Epigenetically regulated tumor-associated antigens in melanoma

References

• Renkvist N, Castelli C, Robbins PF, Parmiani G. A listing of human tumor antigens recognized by T cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.50(1), 3–15 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Bruggen P, Van den Eynde BJV. Processing and presentation of tumor antigens and vaccination strategies. Curr. Opin. Immunol.18(1), 98–104 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Simpson AJ, Old LJ. The cancer/testis genes: review, standardization, and commentary. Cancer Immunol.4, 1 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science254(5038), 1643–1647 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami Y, Eliyahu S, Delgado CH et al. Identification of a human melanoma antigen recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes associated with in vivo tumor rejection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA91(14), 6458–6462 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnjatic S, Nishikawa H, Jungbluth AA et al. NY-ESO-1: review of an immunogenic tumor antigen. In: Advances in Cancer Research. George FV (Eds). Elsevier, Academic Press, MA, USA 1–30 (2006)
   Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Gout I, Gordon CM et al. Humoral immunity to human breast cancer: antigen definition and quantitative analysis of mRNA expression. Cancer Immunol.1, 4 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkwood JM, Tarhini AA, Panelli MC et al. Next generation of immunotherapy for melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.26(20), 3445–3455 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demierre MF, Sabel MS, Margolin KA, Daud AI, Sondak VK. State of the science 60th anniversary review: 60 years of advances in cutaneous melanoma epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment, as reported in the journal Cancer. Cancer113(7 Suppl.), 1728–1743 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon T, Coulie PG, Van den Eynde BJV, van der Bruggen P. Human T cell responses against melanoma. Annu. Rev. Immunol.24(1), 175–208 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA. Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy. Nature411(6835), 380–384 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Restifo NP. Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines. Nat. Med.10(9), 909–915 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terando AM, Faries MB, Morton DL. Vaccine therapy for melanoma: current status and future directions. Vaccine25(Suppl. 2), B4–B16 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrant LG, Scholefield JH. Principles of cancer treatment by immunotherapy. Surgery (Oxford)24(2), 55–58 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Mocellin S, Rossi CR, Nitti D. Cancer vaccine development: on the way to break immune tolerance to malignant cells. Exp. Cell Res.299(2), 267–278 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lora A, Algarra I, Garrido F. MHC class I antigens, immune surveillance, and tumor immune escape. J. Cell. Physiol.195(3), 346–355 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seliger B, Cabrera T, Garrido F, Ferrone S. HLA class I antigen abnormalities and immune escape by malignant cells. Semin. Cancer Biol.12(1), 3–13 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aptsiauri N, Cabrera T, Garcia-Lora A, Lopez-Nevot MA, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. MHC class I antigens and immune surveillance in transformed cells. In: International Review of Cytology A Survey of Cell Biology. Kwang WJ (Ed.). Academic Press, MA, USA 139–189 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Chang CC, Campoli M, Ferrone S. HLA class I defects in malignant lesions: what have we learned? Keio J. Med.52(4), 220–229 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Smet C, Loriot A, Boon T. Promoter-dependent mechanism leading to selective hypomethylation within the 5´ region of gene MAGE-A1 in tumor cells. Mol. Cell. Biol.24(11), 4781–4790 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold JM, Cummings M, Purdie D, Chenevix-Trench G. Reduced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in ovarian adenocarcinomas. Br. J. Cancer85(9), 1351–1358 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellebrekers DM, Castermans K, Vire E et al. Epigenetic regulation of tumor endothelial cell anergy: silencing of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by histone modifications. Cancer Res.66(22), 10770–10777 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campoli M, Ferrone S. HLA antigen changes in malignant cells: epigenetic mechanisms and biologic significance. Oncogene27(45), 5869–5885 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonsatti E, Sigalotti L, Coral S, Colizzi F, Altomonte M, Maio M. Methylation-regulated expression of HLA class I antigens in melanoma. Int. J. Cancer105(3), 430–431 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano A, Tanzarella S, Lionello I et al. Rexpression of HLA class I antigens and restoration of antigen-specific CTL response in melanoma cells following 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine treatment. Int. J. Cancer94(2), 243–251 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coral S, Sigalotti L, Gasparollo A et al. Prolonged upregulation of the expression of HLA class I antigens and costimulatory molecules on melanoma cells treated with 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR). J. Immunother.22(1), 16–24 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magner WJ, Kazim AL, Stewart C et al. Activation of MHC class I, II, and CD40 gene expression by histone deacetylase inhibitors. J. Immunol.165(12), 7017–7024 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio M, Coral S, Fratta E, Altomonte M, Sigalotti L. Epigenetic targets for immune intervention in human malignancies. Oncogene22(42), 6484–6488 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James SR, Link PA, Karpf AR. Epigenetic regulation of X-linked cancer/germline antigen genes by DNMT1 and DNMT3b. Oncogene25(52), 6975–6985 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylin SB. DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol.2(Suppl. 1), S4–S11 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baylin SB, Ohm JE. Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer – a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction? Nat. Rev. Cancer6(2), 107–116 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronbaek K, Hother C, Jones PA. Epigenetic changes in cancer. APMIS115(10), 1039–1059 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PA, Baylin SB. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet.3(6), 415–428 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PA, Baylin SB. The epigenomics of cancer. Cell128(4), 683–692 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith LT, Otterson GA, Plass C. Unraveling the epigenetic code of cancer for therapy. Trends Genet.23(9), 449–456 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting AH, McGarvey KM, Baylin SB. The cancer epigenome – components and functional correlates. Genes Dev.20(23), 3215–3231 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasi TB, Magner WJ, Khan AN. Epigenetic regulation of immune escape genes in cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.55(10), 1159–1184 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Fratta E, Coral S et al. Intratumor heterogeneity of cancer/testis antigens expression in human cutaneous melanoma is methylation-regulated and functionally reverted by 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine. Cancer Res.64(24), 9167–9171 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Coral S, Fratta E et al. Epigenetic modulation of solid tumors as a novel approach for cancer immunotherapy. Semin. Oncol.32(5), 473–478 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coral S, Sigalotti L, Colizzi F et al. Phenotypic and functional changes of human melanoma xenografts induced by DNA hypomethylation: immunotherapeutic implications. J. Cell. Physiol.207(1), 58–66 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Coral S, Nardi G et al. Promoter methylation controls the expression of MAGE2, 3 and 4 genes in human cutaneous melanoma. J. Immunother.25(1), 16–26 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Coral S, Altomonte M et al. Cancer testis antigens expression in mesothelioma: role of DNA methylation and bioimmunotherapeutic implications. Br. J. Cancer86(6), 979–982 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coral S, Sigalotti L, Altomonte M et al. 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine-induced expression of functional cancer testis antigens in human renal cell carcinoma: immunotherapeutic implications. Clin. Cancer Res.8(8), 2690–2695 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonsatti E, Nicolay HJ, Sigalotti L et al. Functional up-regulation of human leukocyte antigen class I antigens expression by 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine in cutaneous melanoma: immunotherapeutic implications. Clin. Cancer Res.13(11), 3333–3338 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antequera F, Bird A. CpG islands as genomic footprints of promoters that are associated with replication origins. Curr. Biol.9(17), R661–R667 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature447(7143), 396–398 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Fratta E, Coral S et al. Epigenetic drugs as pleiotropic agents in cancer treatment: biomolecular aspects and clinical applications. J. Cell. Physiol.212(2), 330–344 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patino WD, Susa J. Epigenetics of cutaneous melanoma. Adv. Dermatol.24, 59–70 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hellebrekers DM, Griffioen AW, van Engeland M. Dual targeting of epigenetic therapy in cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1775(1), 76–91 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson KD, Uzvolgyi E, Liang G et al. The human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b: coordinate mRNA expression in normal tissues and overexpression in tumors. Nucleic Acids Res.27(11), 2291–2298 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klose RJ, Bird AP. Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem. Sci.31(2), 89–97 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nephew KP, Huang TH. Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer initiation and progression. Cancer Lett.190(2), 125–133 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks PA, Breslow R. Dimethyl sulfoxide to vorinostat: development of this histone deacetylase inhibitor as an anticancer drug. Nat. Biotechnol.25(1), 84–90 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang G, Lin JC, Wei V et al. Distinct localization of histone H3 acetylation and H3–K4 methylation to the transcription start sites in the human genome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101(19), 7357–7362 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margueron R, Trojer P, Reinberg D. The key to development: interpreting the histone code? Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.15(2), 163–176 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubeler D, MacAlpine DM, Scalzo D et al. The histone modification pattern of active genes revealed through genome-wide chromatin analysis of a higher eukaryote. Genes Dev.18(11), 1263–1271 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund AH, van Lohuizen M. Epigenetics and cancer. Genes Dev.18(19), 2315–2335 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feizi T. Demonstration by monoclonal antibodies that carbohydrate structures of glycoproteins and glycolipids are onco-developmental antigens. Nature314(6006), 53–57 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jotti GS, Bombardieri E. Circulating tumor markers in breast cancer (review). Anticancer Res.10(1), 253–258 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, Miles A, Line A, Rees RC. Identification of tumour antigens by serological analysis of cDNA expression cloning. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.53(3), 139–143 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campoli MR, Chang CC, Kageshita T, Wang X, McCarthy JB, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA): a melanoma cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MSCP) with biological and clinical significance. Crit. Rev. Immunol.24(4), 267–296 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelman A, Chen GZ, Wong GY, Liu C, Hirai S, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2–23: modulation of the immunogenicity in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res.1(7), 705–713 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo W, Wang X, Kageshita T, Wakasugi S, Karpf AR, Ferrone S. Regulation of high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA) gene expression by promoter DNA methylation in human melanoma cells. Oncogene25(20), 2873–2884 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson AJ, Caballero OL, Jungbluth A, Chen YT, Old LJ. Cancer/testis antigens, gametogenesis and cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer5(8), 615–625 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager E, Stockert E, Zidianakis Z et al. Humoral immune responses of cancer patients against “Cancer-Testis” antigen NY-ESO-1: correlation with clinical events. Int. J. Cancer84(5), 506–510 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockert E, Jager E, Chen YT et al. A survey of the humoral immune response of cancer patients to a panel of human tumor antigens. J. Exp. Med.187(8), 1349–1354 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager E, Chen YT, Drijfhout JW et al. Simultaneous humoral and cellular immune response against cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1: definition of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-binding peptide epitopes. J. Exp. Med.187(2), 265–270 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan MJ, Gure AO, Jungbluth AA, Old LJ, Chen YT. Cancer/testis antigens: an expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol. Rev.188, 22–32 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zendman AJ, Ruiter DJ, van Muijen GN. Cancer/testis-associated genes: identification, expression profile, and putative function. J. Cell. Physiol.194(3), 272–288 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabro L, Fonsatti E, Altomonte M et al. Methylation-regulated expression of cancer testis antigens in primary effusion lymphoma: immunotherapeutic implications. J. Cell. Physiol.202(2), 474–477 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattei V, Fonsatti E, Sigalotti L et al. Epigenetic immunomodulation of hematopoietic malignancies. Semin. Oncol.32(5), 503–510 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Santos NR, Torensma R, de Vries TJ et al. Heterogeneous expression of the SSX cancer/testis antigens in human melanoma lesions and cell lines. Cancer Res.60(6), 1654–1662 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth AA, Stockert E, Chen YT et al. Monoclonal antibody MA454 reveals a heterogeneous expression pattern of MAGE-1 antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded lung tumours. Br. J. Cancer83(4), 493–497 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth AA, Chen YT, Stockert E et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of NY-ESO-1 antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Int. J. Cancer92(6), 856–860 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet C, De Backer O, Faraoni I, Lurquin C, Brasseur F, Boon T. The activation of human gene MAGE-1 in tumor cells is correlated with genome-wide demethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93(14), 7149–7153 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda T, Tamura G, Waki T et al. Demethylation of MAGE promoters during gastric cancer progression. Br. J. Cancer90(4), 838–843 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet C, Courtois SJ, Faraoni I et al. Involvement of two Ets binding sites in the transcriptional activation of the MAGE1 gene. Immunogenetics42(4), 282–290 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Covre A, Zabierowski S et al. Cancer testis antigens in human melanoma stem cells: expression, distribution, and methylation status. J. Cell. Physiol.215(2), 287–291 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman-Gomez J, Jimenez-Velasco A, Agirre X et al. Epigenetic regulation of human cancer/testis antigen gene, HAGE, in chronic myeloid leukemia. Haematologica92(2), 153–162 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman-Gomez J, Jimenez-Velasco A, Agirre X et al. Epigenetic regulation of PRAME gene in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk. Res.31(11), 1521–1528 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coral S, Sigalotti L, Covre A, Nicolay HJ, Natali PG, Maio M. 5-aza-2´deoxycytidine in cancer immunotherapy: a mouse to man story. Cancer Res.67(6), 2900–2901 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrump DS, Nguyen DM. Targeting the epigenome for the treatment and prevention of lung cancer. Semin. Oncol.32(5), 488–502 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiser TS, Guo ZS, Ohnmacht GA et al. Sequential 5-aza-2 deoxycytidine-depsipeptide FR901228 treatment induces apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells and facilitates their recognition by cytolytic T lymphocytes specific for NY-ESO-1. J. Immunother.24(2), 151–161 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiser TS, Ohnmacht GA, Guo ZS et al. Induction of MAGE-3 expression in lung and esophageal cancer cells. Ann. Thorac. Surg.71(1), 295–301 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wischnewski F, Pantel K, Schwarzenbach H. Promoter demethylation and histone acetylation mediate gene expression of MAGE-A1, -A2, -A3, and -A12 in human cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res.4(5), 339–349 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber J, Salgaller M, Samid D et al. Expression of the MAGE-1 tumor antigen is up-regulated by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine. Cancer Res.54(7), 1766–1771 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellicciotta I, Cortez-Gonzalez X, Sasik R et al. Presentation of telomerase reverse transcriptase, a self-tumor antigen, is down-regulated by histone deacetylase inhibition. Cancer Res.68(19), 8085–8093 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altomonte M, Fonsatti E, Visintin A, Maio M. Targeted therapy of solid malignancies via HLA class II antigens: a new biotherapeutic approach? Oncogene22(42), 6564–6569 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou SD, Khan AN, Magner WJ, Tomasi TB. Histone acetylation regulates the cell type specific CIITA promoters, MHC class II expression and antigen presentation in tumor cells. Int. Immunol.17(11), 1483–1494 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo ZS, Hong JA, Irvine KR et al.De novo induction of a cancer/testis antigen by 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine augments adoptive immunotherapy in a murine tumor model. Cancer Res.66(2), 1105–1113 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AN, Magner W, Tomasi T. An epigenetic vaccine model active in the prevention and treatment of melanoma. J. Trans. Med.5(1), 64 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plimack ER, Kantarjian HM, Issa JP. Decitabine and its role in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies. Leuk. Lymphoma48(8), 1472–1481 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa JP, Garcia-Manero G, Giles FJ et al. Phase 1 study of low-dose prolonged exposure schedules of the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine (decitabine) in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood103(5), 1635–1640 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H, Oki Y, Garcia-Manero G et al. Results of a randomized study of 3 schedules of low-dose decitabine in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood109(1), 52–57 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oki Y, Jelinek J, Shen L, Kantarjian HM, Issa JP. Induction of hypomethylation and molecular response after decitabine therapy in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood111(4), 2382–2384 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian HM, O’brien S, Cortes J et al. Results of decitabine (5-aza-2´deoxycytidine) therapy in 130 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer98(3), 522–528 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijermans P, Lubbert M, Verhoef G et al. Low-dose 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine, a DNA hypomethylating agent, for the treatment of high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a multicenter Phase II study in elderly patients. J. Clin. Oncol.18(5), 956–962 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momparler RL, Momparler LF, Samson J. Combinational chemotherapy of L1210 and L1210/ARA-C leukemia with 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine and β-2´-deoxythioguanosine. Int. J. Cancer30(3), 361–364 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang AS, Doshi KD, Choi SW et al. DNA methylation changes after 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine therapy in patients with leukemia. Cancer Res.66(10), 5495–5503 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigalotti L, Altomonte M, Colizzi F et al. 5aza-2´-deoxycytidine (decitabine) treatment of hematopoietic malignancies: a multimechanism therapeutic approach? Blood101(11), 4644–4646 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aparicio A, Eads CA, Leong LA et al. Phase I trial of continuous infusion 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.51(3), 231–239 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samlowski WE, Leachman SA, Wade M et al. Evaluation of a 7-day continuous intravenous infusion of decitabine: inhibition of promoter-specific and global genomic DNA methylation. J. Clin. Oncol.23(17), 3897–3905 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrump DS, Fischette MR, Nguyen DM et al. Phase I study of decitabine-mediated gene expression in patients with cancers involving the lungs, esophagus, or pleura. Clin. Cancer Res.12(19), 5777–5785 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollob JA, Sciambi CJ, Peterson BL et al. Phase I trial of sequential low-dose 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine plus high-dose intravenous bolus interleukin-2 in patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.12(15), 4619–4627 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minucci S, Pelicci PG. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer6(1), 38–51 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolden JE, Peart MJ, Johnstone RW. Anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.5(9), 769–784 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar