Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Volume 4, 2010 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
473
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

What is the optimal therapy for Crohn’s disease: step-up or top-down?

Ming Valerie Lin Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
,
Wojciech Blonski Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
&
Gary R Lichtenstein Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Gastroenterology Division, 3400 Spruce Street, 3rd Floor Ravdin Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA. [email protected]
Pages 167-180 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology126, 1504–1517 (2004).
  • Munkholm P, Langholz E, Davidsen M et al. Disease activity courses in a regional cohort of Crohn’s disease patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.30, 699–706 (1995).
  • Silverstein MD, Loftus EV, Sandborn WJ et al. Clinical course and costs of care for Crohn’s disease: Markov model analysis of a population-based cohort. Gastroenterology117, 49–57 (1999).
  • Schwartz DA, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ et al. The natural history of fistulizing Crohn’s disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology122, 875–880 (2002).
  • Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Management of Crohn’s disease in adults. Am. J. Gastroenterol.104, 465–483; quiz 464, 484 (2009).
  • Makowiec F, Jehle EC, Starlinger M. Clinical course of perianal fistulas in Crohn’s disease. Gut37, 696–701 (1995).
  • Sachar DB, Subramani K, Mauer K et al. Patterns of postoperative recurrence in fistulizing and stenotic Crohn’s disease. A retrospective cohort study of 71 patients. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.22, 114–116 (1996).
  • Beaugerie L, Seksik P, Nion-Larmurier I et al. Predictors of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology130, 650–656 (2006).
  • Ghosh S, Goldin E, Gordon FH et al. Natalizumab for active Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 24–32 (2003).
  • Honey K. The comeback kid: TYSABRI now FDA approved for Crohn disease. J. Clin. Invest.118, 825–826 (2008).
  • Michetti P, Mottet C, Juillerat P et al. Severe and steroid-resistant Crohn’s disease. Digestion76, 99–108 (2007).
  • Clemett D, Markham A. Prolonged-release mesalazine: a review of its therapeutic potential in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Drugs59, 929–956 (2000).
  • Haagen Nielsen O, Bondesen S. Kinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid after jejunal instillation in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.16, 738–740 (1983).
  • Malchow H, Ewe K, Brandes JW et al. European Cooperative Crohn’s Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology86, 249–266 (1984).
  • Tremaine WJ, Schroeder KW, Harrison JM et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the oral mesalamine (5-ASA) preparation, Asacol, in the treatment of symptomatic Crohn’s colitis and ileocolitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.19, 278–282 (1994).
  • Singleton JW, Hanauer SB, Gitnick GL et al. Mesalamine capsules for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease: results of a 16-week trial. Pentasa Crohn’s Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology104, 1293–1301 (1993).
  • Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid versus placebo in maintaining remission of inactive Crohn’s disease. International Mesalazine Study Group. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.4, 55–64 (1990).
  • Arber N, Odes HS, Fireman Z et al. A controlled double blind multicenter study of the effectiveness of 5-aminosalicylic acid in patients with Crohn’s disease in remission. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.20, 203–206 (1995).
  • Gendre JP, Mary JY, Florent C et al. Oral mesalamine (Pentasa) as maintenance treatment in Crohn’s disease: a multicenter placebo-controlled study. The Groupe d’Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID). Gastroenterology104, 435–439 (1993).
  • Mahmud N, Kamm MA, Dupas JL et al. Olsalazine is not superior to placebo in maintaining remission of inactive Crohn’s colitis and ileocolitis: a double blind, parallel, randomised, multicentre study. Gut49, 552–556 (2001).
  • Prantera C, Pallone F, Brunetti G et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (Asacol) in the maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease. The Italian IBD Study Group. Gastroenterology103, 363–368 (1992).
  • Sutherland LR, Martin F, Bailey RJ et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of mesalamine in the maintenance of remission of Crohn’s disease. The Canadian Mesalamine for Remission of Crohn’s Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology112, 1069–1077 (1997).
  • Thomson AB, Wright JP, Vatn M et al. Mesalazine (Mesasal/Claversal) 1.5 g b.d. vs. placebo in the maintenance of remission of patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.9, 673–683 (1995).
  • Akobeng AK, Gardener E. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically-induced remission in Crohn’s Disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.25, CD003715 (2005).
  • Brignola C, Iannone P, Pasquali S et al. Placebo-controlled trial of oral 5-ASA in relapse prevention of Crohn’s disease. Dig. Dis. Sci.37, 29–32 (1992).
  • Camma C, Giunta M, Rosselli M, Cottone M. Mesalamine in the maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis adjusted for confounding variables. Gastroenterology113, 1465–1473 (1997).
  • Modigliani R, Colombel JF, Dupas JL et al. Mesalamine in Crohn’s disease with steroid-induced remission: effect on steroid withdrawal and remission maintenance, Groupe d’Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology110, 688–693 (1996).
  • de Franchis R, Omodei P, Ranzi T et al. Controlled trial of oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for the prevention of early relapse in Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.11, 845–852 (1997).
  • Akobeng AK. Review article: the evidence base for interventions used to maintain remission in Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.27, 11–18 (2008).
  • Prantera C, Zannoni F, Scribano ML et al. An antibiotic regimen for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial of metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin. Am. J. Gastroenterol.91, 328–332 (1996).
  • Arnold GL, Beaves MR, Pryjdun VO et al. Preliminary study of ciprofloxacin in active Crohn’s disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.8, 10–15 (2002).
  • Linskens RK, Huijsdens XW, Savelkoul PH et al. The bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights in pathogenesis and the influence of antibiotics and probiotics. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl.234, 29–40 (2001).
  • Bamias G, Marini M, Moskaluk CA et al. Down-regulation of intestinal lymphocyte activation and Th1 cytokine production by antibiotic therapy in a murine model of Crohn’s disease. J. Immunol.169, 5308–5314 (2002).
  • Greenbloom SL, Steinhart AH, Greenberg GR. Combination ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for active Crohn’s disease. Can. J. Gastroenterol.12, 53–56 (1998).
  • Sutherland L, Singleton J, Sessions J et al. Double blind, placebo controlled trial of metronidazole in Crohn’s disease. Gut32, 1071–1075 (1991).
  • Ursing B, Alm T, Barany F et al. A comparative study of metronidazole and sulfasalazine for active Crohn’s disease: the cooperative Crohn’s disease study in Sweden. II. Result. Gastroenterology83, 550–562 (1982).
  • Colombel JF, Lemann M, Cassagnou M et al. A controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin with mesalazine for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease. Groupe d’Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID). Am. J. Gastroenterol.94, 674–678 (1999).
  • Leiper K, Morris AI, Rhodes JM. Open label trial of oral clarithromycin in active Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.14, 801–806 (2000).
  • Moss AA, Carbone JV, Kressel HY. Radiologic and clinical assessment of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy in Crohn’s disease. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.131, 787–790 (1978).
  • Steinhart AH, Feagan BG, Wong CJ et al. Combined budesonide and antibiotic therapy for active Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology123, 33–40 (2002).
  • Selby W, Pavli P, Crotty B et al. Two-year combination antibiotic therapy with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and clofazimine for Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology132, 2313–2319 (2007).
  • Rutgeerts P, Hiele M, Geboes K et al. Controlled trial of metronidazole treatment for prevention of Crohn’s recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology108, 1617–1621 (1995).
  • Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Vermeire S et al. Ornidazole for prophylaxis of postoperative Crohn’s disease recurrence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology128, 856–861 (2005).
  • Cangemi JR. The role of antibiotics in Crohn’s disease. Dig. Dis.17, 1–5 (1999).
  • Williams RJ 3rd, Attia E, Wickiewicz TL et al. The effect of ciprofloxacin on tendon, paratenon, and capsular fibroblast metabolism. Am. J. Sports Med.28, 364–369 (2000).
  • van der Linden PD, van Puijenbroek EP, Feenstra J et al. Tendon disorders attributed to fluoroquinolones: a study on 42 spontaneous reports in the period 1988 to 1998. Arthritis Rheum.45, 235–239 (2001).
  • Borgaonkar M, MacIntosh D, Fardy J et al. Anti-tuberculous therapy for maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD000299 (2000).
  • Schwab M, Klotz U. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Pharmacokinet.40, 723–751 (2001).
  • Spencer CM, McTavish D. Budesonide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. Drugs50, 854–872 (1995).
  • Seow CH, Benchimol EI, Griffiths AM et al. Budesonide for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.16, CD000296 (2008).
  • Sandborn WJ, Lofberg R, Feagan BG et al. Budesonide for maintenance of remission in patients with Crohn’s disease in medically induced remission: a predetermined pooled analysis of four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am. J. Gastroenterol.100, 1780–1787 (2005).
  • Benchimol EI, Seow CH, Otley AR et al. Budesonide for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.21, CD002913 (2009).
  • Rutgeerts P, Lofberg R, Malchow H et al. A comparison of budesonide with prednisolone for active Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.331, 842–845 (1994).
  • Rutgeerts P. The use of budesonide in the treatment of active Crohn’s disease is good clinical practice. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.7, 60–61; discussion 62–63 (2001).
  • Schoon EJ, Bollani S, Mills PR et al. Bone mineral density in relation to efficacy and side effects of budesonide and prednisolone in Crohn’s disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.3, 113–121 (2005).
  • Faubion WA Jr, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS et al. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology121, 255–260 (2001).
  • Summers RW, Switz DM, Sessions JT Jr et al. National Cooperative Crohn’s Disease Study: results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology77, 847–869 (1979).
  • Campieri M, Ferguson A, Doe W et al. Oral budesonide is as effective as oral prednisolone in active Crohn’s disease. The Global Budesonide Study Group. Gut41, 209–214 (1997).
  • Prefontaine E, Sutherland LR, Macdonald JK et al. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.21, CD000067 (2009).
  • Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, Ardizzone S et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for the prevention of postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol.104, 2089–2096 (2009).
  • Pearson DC, May GR, Fick G et al. Azathioprine for maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD000067 (2000).
  • Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korelitz BI et al. Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut54, 1121–1125 (2005).
  • Lowry PW, Franklin CL, Weaver AL et al. Leucopenia resulting from a drug interaction between azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine and mesalamine, sulphasalazine, or balsalazide. Gut49, 656–664 (2001).
  • Peppercom MA. 6-mercaptopurine for the management of ulcerative colitis: a concept whose time has come. Am. J. Gastroenterol.91, 1689–1690 (1996).
  • Connell WR, Kamm MA, Dickson M et al. Long-term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet343, 1249–1252 (1994).
  • Kotlyar D, Blonski W, Porter D et al. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a rare complication after long-term thiopurine exposure: case report and systematic review of the literature. Gastroenterology136, A196 (2009).
  • Navarro JT, Ribera JM, Mate JL et al. Hepatosplenic T-gd lymphoma in a patient with Crohn's disease treated with azathioprine. Leuk. Lymphoma44, 531–533 (2003).
  • Rosh JR, Oliva-Hemker M. Infliximab use and hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma: questions to be asked and lessons learned. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.44, 165–167 (2007).
  • Mackey AC, Green L, Leptak C et al. Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma associated with infliximab use in young patients treated for inflammatory bowel disease: update. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.48, 386–388 (2009).
  • Mackey AC, Green L, Liang LC et al. Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma associated with infliximab use in young patients treated for inflammatory bowel disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.44, 265–267 (2007).
  • Weinshilboum RM, Sladek SL. Mercaptopurine pharmacogenetics: monogenic inheritance of erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase activity. Am. J. Hum. Genet.32, 651–662 (1980).
  • Reuther LO, Sonne J, Larsen N et al. Thiopurine methyltransferase genotype distribution in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.17, 65–68 (2003).
  • Lewis JD, Schwartz JS, Lichtenstein GR. Azathioprine for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease: benefits outweigh the risk of lymphoma. Gastroenterology118, 1018–1024 (2000).
  • Cronstein BN. The mechanism of action of methotrexate. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.23, 739–755 (1997).
  • Patel V, Macdonald JK, McDonald JW et al. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.7, CD006884 (2009).
  • Feagan BG, Rochon J, Fedorak RN et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. The North American Crohn’s Study Group Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.332, 292–297 (1995).
  • Schroder O, Stein J. Low dose methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease: current status and future directions. Am. J. Gastroenterol.98, 530–537 (2003).
  • Te HS, Schiano TD, Kuan SF et al. Hepatic effects of long-term methotrexate use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol.95, 3150–3156 (2000).
  • Remicade (Infliximab), package insert. Ortho Biotech Inc, PA, USA.
  • Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet359, 1541–1549 (2002).
  • Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.350, 876–885 (2004).
  • Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 1398–1405 (1999).
  • Lichtenstein GR. Infliximab: lifetime use for maintenance is appropriate in Crohn’s Disease. PRO: maintenance therapy is superior to episodic therapy. Am. J. Gastroenterol.100, 1433–1435 (2005).
  • Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M et al. Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.15, 1295–1301 (2009).
  • Rutgeerts P, D’Haens G, Targan S et al. Efficacy and safety of retreatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody (infliximab) to maintain remission in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology117, 761–769 (1999).
  • Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M et al. Long-term outcome of treatment with infliximab in 614 patients with Crohn’s disease: results from a single-centre cohort. Gut58, 492–500 (2009).
  • Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W et al. One year data from the sonic study: a randomized, double-blind trial comparing infliximab and infliximab plus azathioprine to azathioprine in patients with crohn’s disease naive to immunomodulators and biologic therapy [abstract]. Gastroenterology136, A116 (2009).
  • Rosh JR, Gross T, Mamula P et al. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in adolescents and young adults with Crohn’s disease: a cautionary tale? Inflamm. Bowel Dis.13, 1024–1030 (2007).
  • Shale M, Kanfer E, Panaccione R et al. Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut57, 1639–1641 (2008).
  • Lang L. The food and drug administration approves Humira. Gastroenterology132, 1644–1645 (2007).
  • Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P et al. Human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody (adalimumab) in Crohn’s disease: the CLASSIC-I trial. Gastroenterology130, 323–333; quiz 591 (2006).
  • Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn’s disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology132, 52–65 (2007).
  • Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Rutgeerts P et al. Adalimumab for maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease: results of the CLASSIC II trial. Gut56, 1232–1239 (2007).
  • Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R et al. Adalimumab induction therapy for Crohn disease previously treated with infliximab: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med.146, 829–838 (2007).
  • Colombel JF, Schwartz DA, Sandborn WJ et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn‘s disease. Gut58, 940–948 (2009).
  • Chapman AP. PEGylated antibodies and antibody fragments for improved therapy: a review. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.54, 531–545 (2002).
  • Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Stoinov S et al. Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.357, 228–238 (2007).
  • Schreiber S, Khaliq-Kareemi M, Lawrance IC et al. Maintenance therapy with certolizumab pegol for Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.357, 239–250 (2007).
  • Lang L. FDA approves Cimzia to treat Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology134, 1819 (2008).
  • Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, de Suray N et al. Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Crohn’s disease: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.6, 644–653 (2008).
  • Sandborn WJ, Yednock TA. Novel approaches to treating inflammatory bowel disease: targeting a-4 integrin. Am. J. Gastroenterol.98, 2372–2382 (2003).
  • Targan SR, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN et al. Natalizumab for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease: results of the ENCORE Trial. Gastroenterology132, 1672–1683 (2007).
  • Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Enns R et al. Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 1912–1925 (2005).
  • Tysabri (Natalizumab), package insert. Biogen Idec, MA, USA.
  • Cosnes J, Cattan S, Blain A et al. Long-term evolution of disease behavior of Crohn’s disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.8, 244–250 (2002).
  • Louis E, Collard A, Oger AF et al. Behaviour of Crohn’s disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease. Gut49, 777–782 (2001).
  • Modigliani R, Mary JY, Simon JF et al. Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn’s disease. Evolution on prednisolone. Groupe d’Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology98, 811–818 (1990).
  • Olaison G, Sjodahl R, Tagesson C. Glucocorticoid treatment in ileal Crohn’s disease: relief of symptoms but not of endoscopically viewed inflammation. Gut31, 325–328 (1990).
  • Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S, Van Assche G. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: impossible ideal or therapeutic target? Gut56, 453–455 (2007).
  • Travis SP, Stange EF, Lemann M et al. European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: current management. Gut55(Suppl. 1), i16–i35 (2006).
  • Candy S, Wright J, Gerber M et al. A controlled double blind study of azathioprine in the management of Crohn’s disease. Gut37, 674–678 (1995).
  • Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N et al. A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone in children with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology119, 895–902 (2000).
  • Lemann M, Mary JY, Colombel JF et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled withdrawal trial in Crohn’s disease patients in long-term remission on azathioprine. Gastroenterology128, 1812–1818 (2005).
  • Treton X, Bouhnik Y, Mary JY et al. Azathioprine withdrawal in patients with Crohn’s disease maintained on prolonged remission: a high risk of relapse. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.7, 80–85 (2009).
  • D’Haens G, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P. Endoscopic and histologic healing of Crohn’s (ileo-) colitis with azathioprine. Gastrointest. Endosc.50, 667–671 (1999).
  • Cosnes J, Nion-Larmurier I, Beaugerie L et al. Impact of the increasing use of immunosuppressants in Crohn’s disease on the need for intestinal surgery. Gut54, 237–241 (2005).
  • Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Irvine EJ et al. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. North American Crohn’s Study Group Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 1627–1632 (2000).
  • Fraser AG, Morton D, McGovern D et al. The efficacy of methotrexate for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.16, 693–697 (2002).
  • Lemann M, Zenjari T, Bouhnik Y et al. Methotrexate in Crohn’s disease: long-term efficacy and toxicity. Am. J. Gastroenterol.95, 1730–1734 (2000).
  • Vandeputte L, D’Haens G, Baert F et al. Methotrexate in refractory Crohn’s disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.5, 11–15 (1999).
  • D’Haens G, Van Deventer S, Van Hogezand R et al. Endoscopic and histological healing with infliximab anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies in Crohn’s disease: a European multicenter trial. Gastroenterology116, 1029–1034 (1999).
  • Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR et al. Comparison of scheduled and episodic treatment strategies of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology126, 402–413 (2004).
  • Lionetti P, Bronzini F, Salvestrini C et al. Response to infliximab is related to disease duration in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.18, 425–431 (2003).
  • Kugathasan S, Werlin SL, Martinez A et al. Prolonged duration of response to infliximab in early but not late pediatric Crohn’s disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol.95, 3189–3194 (2000).
  • Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum.52, 3381–3390 (2005).
  • D’Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G et al. Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease: an open randomised trial. Lancet371, 660–667 (2008).
  • Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Kane SV et al. Crohn’s is not a 6-week disease: lifelong management of mild to moderate Crohn‘s disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.10(Suppl. 2), S2–S10 (2004).
  • Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 417–429 (2002).
  • Feagan BG, Vreeland MG, Larson LR et al. Annual cost of care for Crohn’s disease: a payor perspective. Am. J. Gastroenterol.95, 1955–1960 (2000).
  • Jewell DP, Satsangi J, Lobo A et al. Infliximab use in Crohn’s disease: impact on health care resources in the UK. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.17, 1047–1052 (2005).
  • Rutgeerts P, Diamond RH, Bala M et al. Scheduled maintenance treatment with infliximab is superior to episodic treatment for the healing of mucosal ulceration associated with Crohn’s disease. Gastrointest. Endosc.63, 433–442; quiz 464 (2006).
  • Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD et al. Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn’s disease: TREAT registry. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.4, 621–630 (2006).
  • Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P et al. Comparison of two adalimumab treatment schedule strategies for moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease: results from the CHARM trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol.104, 1170–1179 (2009).
  • Sandborn WJ. Initial combination therapy in early Crohn’s disease. Lancet371, 635–636 (2008).
  • Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G et al. Effectiveness of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy in suppressing the formation of antibodies to infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Gut56, 1226–1231 (2007).
  • Inadomi JM, Terdiman J. Exploring utilities and outcomes with infliximab therapy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.4, 976–978 (2006).
  • Hanauer SB, Wagner CL, Bala M et al. Incidence and importance of antibody responses to infliximab after maintenance or episodic treatment in Crohn’s disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2, 542–553 (2004).
  • Solberg IC, Vatn MH, Hoie O et al. Clinical course in Crohn’s disease: results of a Norwegian population-based ten-year follow-up study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.5, 1430–1438 (2007).
  • Nikolaus S, Schreiber S. Diagnostics of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology133, 1670–1689 (2007).
  • Sands BE, Arsenault JE, Rosen MJ et al. Risk of early surgery for Crohn’s disease: implications for early treatment strategies. Am. J. Gastroenterol.98, 2712–2718 (2003).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.