Oral contraception: from birth control to pregnancy prevention with noncontraceptive benefits

References

• Speidel JJ, Grossman RA. Family planning and access to safe and legal abortion are vital to safeguard the environment. Contraception76(6), 415–417 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardee K. Population, gender, and climate change. BMJ339, b4703 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh S, Sedgh G, Hussain R. Unintended pregnancy: worldwide levels, trends, and outcomes. Stud. Fam. Plann.41(4), 241–250 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell J. The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States. Contraception75(3), 168–170 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr ST, James SA, Reiter JP. Unintended pregnancy and prenatal behaviors among urban, black women in Baltimore, Maryland: the Baltimore preterm birth study. Ann. Epidemiol.18(7), 545–551 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng D, Schwarz EB, Douglas E, Horon I. Unintended pregnancy and associated maternal preconception, prenatal and postpartum behaviors. Contraception79(3), 194–198 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S. Hospital admissions resulting from unsafe abortion: estimates from 13 developing countries. Lancet368(9550), 1887–1892 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah I, Ahman E. Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges. J. Obstet.Gynaecol. Can.31(12), 1149–1158 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grimes DA, Benson J, Singh S et al. Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic. Lancet368(9550), 1908–1919 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baydar N. Consequences for children of their birth planning status. Fam. Plann. Perspect.27(6), 228–234 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyerson FAB. Population, development and global warming: averting the tragedy of the climate commons. Populat. Environ.19(5), 443–463 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant L, Carver L, Butler CD, Anage A. Climate change and family planning: least-developed countries define the agenda. Bull World Health Organ.87(11), 852–857 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SA. Hiding in plain sight: the role of contraception in preventing HIV. Guttmacher Pol. Rev.11(1), 2–5 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Bal MD, Sahin NH. The usage and discontinuation of contraceptive methods. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet.284(1), 151–155 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner Huber LR, Hogue CJ, Stein AD et al. Contraceptive use and discontinuation: findings from the contraceptive history, initiation, and choice study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.194(5), 1290–1295 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariani S, Heer DM, Van Arsdol MD Jr. Does choice make a difference to contraceptive use? Evidence from East Java. Stud. Fam. Plann.22(6), 384–390 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canto de Cetina TE, Canto P, Ordoñez Luna M. Effect of counseling to improve compliance in Mexican women receiving depot-medroxyprogesteroneacetate. Contraception63(3), 143–146 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemzell-Danielsson K, Thunell L, Lindeberg M, Tydén T, Marintcheva-Petrova M, Oddens BJ. Comprehensive counseling about combined hormonal contraceptives changes the choices of contraceptive option: results of the choice program in Sweden. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand.90(8), 869–877 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira AL, Lemos A, Figueiroa JN, de Souza AI. Effectiveness of contraceptive counselling of women following an abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care14(1), 1–9 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston AM, Rosario L, Westhoff CL. Structured contraceptive counseling – a randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ. Couns.81(3), 362–367 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern V, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Gallo MF. Strategies to improve adherence and acceptability of of hormonal methods of contraception. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.4, CD004317 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Hou MY, Hurwitz S, Kavanagh E, Fortin J, Goldberg AB. Using daily text-message reminders to improve adherence with oral contraceptives: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol.116(3), 633–640 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter JE, McKinnon S, Hopkins K et al. Continuation of prescribed compared with over-the-counter oral contraceptives. Obstet. Gynecol.117(3), 551–557 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer DF, Cullins V, Creasy GW, Fisher AC. The impact of improved compliance with a weekly contraceptive transdermal system (Ortho Evra) on contraceptive efficacy. Contraception69(3), 189–195 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman D, Fernandez L, Hopkins K, Amastae J, Potter JE. Perceptions of the safety of oral contraceptives among a predominantly Latina population in Texas. Contraception81(3), 254–260 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher WD, Jones J. Use of contraception in the United States: 1982–2008. Vital Health Stat. (29), 1–44 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kost K, Singh S, Vaughan B, Trussell J, Bankole A. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception77(1), 10–21 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M, Waugh MS. Causes and consequences of oral contraceptive noncompliance. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.180(2 Pt 2), 276–279 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: a prospective evaluation of frequency and reasons. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.179, 577–582 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speroff L, Darney PD. A Clinical Guide for Contraception (4th Edition). Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Kiley J, Hammond C. Combined oral contraceptives: a comprehensive review. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.50(4), 868–877 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson AL. Extended-cycle oral contraceptive pills with 10 microg ethinyl estradiol pills in place of placebo pills. Womens Health3(5), 529–535 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Szarewski A, Mansour D, Shulman LP. 50 years of ‘The Pill’: celebrating a golden anniversary. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care36(4), 231–238 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldzieher JW, Stanczyk FZ. Oral contraceptives and individual variability of circulating levels of ethinyl estradiol and progestins. Contraception78(1), 4–9 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOGC clinical practice guideline. No 252. Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism: an update. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can.32(12), 1192–1204 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tomkita DK, Ferguson WJ, Stadel BV, Lundin FE. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am. J. Epidemiol.133(1), 32–37 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger JC, Heinemann LA, Kühl-Habich D. The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance Study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation. Contraception75(5), 344–354 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Spitzer WO, Rainville B, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heinemann L. Recurrent use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Hum. Reprod.15(4), 817–821 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidegaard O, Edstrom B, Kreiner S. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a five-year national case-control study. Contraception65(3), 187–196 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidegaard O, Lokkegaard E, Svendsen AL, Agger C. Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study. BMJ339(13), b2890 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro S, Dinger J. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care36(1), 33–38 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin L, Sharples K, Hernandez RH, Jick SS. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK general practice research database. BMJ342, d2139 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick SS, Hernandez RH. Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel: case-control study using United States claims data. BMJ342, d2151 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannaford PC. Epidemiology of the contraceptive pill and venous thromboembolism. Thromb. Res.127(Suppl. 3), S30–S34 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber LR, Hogue CJ, Stein AD et al. Contraceptive use and discontinuation: findings from the contraceptive history, initiation, and choice study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.194(5), 1290–1295 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali MM, Cleland J. Oral contraceptive discontinuation and its aftermath in 19 developing countries. Contraception81(1), 22–29 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multicentre case–control study. World Health Organization collaborative study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. Lancet346(8990), 1575–1582 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plu-Bureau G, Horellou MH, Gompel A, Conrad J. Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: when to ask for an assessment of hemostasis? Which parameters? (fr) Gynecol. Obstet. Fertil.36(4), 448–454 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szarewski A. Choice of contraception. Obstet. Gynaecol. Reprod. Med.19, 323–326 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, Angus V, Iversen L, Lee AJ. Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of general practitioner’s oral contraception study. BMJ335(7621), 651 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, Peto R, Reeves G. For collaborative group on epidemiological studies of ovarian cancer. ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet371(9609), 303–314 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber JC, Bentz EK, Ott J, Tempfer CB. Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.9(13), 2317–2325 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat GC, Miller AB, Rohan TE. Oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Int. J. Cancer122(3), 643–646 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F, La Vecchia C. Oral contraceptives and colorectal cancer. Dig. Liver Dis.35(2), 85–87 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer. Lancet347(9017), 1713–1727 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.346(26), 2025–2032 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessey M. Painter R. Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study 1968–2004. Br. J. Cancer95(3), 385–389 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne RL, Knight JA, John EM et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of early-onset breast cancer in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.14(2), 350–356 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Ma H, Malone KE et al. Oral contraceptive use and survival in women with invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.620(7), 1391–1397 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Zondervan KT, Carpenter LM, Painter R, Vessey MP. Oral contraceptives and cervical cancer – further findings from the Oxford Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Br. J. Cancer73(100), 1291–1297 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby P, Beral V, Berrington de Gonzalez A et al. For the International Collaboration of epidemiological studies of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet370(9599), 1609–1621 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks M, Gravitt PE, Gupta SB et al. The association of hormonal contraceptive use and HPV prevalence. Int. J. Cancer128(12), 2962–2970 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris TG, Miller L, Kulasingam SL et al. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and combined oral contraceptive use and cervical neoplasia among women with oncogenic human papillomavirus infection. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.200(5), 489, e1–e8 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz EB, Saint M, Gildengorin G, Weitz TA, Stewart FH, Sawaya GF. Cervical cancer screening continues to limit provision of contraception. Contraception72(3), 179–181 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Macfarlane TV, Elliott AM, Angus V, Lee AJ. Mortality among contraceptive pill users: cohort evidence from Royal College of general practitioners’ oral contraception study. BMJ340, c927 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkman R, Schesselman JJ, Zieman M. Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.190(Suppl. 4), S5–S22 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG. Practice Bulletin No. 110. Noncontraceptive uses of hormonal contraceptives. Obstet. Gynecol.115(1), 206–218 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Garner SE. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD004425 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Coffee AL, Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ. Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Contraception75(6), 444–449 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. 20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD003989 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception54(2), 71–77 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansbacher R. The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of different estrogens are not equivalent. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.184(3), 255–263 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk–Ware R. New progestagens for contraceptive use. Hum. Reprod. Update12(2), 169–178 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugh-Berman A, Bythrow J. Bioidentical hormones for menopausal hormone therapy: variation on a theme. J. Gen. Intern. Med.22(7), 1030–1034 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour D. Qlaira: a ‘natural’ change of direction. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care35(3), 139–142 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruzzetti F, Bitzer J. Review of clinical experience with estradiol in combined oral contraceptives. Contraception81(1), 8–15 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R. Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas61(1–2), 151–157 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric8(Suppl. 1), 3–63 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasagawa S, Shimuzu Y, Kami H et al. Dienogest is a selective progesterone receptor agonist in transactivation analysis with potent oral endometrial activity due to its efficient pharmacokinetic profile. Steroids73(2), 222–231 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck AO, Seeger H, Buhling KJ. Why use of dienogest for the first contraceptive pill with estradiol? Gynecol. Endocrinol.26(2), 1–5 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrendt HJ, Makalova D, Parke S, Mellinger U, Mansour D. Bleeding pattern and cycle control with an estradiol-based oral contraceptive: a seven-cycle, randomized comparative trial of estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel. Contraception80(5), 436–444 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen JT, Parke S, Mellinger U, Machlitt A, Fraser IS. Effective treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding with estradiol valerate and dienogest: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol.117(4), 777–787 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabbert-Buffet N, Chassard D, Ochsenbein E, Thomas JL, Christin-Maitre S. Inhibition of ovulation by NOMAC/E2, a novel monophasic oral contraceptive combining nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol: a double-blind, randomised, dose-finding pilot study. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care16(2), 76–84 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christin-Maitre S, Serfaty D, Chabbert-Buffet N, Ochsenbein E, Chassard D, Thomas JL. Comparison of a 24-day and a 21-day pill regimen for the novel combined oral contraceptive, nomegestrol acetate and 17β-estradiol (NOMAC/E2): a double-blind, randomized study. Hum. Reprod.26(6), 1338–1347 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duijkers IJM, Klipping C, Grob P, Korver T. Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol on ovarian function in comparison to a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing drospirenone and ethinylestradiol. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care15(5), 314–325 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar