Cells, cytokines and inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical perspective

References

• Fujimura Y, Kamoi R, Iida M. Pathogenesis of aphthoid ulcers in Crohn’s disease: correlative findings by magnifying colonoscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Gut38(5), 724–732 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakazu T, Hara J, Matsumoto T et al. Type 1 T-helper cell predominance in granulomas of Crohn’s disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol.94(8), 2149–2155 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surawicz CM, Belic L. Rectal biopsy helps to distinguish acute self-limited colitis from idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology86(1), 104–113 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison MC, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Dhillon AP, Pounder RE. The value of rectal biopsy in distinguishing self-limited colitis from early inflammatory bowel disease. Q. J. Med.65(248), 985–995 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karin M, Lawrence T, Nizet V. Innate immunity gone awry: linking microbial infections to chronic inflammation and cancer. Cell124(4), 823–835 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serhan CN, Brain SD, Buckley CD et al. Resolution of inflammation: state of the art, definitions and terms. FASEB J.21(2), 325–332 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton GM. A calculated response: control of inflammation by the innate immune system. J. Clin. Invest.118(2), 413–420 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature454(7203), 428–435 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat. Rev. Immunol.8(5), 349–361 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslowski KM, Mackay CR. Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat. Immunol.12(1), 5–9 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanai H, Takeuchi K, Iida T et al. Relationship between fecal calprotectin, intestinal inflammation, and peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci.49(9), 1438–1443 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnott ID, Drummond HE, Ghosh S. Gut luminal neutrophil migration is influenced by the anatomical site of Crohn’s disease. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.13(3), 239–243 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anezaki K, Asakura H, Honma T et al. Correlations between interleukin-8, and myeloperoxidase or luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis. Intern. Med.37(3), 253–258 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mccarthy DA, Rampton DS, Liu YC. Peripheral blood neutrophils in inflammatory bowel disease: morphological evidence of in vivo activation in active disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol.86(3), 489–493 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaus S, Bauditz J, Gionchetti P, Witt C, Lochs H, Schreiber S. Increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and regulation by interleukin 10 during intestinal inflammation. Gut42(4), 470–476 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson M, Raab Y, Seveus L, Xu S, Hallgren R, Venge P. Human neutrophil lipocalin is a unique marker of neutrophil inflammation in ulcerative colitis and proctitis. Gut50(4), 501–506 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks DJ, Harbord MW, Macallister R et al. Defective acute inflammation in Crohn’s disease: a clinical investigation. Lancet367(9511), 668–678 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stathaki MI, Koukouraki SI, Karkavitsas NS, Koutroubakis IE. Role of scintigraphy in inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol.15(22), 2693–2700 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito Y, Takagi T, Yoshikawa T. Molecular fingerprints of neutrophil-dependent oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Gastroenterol.42(10), 787–798 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AM, Rahman FZ, Hayee BH et al. Disordered macrophage cytokine secretion underlies impaired acute inflammation and bacterial clearance in Crohn’s disease. J. Exp. Med.206, 1883–1897 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman FZ, Marks DJ, Hayee BH, Smith AM, Bloom SL, Segal AW. Phagocyte dysfunction and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.14(10), 1443–1452 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheikh SZ, Plevy SE. The role of the macrophage in sentinel responses in intestinal immunity. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol.26(6), 578–582 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosser DM, Edwards JP. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat. Rev. Immunol.8(12), 958–969 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huett A, Goel G, Xavier RJ. A systems biology viewpoint on autophagy in health and disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol.26(4), 302–309 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamada N, Hisamatsu T, Okamoto S et al. Unique CD14 intestinal macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease via IL-23/IFN-γ axis. J. Clin. Invest.118(6), 2269–2280 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamada N, Hisamatsu T, Honda H et al. Human CD14+ macrophages in intestinal lamina propria exhibit potent antigen-presenting ability. J. Immunol.183(3), 1724–1731 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strober W, Fuss IJ, Blumberg RS. The immunology of mucosal models of inflammation. Annu. Rev. Immunol.20, 495–549 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker C, Wirtz S, Neurath MF. Stepwise regulation of TH1 responses in autoimmunity: IL-12-related cytokines and their receptors. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.11(8), 755–764 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantini MC, Monteleone G, Macdonald TT. New players in the cytokine orchestra of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.13(11), 1419–1423 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmel ME, Hardenberg G, Piccirillo CA, Steiner TS, Levings MK. The role of T-regulatory cells and Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease. Immunology125(2), 145–153 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awasthi A, Murugaiyan G, Kuchroo VK. Interplay between effector Th17 and regulatory T cells. J. Clin. Immunol.28(6), 660–670 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol.27, 485–517 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastaff-Leung N, Mabarrack N, Barbour A, Cummins A, Barry S. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, Th17 effector cells, and cytokine environment in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Immunol.30(1), 80–89 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Hovhannisyan Z, Treatman J, Littman DR, Mayer L. Characterization of interleukin-17-producing regulatory T cells in inflamed intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology140, 957–965 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandtzaeg P, Carlsen HS, Halstensen TS. The B-cell system in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.579, 149–167 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescigno M. Intestinal dendritic cells. Adv. Immunol.107, 109–138 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaser A, Ludwiczek O, Holzmann S et al. Increased expression of CCL20 in human inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Immunol.24(1), 74–85 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart DC, Metzke D, Schmitz J et al. Patients with active inflammatory bowel disease lack immature peripheral blood plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells. Gut54(2), 228–236 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hart AL, Al-Hassi HO, Rigby RJ et al. Characteristics of intestinal dendritic cells in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology129(1), 50–65 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakuraba A, Sato T, Kamada N, Kitazume M, Sugita A, Hibi T. Th1/Th17 immune response is induced by mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology137(5), 1736–1745 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin SK, Malhotra V, Sen Gupta S, Karol A, Gaur SK, Anand BS. Significance of eosinophil and mast cell counts in rectal mucosa in ulcerative colitis. A prospective controlled study. Dig. Dis. Sci.32(4), 363–367 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carvalho AT, Elia CC, De Souza HS et al. Immunohistochemical study of intestinal eosinophils in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.36(2), 120–125 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampinen M, Backman M, Winqvist O et al. Different regulation of eosinophil activity in Crohn’s disease compared with ulcerative colitis. J. Leukoc. Biol.84(6), 1392–1399 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppi LC, Thomazzi SM, Ayrizono MD et al. Comparative study of eosinophil chemotaxis, adhesion, and degranulation in vitro in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.13(2), 211–218 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Raithel M, Winterkamp S, Pacurar A, Ulrich P, Hochberger J, Hahn EG. Release of mast cell tryptase from human colorectal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.36(2), 174–179 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol H, Polin V, Lavergne-Slove A et al. Plexitis as a predictive factor of early postoperative clinical recurrence in Crohn’s disease. Gut58(9), 1218–1225 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama T, Kamada N, Chinen H et al. Imbalance of NKp44+NKp46- and NKp44-NKp46+ natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology139(3), 882–892 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuss IJ, Heller F, Boirivant M et al. Nonclassical CD1d-restricted NK T cells that produce IL-13 characterize an atypical Th2 response in ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Invest.113(10), 1490–1497 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grose RH, Cummins AG, Thompson FM. Deficiency of invariant natural killer T cells in coeliac disease. Gut56(6), 790–795 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roda G, Sartini A, Zambon E et al. Intestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J. Gastroenterol.16(34), 4264–4271 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brimnes J, Allez M, Dotan I, Shao L, Nakazawa A, Mayer L. Defects in CD8+ regulatory T cells in the lamina propria of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J. Immunol.174(9), 5814–5822 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sadi R, Boivin M, Ma T. Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier. Front Biosci.14, 2765–2778 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cario E. Heads up! How the intestinal epithelium safeguards mucosal barrier immunity through the inflammasome and beyond. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol.26(6), 583–590 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J. Pathol.214(2), 149–160 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murch SH, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, Macdonald TT. Location of tumour necrosis factor α by immunohistochemistry in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut34(12), 1705–1709 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald TT, Hutchings P, Choy MY, Murch S, Cooke A. Tumour necrosis factor- α and interferon-γ production measured at the single cell level in normal and inflamed human intestine. Clin. Exp. Immunol.81(2), 301–305 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon AJ, Gomez E, Garrote JA et al. High levels of proinflammatory cytokines, but not markers of tissue injury, in unaffected intestinal areas from patients with IBD. Mediators Inflamm.2009, 580450 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braegger CP, Nicholls S, Murch SH, Stephens S, Macdonald TT. Tumour necrosis factor α in stool as a marker of intestinal inflammation. Lancet339(8785), 89–91 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Chaudhary R, Carpani M, Playford R. Interfering with interferons in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut55(8), 1071–1073 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camoglio L, Te Velde AA, Tigges AJ, Das PK, Van Deventer SJ. Altered expression of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.4(4), 285–290 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuss IJ, Neurath M, Boirivant M et al. Disparate CD4+ lamina propria (LP) lymphokine secretion profiles in inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn’s disease LP cells manifest increased secretion of IFN-γ, whereas ulcerative colitis LP cells manifest increased secretion of IL-5. J. Immunol.157(3), 1261–1270 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotteland M, Lopez M, Munoz C et al. Local and systemic liberation of proinflammatory cytokines in ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci.44(4), 830–835 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinisch W, Hommes DW, Van Assche G et al. A dose escalating, placebo controlled, double blind, single dose and multidose, safety and tolerability study of fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon γ antibody, in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease. Gut55(8), 1138–1144 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raddatz D, Bockemuhl M, Ramadori G. Quantitative measurement of cytokine mRNA in inflammatory bowel disease: relation to clinical and endoscopic activity and outcome. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.17(5), 547–557 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez-Munoz F, Dominguez-Lopez A, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol.14(27), 4280–4288 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karttunnen R, Breese EJ, Walker-Smith JA, Macdonald TT. Decreased mucosal interleukin-4 (IL-4) production in gut inflammation. J. Clin. Pathol.47(11), 1015–1018 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudter J, Neurath MF. Il-6 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease: pathophysiological role and clinical relevance. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.13(8), 1016–1023 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kemseke C, Belaiche J, Louis E. Frequently relapsing Crohn’s disease is characterized by persistent elevation in interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor serum levels during remission. Int. J. Colorectal Dis.15(4), 206–210 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito H, Takazoe M, Fukuda Y et al. A pilot randomized trial of a human anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in active Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology126(4), 989–996 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glocker EO, Kotlarz D, Boztug K et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and mutations affecting the interleukin-10 receptor. N. Engl. J. Med.361(21), 2033–2045 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabat R. IL-10 family of cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.21(5), 315–324 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melgar S, Yeung MM, Bas A et al. Over-expression of interleukin 10 in mucosal T cells of patients with active ulcerative colitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol.134(1), 127–137 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasche C, Bakos S, Dejaco C, Tillinger W, Zakeri S, Reinisch W. IL-10 secretion and sensitivity in normal human intestine and inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Immunol.20(5), 362–370 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Fedorak RN, Nielsen OH et al. Safety and efficacy of recombinant human interleukin 10 in chronic active Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease IL-10 cooperative study group. Gastroenterology119(6), 1461–1472 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN et al. A randomized trial of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology135(4), 1130–1141 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainer B, Nielsen OH, Hendel J, Horn T, Kirman I. Colonic expression and synthesis of interleukin 13 and interleukin 15 in inflammatory bowel disease. Cytokine12(10), 1531–1536 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller F, Florian P, Bojarski C et al. Interleukin-13 is the key effector Th2 cytokine in ulcerative colitis that affects epithelial tight junctions, apoptosis, and cell restitution. Gastroenterology129(2), 550–564 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannon PJ, Hornung RL, Yang Z et al. Suppression of inflammation in ulcerative colitis by interferon-β-1a is accompanied by inhibition of IL-13 production. Gut60(4), 449–455 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone I, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Interleukin-23 and Th17 cells in the control of gut inflammation. Mediators Inflamm.2009, 297645 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujino S, Andoh A, Bamba S et al. Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut52(1), 65–70 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert S, Laukens D, Peeters H et al. Differential mucosal expression of Th17-related genes between the inflamed colon and ileum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Immunol.11, 61 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenders MI, Van Den Berg WB. Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: are T helper 17 cells really pathogenic in autoimmunity? Clin. Exp. Immunol.159(2), 131–136 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’acquisto F, Maione F, Pederzoli-Ribeil M. From IL-15 to IL-33: the never-ending list of new players in inflammation. Is it time to forget the humble aspirin and move ahead? Biochem. Pharmacol.79(4), 525–534 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maloy KJ. The Interleukin-23/Interleukin-17 axis in intestinal inflammation. J. Intern. Med.263(6), 584–590 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerr RH, Taylor KD, Brant SR et al. A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene. Science314(5804), 1461–1463 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard CL, Weaver CT. Immunology: context is key in the gut. Nature471(7337), 169–170 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen T, Goll R, Cui G et al. Tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-α correlates with grade of inflammation in untreated ulcerative colitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.42(11), 1312–1320 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda R, Koide T, Tokoro C et al. Quantitive cytokine mRNA expression profiles in the colonic mucosa of patients with steroid naive ulcerative colitis during active and quiescent disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.15(3), 328–334 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pang YH, Zheng CQ, Yang XZ, Zhang WJ. Increased expression and activation of IL-12-induced Stat4 signaling in the mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients. Cell Immunol.248(2), 115–120 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue S, Matsumoto T, Iida M et al. Characterization of cytokine expression in the rectal mucosa of ulcerative colitis: correlation with disease activity. Am. J. Gastroenterol.94(9), 2441–2446 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veny M, Esteller M, Ricart E, Pique JM, Panes J, Salas A. Late Crohn’s disease patients present an increase in peripheral Th17 cells and cytokine production compared with early patients. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.31(5), 561–572 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruffolo C, Scarpa M, Faggian D et al. Cytokine network in rectal mucosa in perianal Crohn’s disease: relations with inflammatory parameters and need for surgery. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.14(10), 1406–1412 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seiderer J, Elben I, Diegelmann J et al. Role of the novel Th17 cytokine IL-17F in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): upregulated colonic IL-17F expression in active Crohn’s disease and analysis of the IL17F p.His161Arg polymorphism in IBD. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.14(4), 437–445 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugihara T, Kobori A, Imaeda H et al. The increased mucosal mRNA expressions of complement C3 and interleukin-17 in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol.160(3), 386–393 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt C, Giese T, Ludwig B et al. Expression of interleukin-12-related cytokine transcripts in inflammatory bowel disease: elevated interleukin-23p19 and interleukin-27p28 in Crohn’s disease but not in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.11(1), 16–23 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komatsu M, Kobayashi D, Saito K et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α in serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease as measured by a highly sensitive immuno-PCR. Clin. Chem.47(7), 1297–1301 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert EC, Panja A, Das KM et al. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease may have a transforming growth factor-β-, interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-10-deficient state induced by intrinsic neutralizing antibodies. Clin. Exp. Immunol.155(1), 65–71 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Street ME, De’Angelis G, Camacho-Hubner C et al. Relationships between serum IGF-1, IGFBP-2, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in inflammatory bowel disease. Horm. Res.61(4), 159–164 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitsuyama K, Tomiyasu N, Takaki K et al. Interleukin-10 in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: increased serum concentrations during the recovery phase. Mediators Inflamm.2006(6), 26875 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nancey S, Hamzaoui N, Moussata D, Graber I, Bienvenu J, Flourie B. Serum interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6 receptor and Crohn’s disease activity. Dig. Dis. Sci.53(1), 242–247 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajdukovic J, Tonkic A, Salamunic I, Hozo I, Simunic M, Bonacin D. Interleukins IL-33 and IL-17/IL-17A in patients with ulcerative colitis. Hepatogastroenterology57(104), 1442–1444 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueredo CM, Brito F, Barros FC et al. Expression of cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid and serum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and untreated chronic periodontitis. J. Periodontal Res.46(1), 141–146 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar