schaarschmidt D, van Giersbergen PL. Investigation of the mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, and simvastatin. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42(3), 293–301 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemeyer G, Roots I, Lestau P, Klaiber HR, Dennhardt R. d-Glucaric acid excretion in critical care patients – comparison with 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion and serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and relation to multiple drug therapy. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 21(1), 9–18 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe T, Island DP, Ney RL, Liddle GW. An effect of O,P’-ddd on the extra-adrenal metabolism of cortisol in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 24, 1303–1311 (1964).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Erp NP, Guchelaar HJ, Ploeger BA, Romijn JA, Hartigh J, Gelderblom H. Mitotane has a strong and a durable inducing effect on CYP3A4 activity. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 164(4), 621–626 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu T, Akimoto K, Yoshimura T et al. Autoinduction of MKC-963 [®-1-(1-cyclohexylethylamino)-4-phenylphthalazine] metabolism in healthy volunteers and its retrospective evaluation using primary human hepatocytes and cDNA-expressed enzymes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(6), 950–954 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Shum L, Pieniaszek HJ Jr, Robinson CA et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions of moricizine and diltiazem in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36(12), 1161–1168 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Lang CC, Jamal SK, Mohamed Z, Mustafa MR, Mustafa AM, Lee TC. Evidence of an interaction between nifedipine and nafcillin in humans. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 55(6), 588–590 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntzman R, Jacobson M, Conney AH. Effect of phenylbutazone on cortisol metabolism in man. Pharmacologist 8, 195 (1966).
   Google Scholar
• Walter E, Staiger C, de Vries J et al. Enhanced drug metabolism after sulfinpyrazone treatment in patients aged 50 to 60 years. Klin. Wochenschr. 60(22), 1409–1413 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Staiger C, Schlicht F, Walter E et al. Effect of single and multiple doses of sulphinpyrazone on antipyrine metabolism and urinary excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 25(6), 797–801 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing LM, Miners JO, Lillywhite KJ. Verapamil disposition – effects of sulphinpyrazone and cimetidine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 19(3), 385–391 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perucca E, Grimaldi R, Frigo GM, Sardi A, Mönig H, Ohnhaus EE. Comparative effects of rifabutin and rifampicin on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in normal subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 34(6), 595–599 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barditch-Crovo P, Trapnell CB, Ette E et al. The effects of rifampin and rifabutin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 65(4), 428–438 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnhaus EE, Park BK. Measurement of urinary 6-beta-hydroxycortisol excretion as an in vivo parameter in the clinical assessment of the microsomal enzyme-inducing capacity of antipyrine, phenobarbitone and rifampicin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15(2), 139–145 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister WA, Thompson PJ, Al-Habet SM, Rogers HJ. Rifampicin reduces effectiveness and bioavailability of prednisolone. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed). 286(6369), 923–925 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmingham AT, Coleman AJ, Orme ML et al. Antibacterial activity in serum and urine following oral administration in man of DL473 (a cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin) [proceedings]. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 6(5), 455P–456P (1978).
   Google Scholar
• Vital Durand D, Hampden C, Boobis AR, Park BK, Davies DS. Induction of mixed function oxidase activity in man by rifapentine (MDL 473), a long-acting rifamycin derivative. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 21(1), 1–7 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Koup JR, Anderson GD, Loi CM. Effect of troglitazone on urinary excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 38(9), 815–818 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loi CM, Stern R, Koup JR, Vassos AB, Knowlton P, Sedman AJ. Effect of troglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive agent. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39(4), 410–417 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Roby CA, Anderson GD, Kantor E, Dryer DA, Burstein AH. St John’s Wort: effect on CYP3A4 activity. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 67(5), 451–457 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Chaitt D, Alfaro RM, Falloon J. Indinavir concentrations and St John’s wort. Lancet 355(9203), 547–548 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, Lindsay DeVane C, Sipkes L, Chavin KD. Multiple-dose administration of Ginkgo biloba did not affect cytochrome P-450 2D6 or 3A4 activity in normal volunteers. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 23(6), 576–581 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson SM, Davey RT, Voell J, Formentini E, Alfaro RM, Penzak SR. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on lopinavir, midazolam and fexofenadine pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 24(2), 591–599 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Stanton JD, Tolson AH, Luo Y, Wang H. Bioactive terpenoids and flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba extract induce the expression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes through pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathways. Pharm. Res. 26(4), 872–882 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A, Smith D, Kuntzman R, Jacobson M, Conney AH. Effect of intensive occupational exposure to DDT on phenylbutazone and cortisol metabolism in human subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 11(5), 724–732 (1970).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager KW. Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and Telodrin: An Epidemiological and Toxicological Study of Long Term Occupational Exposure. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1970).
   Google Scholar
• Tran JQ, Petersen C, Garrett M, Hee B, Kerr BM. Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine: evidence of induced clearance by amprenavir. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72(6), 615–626 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justesen US, Klitgaard NA, Brosen K, Pedersen C. Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and delavirdine after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 55(1), 100–106 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashuba AD, Tierney C, Downey GF et al. Combining fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir substantially reduces amprenavir and lopinavir exposure: ACTG protocol A5143 results. AIDS 19(2), 145–152 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland TA, Park BK, Rylance GW. Microsomal enzyme induction in children: the influence of carbamazepine treatment on antipyrine kinetics, 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion and plasma gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14(6), 861–865 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford P, Chadwick DJ, Martin C, Tjia J, Back DJ, Orme M. The interaction of phenytoin and carbamazepine with combined oral contraceptive steroids. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 30(6), 892–896 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werk EE Jr, Macgee J, Sholiton LJ. Effect of diphenylhydantoin on cortisol metabolism in man. J. Clin. Invest. 43, 1824–1835 (1964).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouly S, Lown KS, Kornhauser D et al. Hepatic but not intestinal CYP3A4 displays dose-dependent induction by efavirenz in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72(1), 1–9 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellay J, Marzolini C, Decosterd L et al. Variations of CYP3A activity induced by antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1 infected patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 60(12), 865–873 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mildvan D, Yarrish R, Marshak A et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone when administered concurrently to HIV-infected women. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 29(5), 471–477 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solas C, Poizot-Martin I, Drogoul MP et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of lopinavir/ritonavir given alone or with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57(4), 436–440 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailly E, Tribut O, Tattevin P et al. Influence of tenofovir, nevirapine and efavirenz on ritonavir-boosted atazanavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 62(7), 523–526 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehringer-Ingelheim. Tipranavir: Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee (AVDAC) Briefing Document. NDA 21–814 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Burstein S, Klaiber EL. Phenobarbital-induced increase in 6-beta-hydroxycortisol excretion: clue to its significance in human urine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 25, 293–296 (1965).
   Google Scholar
• Kuntzman R, Jacobson M, Levin W, Conney AH. Stimulatory effect of N-phenylbarbital (phetharbital) on cortisol hydroxylation in man. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17(4), 565–571 (1968).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman ML, Green OC. Acute stimulation of cortisol metabolism by pentobarbital in man. Anesthesiology 34(4), 365–369 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson IH, Browning M, Crooks J, O’Malley K. Changes in human drug metabolism after long-term exposure to hypnotics. Br. Med. J. 4(5836), 322–324 (1972).
   Google Scholar
• Smith NF, Mani S, Schuetz EG et al. Induction of CYP3A4 by vinblastine: role of the nuclear receptor NR1I2. Ann. Pharmacother. 44(11), 1709–1717 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Villikka K, Varis T, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ, Kivistö KT. Effect of methylprednisolone on CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism in vivo. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57(6–7), 457–460 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuypers DR, Claes K, Evenepoel P et al. Time-related clinical determinants of long-term tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in combination therapy with mycophenolic acid and corticosteroids: a prospective study in one hundred de novo renal transplant recipients. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 43(11), 741–762 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Duijnhoven EM, Boots JM, Christiaans MH, Stolk LM, Undre NA, van Hooff JP. Increase in tacrolimus trough levels after steroid withdrawal. Transpl. Int. 16(10), 721–725 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anglicheau D, Flamant M, Schlageter MH et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between corticosteroids and tacrolimus after renal transplantation. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18(11), 2409–2414 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press RR, Ploeger BA, den Hartigh J et al. Explaining variability in ciclosporin exposure in adult kidney transplant recipients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 66(6), 579–590 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins PB, Murray SA, Winkelman LG, Heuman DM, Wrighton SA, Guzelian PS. Erythromycin breath test as an assay of glucocorticoid-inducible liver cytochromes P-450. Studies in rats and patients. J. Clin. Invest. 83(2), 688–697 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCune JS, Hawke RL, LeCluyse EL et al. In vivo and in vitro induction of human cytochrome P4503A4 by dexamethasone. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 68(4), 356–366 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts PJ, Rollins KD, Kashuba AD et al. The influence of CYP3A5 genotype on dexamethasone induction of CYP3A activity in African–Americans. Drug Metab. Dispos. 36(8), 1465–1469 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villikka K, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ. The effect of dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetics of triazolam. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 83(3), 135–138 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luceri F, Fattori S, Luceri C, Zorn M, Mannaioni P, Messeri G. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurement of 6beta-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio in human urine: a specific marker of enzymatic induction. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 39(12), 1234–1239 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Liangpunsakul S, Kolwankar D, Pinto A, Gorski JC, Hall SD, Chalasani N. Activity of CYP2E1 and CYP3A enzymes in adults with moderate alcohol consumption: a comparison with nonalcoholics. Hepatology 41(5), 1144–1150 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmioglu N, Heaton J, Clement G et al. Genetic epidemiology of induced CYP3A4 activity. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 21(10), 642–651 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Feierman DE, Melinkov Z, Nanji AA. Induction of CYP3A by ethanol in multiple in vitro and in vivo models. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 27(6), 981–988 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson P Jr, Hellriegel ET, Arora S, Nelson M. Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 71(1), 46–56 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwish M, Kirby M, Robertson P Jr, Hellriegel ET. Interaction profile of armodafinil with medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2, 3A4 and 2C19 in healthy subjects. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 47(1), 61–74 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraco Y, Zylber-Katz E, Fridlander M, Admon D, Levy M. The effect of short-term dipyrone administration on cyclosporin pharmacokinetics. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 55(6), 475–478 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Oscarson M, Burk O, Winter S et al. Effects of rifampicin on global gene expression in human small intestine. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 17(11), 907–918 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Raucy JL, Lasker JM. Current in vitro high throughput screening approaches to assess nuclear receptor activation. Curr. Drug Metab. 11(9), 806–814 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge ME, Huitema AD, Rodenhuis S, Beijnen JH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 44(11), 1135–1164 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacheux W, Gourmel B, Alexandre J et al. An original administration of ifosfamide given once every other week: a clinical and pharmacological study. Anticancer. Drugs 19(3), 295–302 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Drocourt L, Pascussi JM, Assenat E, Fabre JM, Maurel P, Vilarem MJ. Calcium channel modulators of the dihydropyridine family are human pregnane X receptor activators and inducers of CYP3A, CYP2B, and CYP2C in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 29(10), 1325–1331 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripp SL, Mills JB, Fahmi OA et al. Use of immortalized human hepatocytes to predict the magnitude of clinical drug–drug interactions caused by CYP3A4 induction. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(10), 1742–1748 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shou M, Hayashi M, Pan Y et al. Modeling, prediction, and in vitro in vivo correlation of CYP3A4 induction. Drug Metab. Dispos. 36(11), 2355–2370 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye RF, Matzke GR, Adedoyin A, Porter JA, Branch RA. Validation of the five-drug “Pittsburgh cocktail” approach for assessment of selective regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 62(4), 365–376 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu B, Ou-Yang DS, Chen XP et al. Assessment of cytochrome P450 activity by a five-drug cocktail approach. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 70(5), 455–461 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakey GE, Lockton JA, Perrett J et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of a five-probe metabolic cocktail for CYPs 1A2, 3A4, 2C9, 2D6 and 2E1. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57(2), 162–169 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanebratt KP, Diczfalusy U, Bäckström T et al. Cytochrome P450 induction by rifampicin in healthy subjects: determination using the Karolinska cocktail and the endogenous CYP3A4 marker 4 beta-hydroxycholesterol. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 84(5), 589–594 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappin G. Microdosing: current and the future. Bioanalysis 2(3), 509–517 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Novel strategies for microdose studies using non-radiolabeled compounds. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63(7), 532–538 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft M, Keely B, Morris I, Tann L, Lappin G. Predicting drug candidate victims of drug–drug interactions, using microdosing. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 51(4), 237–246 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLemore TL, Adelberg S, Liu MC et al. Expression of CYP1A1 gene in patients with lung cancer: evidence for cigarette smoke-induced gene expression in normal lung tissue and for altered gene regulation in primary pulmonary carcinomas. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 82(16), 1333–1339 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasanen M, Haaparanta T, Sundin M et al. Immunochemical and molecular biological studies on human placental cigarette smoke-inducible cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activities. Toxicology 62(2), 175–187 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saccar CL, Danish M, Ragni MC et al. The effect of phenobarbital on theophylline disposition in children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 75(6), 716–719 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Paladino JA, Blumer NA, Maddox RR. Effect of secobarbital on theophylline clearance. Ther. Drug Monit. 5(1), 135–139 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willey JC, Coy EL, Frampton MW et al. Quantitative RT-PCR measurement of cytochromes p450 1A1, 1B1, and 2B7, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and NADPH oxidoreductase expression in lung cells of smokers and nonsmokers. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 17(1), 114–124 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe JW, Stepaniants SB, Mao M et al. Signatures of environmental exposures using peripheral leukocyte gene expression: tobacco smoke. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13(3), 445–453 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen DM, van Agen E, Gottschalk RW et al. Cigarette smoke-induced differential gene expression in blood cells from monozygotic twin pairs. Carcinogenesis 28(3), 691–697 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg MR, Lo MW, Deutsch PJ, Wilson SE, McWilliams EJ, McCrea JB. Phenobarbital minimally alters plasma concentrations of losartan and its active metabolite E-3174. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 59(3), 268–274 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly RA, Trager WF, Motley CH, Howald W. Interaction of secobarbital with warfarin pseudoracemates. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 28(2), 187–195 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng HJ, Huang SL, Wang W, Zhou HH. The induction effect of rifampicin on activity of mephenytoin 4´-hydroxylase related to M1 mutation of CYP2C19 and gene dose. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 45(1), 27–29 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back DJ, Bates M, Bowden A et al. The interaction of phenobarbital and other anticonvulsants with oral contraceptive steroid therapy. Contraception 22(5), 495–503 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar