Dendritic cell vaccination as a treatment modality for melanoma

References

• Hall HI, Miller DR, Rogers JD, Bewerse B. Update on the incidence and mortality from melanoma in the United States. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.40(1), 35–42 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdue MP, Freeman LE, Anderson WF, Tucker MA. Recent trends in incidence of cutaneous melanoma among US Caucasian young adults. J. Invest. Dermatol.128(12), 2905–2908 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cokkinides V, Weinstock M, Glanz K, Albano J, Ward E, Thun M. Trends in sunburns, sun protection practices, and attitudes toward sun exposure protection and tanning among US adolescents, 1998–2004. Pediatrics118(3), 853–864 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazovich D, Forster J. Indoor tanning by adolescents: prevalence, practices and policies. Eur. J. Cancer41(1), 20–27 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int. J. Cancer120(5), 1116–1122 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote TR, Sobin LH. Primary melanomas of the esophagus and anorectum: epidemiologic comparison with melanoma of the skin. Melanoma Res.19(1), 58–60 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasser SA, Blask DE, Brainard GC. Light during darkness and cancer: relationships in circadian photoreception and tumor biology. Cancer Causes Control17(4), 515–523 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbe C, Buttner P, Bertz J et al. Primary cutaneous melanoma. Identification of prognostic groups and estimation of individual prognosis for 5093 patients. Cancer75(10), 2484–2491 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eigentler TK, Caroli UM, Radny P, Garbe C. Palliative therapy of disseminated malignant melanoma: a systematic review of 41 randomised clinical trials. Lancet Oncol.4(12), 748–759 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J. Clin. Oncol.19(16), 3622–3634 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CJ, Dessureault S, Gabrilovich D, Reintgen DS, Slingluff CL Jr. Immunotherapy for melanoma. Cancer Control9(1), 22–30 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nathanson. Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma: a review of the literature on incidence, clinical features, and possible mechanisms. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr.44, 67–76 (1976).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggermont AM, Schadendorf D. Melanoma and immunotherapy. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am.23(3), 547–564, ix–x (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley K, Ives N, Hancock B, Gore M, Eggermont A, Suciu S. Does adjuvant interferon-α for high-risk melanoma provide a worthwhile benefit? A meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Cancer Treat. Rev.29(4), 241–252 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascierto PA, Kirkwood JM. Adjuvant therapy of melanoma with interferon: lessons of the past decade. J. Transl. Med.6, 62 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, Smith TJ, Borden EC, Blum RH. Interferon α-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J. Clin. Oncol.14(1), 7–17 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK et al. High- and low-dose interferon α-2b in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J. Clin. Oncol.18(12), 2444–2458 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA et al. High-dose interferon α-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB–III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J. Clin. Oncol.19(9), 2370–2380 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood JM, Bender C, Agarwala S et al. Mechanisms and management of toxicities associated with high-dose interferon α-2b therapy. J. Clin. Oncol.20(17), 3703–3718 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley K, Ives N, Eggermont A et al. Interferon-α as adjuvant therapy for melanoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.25, 478S (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Atkins MB, Lotze MT, Dutcher JP et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J. Clin. Oncol.17(7), 2105–2116 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL et al. Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA271(12), 907–913 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins MB, Mier JW, Parkinson DR, Gould JA, Berkman EM, Kaplan MM. Hypothyroidism after treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. N. Engl. J. Med.318(24), 1557–1563 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwhuis MG, Suciu S, Collette S et al. Autoimmune antibodies and recurrence-free interval in melanoma patients treated with adjuvant interferon. J. Natl Cancer Inst.101(12), 869–877 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agarwala SS, Neuberg D, Park Y, Kirkwood JM. Mature results of a Phase III randomized trial of bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) versus observation and BCG plus dacarbazine versus BCG in the adjuvant therapy of American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I–III melanoma (E1673): a trial of the Eastern Oncology Group. Cancer100(8), 1692–1698 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green DS, Bodman-Smith MD, Dalgleish AG, Fischer MD. Phase I/II study of topical imiquimod and intralesional interleukin-2 in the treatment of accessible metastases in malignant melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol.156(2), 337–345 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green DS, Dalgleish AG, Belonwu N, Fischer MD, Bodman-Smith MD. Topical imiquimod and intralesional interleukin-2 increase activated lymphocytes and restore the Th1/Th2 balance in patients with metastatic melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol.159(3), 606–614 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho LH, Antonia S, Sosman J et al. Phase I/II trial of tremelimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.27(7), 1075–1081 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber JS, O’Day S, Urba W et al. Phase I/II study of ipilimumab for patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.26(36), 5950–5956 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman RM, Banchereau J. Taking dendritic cells into medicine. Nature449(7161), 419–426 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner S, Ehammer Z, Holzmann S et al. Expression of C-type lectin receptors by subsets of dendritic cells in human skin. Int. Immunol.16(6), 877–887 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijman HW, Kleijmeer MJ, Ossevoort MA et al. Antigen capture and major histocompatibility class II compartments of freshly isolated and cultured human blood dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med.182(1), 163–174 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierre P, Turley SJ, Gatti E et al. Developmental regulation of MHC class II transport in mouse dendritic cells. Nature388(6644), 787–792 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman AL, Kyritsis C, Tampe R, Cresswell P. Early phagosomes in dendritic cells form a cellular compartment sufficient for cross presentation of exogenous antigens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(22), 12889–12894 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonteneau JF, Larsson M, Bhardwaj N. Interactions between dead cells and dendritic cells in the induction of antiviral CTL responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol.14(4), 471–477 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guermonprez P, Saveanu L, Kleijmeer M, Davoust J, Van Endert P, Amigorena S. ER–phagosome fusion defines an MHC class I cross-presentation compartment in dendritic cells. Nature425(6956), 397–402 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell124(4), 783–801 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science296(5566), 301–305 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. Nat. Immunol.5(10), 987–995 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechmann M, Berchtold S, Hauber J, Steinkasserer A. CD83 on dendritic cells: more than just a marker for maturation. Trends Immunol.23(6), 273–275 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, Lanzavecchia A. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J. Exp. Med.182(2), 389–400 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzavecchia A. Immunology. Licence to kill. Nature393(6684), 413–414 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez NC, Lozier A, Flament C et al. Dendritic cells directly trigger NK cell functions: cross-talk relevant in innate anti-tumor immune responses in vivo. Nat. Med.5(4), 405–411 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousso P, Robey E. Dynamics of CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cells in intact lymph nodes. Nat. Immunol.4(6), 579–585 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbrink K, Mahnke K, Grabbe S, Enk AH, Jonuleit H. Myeloid dendritic cell: from sentinel of immunity to key player of peripheral tolerance? Hum. Immunol.70(5), 289–293 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inaba K, Pack M, Inaba M, Sakuta H, Isdell F, Steinman RM. High levels of a major histocompatibility complex II–self peptide complex on dendritic cells from the T cell areas of lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med.186(5), 665–672 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuler-Thurner B, Schultz ES, Berger TG et al. Rapid induction of tumor-specific type 1 T helper cells in metastatic melanoma patients by vaccination with mature, cryopreserved, peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med.195(10), 1279–1288 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Palucka AK, Dhodapkar M et al. Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res.61(17), 6451–6458 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overwijk WW, Theoret MR, Finkelstein SE et al. Tumor regression and autoimmunity after reversal of a functionally tolerant state of self-reactive CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med.198(4), 569–580 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med.4(3), 328–332 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurner B, Haendle I, Roder C et al. Vaccination with mage-3A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J. Exp. Med.190(11), 1669–1678 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedemann A, Depoil D, Faroudi M, Valitutti S. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill multiple targets simultaneously via spatiotemporal uncoupling of lytic and stimulatory synapses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(29), 10985–10990 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankaran V, Ikeda H, Bruce AT et al. IFNγ and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature410(6832), 1107–1111 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiao EY, Krown SE. Update on non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining malignancies. Curr. Opin. Oncol.15(5), 389–397 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonuleit H, Giesecke-Tuettenberg A, Tuting T et al. A comparison of two types of dendritic cell as adjuvants for the induction of melanoma-specific T-cell responses in humans following intranodal injection. Int. J. Cancer93(2), 243–251 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schadendorf D, Ugurel S, Schuler-Thurner B et al. Dacarbazine (DTIC) versus vaccination with autologous peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) in first-line treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: a randomized Phase III trial of the DC study group of the DeCOG. Ann. Oncol.17(4), 563–570 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luongo V, Pirozzi G, Caraco C et al. HLA allele frequency and clinical outcome in Italian patients with cutaneous melanoma. Tissue Antigens64(1), 84–87 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sosman JA, Unger JM, Liu PY et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: impact of HLA class I antigen expression on outcome. J. Clin. Oncol.20(8), 2067–2075 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CM, Wilson NS, Waithman J et al. Cognate CD4(+) T cell licensing of dendritic cells in CD8(+) T cell immunity. Nat. Immunol.5(11), 1143–1148 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slingluff CL Jr, Petroni GR, Yamshchikov GV et al. Clinical and immunologic results of a randomized Phase II trial of vaccination using four melanoma peptides either administered in granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adjuvant or pulsed on dendritic cells. J. Clin. Oncol.21(21), 4016–4026 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuettenberg A, Becker C, Huter E, Knop J, Enk AH, Jonuleit H. Induction of strong and persistent MelanA/MART-1-specific immune responses by adjuvant dendritic cell-based vaccination of stage II melanoma patients. Int. J. Cancer118(10), 2617–2627 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana R, Bregni M, Cipponi A et al. Peripheral blood lymphocytes genetically modified to express the self/tumor antigen MAGE-A3 induce anti-tumor immune responses in cancer patients. Blood113(8), 1651–1660 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries IJ, Lesterhuis WJ, Scharenborg NM et al. Maturation of dendritic cells is a prerequisite for inducing immune responses in advanced melanoma patients. Clin. Cancer Res.9(14), 5091–5100 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid CD, Stackpoole A, Meager A, Tikerpae J. Interactions of tumor necrosis factor with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines in the regulation of dendritic cell growth in vitro from early bipotent CD34+ progenitors in human bone marrow. J. Immunol.149(8), 2681–2688 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caux C, Vanbervliet B, Massacrier C et al. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to GM-CSF + TNF α. J. Exp. Med.184(2), 695–706 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor a. J. Exp. Med.179(4), 1109–1118 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi G, Heveker N, Thiele B, Gelderblom H, Steinbach F. Development of a Langerhans cell phenotype from peripheral blood monocytes. Immunol. Lett.31(2), 189–197 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauer M, Obermaier B, Herten J et al. Mature dendritic cells derived from human monocytes within 48 hours: a novel strategy for dendritic cell differentiation from blood precursors. J. Immunol.170(8), 4069–4076 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonuleit H, Kuhn U, Muller G et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins induce maturation of potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells under fetal calf serum-free conditions. Eur. J. Immunol.27(12), 3135–3142 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporri R, Reis e Sousa C. Inflammatory mediators are insufficient for full dendritic cell activation and promote expansion of CD4+ T cell populations lacking helper function. Nat. Immunol.6(2), 163–170 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailliard RB, Wankowicz-Kalinska A, Cai Q et al. α-type-1 polarized dendritic cells: a novel immunization tool with optimized CTL-inducing activity. Cancer Res.64(17), 5934–5937 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trepiakas R, Pedersen AE, Met O, Hansen MH, Berntsen A, Svane IM. Comparison of α-type-1 polarizing and standard dendritic cell cytokine cocktail for maturation of therapeutic monocyte-derived dendritic cell preparations from cancer patients. Vaccine26(23), 2824–2832 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke MG, Johnson M, Lanagan C et al. Durable complete clinical responses in a Phase I/II trial using an autologous melanoma cell/dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.52(6), 387–395 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman RO, Selvan SR, Schiltz PM et al. Phase II trial of dendritic cells loaded with antigens from self-renewing, proliferating autologous tumor cells as patient-specific anti-tumor vaccines in patients with metastatic melanoma: final report. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.24(3), 311–319 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Euw EM, Barrio MM, Furman D et al. A Phase I clinical study of vaccination of melanoma patients with dendritic cells loaded with allogeneic apoptotic/necrotic melanoma cells. Analysis of toxicity and immune response to the vaccine and of IL-10 1082 promoter genotype as predictor of disease progression. J. Transl. Med.6, 6 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersey P, Halliday GM, Farrelly ML, DeSilva C, Lett M, Menzies SW. Phase I/II study of treatment with matured dendritic cells with or without low dose IL-2 in patients with disseminated melanoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.57(7), 1039–1051 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman BG, Chang AE, Whitfield J et al. Phase Ib trial assessing autologous, tumor-pulsed dendritic cells as a vaccine administered with or without IL-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Immunother.31(6), 591–598 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yewdell JW, Norbury CC, Bennink JR. Mechanisms of exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules in vitro and in vivo: implications for generating CD8+ T cell responses to infectious agents, tumors, transplants, and vaccines. Adv. Immunol.73, 1–77 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tendeloo VF, Ponsaerts P, Lardon F et al. Highly efficient gene delivery by mRNA electroporation in human hematopoietic cells: superiority to lipofection and passive pulsing of mRNA and to electroporation of plasmid cDNA for tumor antigen loading of dendritic cells. Blood98(1), 49–56 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso DA, Orme LM, Neale AM et al. Results of a Phase 1 study utilizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA in children and young adults with brain cancer. Neuro Oncol.6(3), 236–246 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Z, Dannull J, Heiser A et al. Immunological and clinical responses in metastatic renal cancer patients vaccinated with tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Cancer Res.63(9), 2127–2133 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilboa E, Vieweg J. Cancer immunotherapy with mRNA-transfected dendritic cells. Immunol. Rev.199, 251–263 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyte JA, Mu L, Aamdal S et al. Phase I/II trial of melanoma therapy with dendritic cells transfected with autologous tumor-mRNA. Cancer Gene Ther.13(10), 905–918 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Y, Sticca RP, Holmes LM et al. Dendritoma vaccination combined with low dose interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma patients induced immunological and clinical responses. Int. J. Oncol.28(3), 585–593 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert AA, Schreurs MW, Boerman OC et al. Biodistribution and vaccine efficiency of murine dendritic cells are dependent on the route of administration. Cancer Res.59(14), 3340–3345 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Coleman RE, Akabani G, Niehaus N, Coleman D, Lyerly HK. Migration of human dendritic cells after injection in patients with metastatic malignancies. Cancer Res.59(1), 56–58 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries IJ, Krooshoop DJ, Scharenborg NM et al. Effective migration of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells to lymph nodes in melanoma patients is determined by their maturation state. Cancer Res.63(1), 12–17 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridolfi R, Riccobon A, Galassi R et al. Evaluation of in vivo labelled dendritic cell migration in cancer patients. J. Transl. Med.2(1), 27 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barratt-Boyes SM, Watkins SC, Finn OJ. In vivo migration of dendritic cells differentiated in vitro: a chimpanzee model. J. Immunol.158(10), 4543–4547 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong L, Brockstedt D, Benike C, Wu L, Engleman EG. Dendritic cells injected via different routes induce immunity in cancer patients. J. Immunol.166(6), 4254–4259 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serody JS, Collins EJ, Tisch RM, Kuhns JJ, Frelinger JA. T cell activity after dendritic cell vaccination is dependent on both the type of antigen and the mode of delivery. J. Immunol.164(9), 4961–4967 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James K, Eisenhauer E, Christian M et al. Measuring response in solid tumors: unidimensional versus bidimensional measurement. J. Natl Cancer Inst.91(6), 523–528 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhard VH, Bullock TN, Colella TA, Sheasley SL, Mullins DW. Antigens derived from melanocyte differentiation proteins: self-tolerance, autoimmunity, and use for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol. Rev.188, 136–146 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campoli MR, Chang CC, Kageshita T, Wang X, McCarthy JB, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA): a melanoma cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MSCP) with biological and clinical significance. Crit. Rev. Immunol.24(4), 267–296 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velculescu VE, Madden SL, Zhang L et al. Analysis of human transcriptomes. Nat. Genet.23(4), 387–388 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas J, Liu T, Cotter MA et al. Melanocyte expression of survivin promotes development and metastasis of UV-induced melanoma in HGF-transgenic mice. Cancer Res.67(11), 5172–5178 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelman A, Chen ZJ, Yang H, Wong GY, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2–23: induction of humoral anti-HMW-MAA immunity and prolongation of survival in patients with stage IV melanoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA89(2), 466–470 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li F, Ambrosini G, Chu EY et al. Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin. Nature396(6711), 580–584 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vong QP, Cao K, Li HY, Iglesias PA, Zheng Y. Chromosome alignment and segregation regulated by ubiquitination of survivin. Science310(5753), 1499–1504 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto K, Andersen MH, Eggert A et al. Lack of toxicity of therapy-induced T cell responses against the universal tumour antigen survivin. Vaccine23(7), 884–889 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wobser M, Keikavoussi P, Kunzmann V, Weininger M, Andersen MH, Becker JC. Complete remission of liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer under vaccination with a HLA-A2 restricted peptide derived from the universal tumor antigen survivin. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.55(10), 1294–1298 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Stassen M, Tuettenberg A, Knop J, Enk AH. Identification and functional characterization of human CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with regulatory properties isolated from peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med.193(11), 1285–1294 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liyanage UK, Moore TT, Joo HG et al. Prevalence of regulatory T cells is increased in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of patients with pancreas or breast adenocarcinoma. J. Immunol.169(5), 2756–2761 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L et al. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat. Med.10(9), 942–949 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enk AH, Jonuleit H, Saloga J, Knop J. Dendritic cells as mediators of tumor-induced tolerance in metastatic melanoma. Int. J. Cancer73(3), 309–316 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbrink K, Wolfl M, Jonuleit H, Knop J, Enk AH. Induction of tolerance by IL-10-treated dendritic cells. J. Immunol.159(10), 4772–4780 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahnke K, Schmitt E, Bonifaz L, Enk AH, Jonuleit H. Immature, but not inactive: the tolerogenic function of immature dendritic cells. Immunol. Cell. Biol.80(5), 477–483 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannull J, Su Z, Rizzieri D et al. Enhancement of vaccine-mediated anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients after depletion of regulatory T cells. J. Clin. Invest.115(12), 3623–3633 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahnke K, Schonfeld K, Fondel S et al. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ human regulatory T cells in vivo: kinetics of Treg depletion and alterations in immune functions in vivo and in vitro. Int. J. Cancer120(12), 2723–2733 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia P, Maker AV, Haworth LR, Rogers-Freezer L, Rosenberg SA. Inability of a fusion protein of IL-2 and diphtheria toxin (Denileukin Diftitox, DAB389IL-2, ONTAK) to eliminate regulatory T lymphocytes in patients with melanoma. J. Immunother.28(6), 582–592 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieg AM. Therapeutic potential of Toll-like receptor 9 activation. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.5(6), 471–484 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashenkov M, Goess G, Wagner C et al. Phase II trial of a Toll-like receptor 9-activating oligonucleotide in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.24(36), 5716–5724 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West MA, Wallin RP, Matthews SP et al. Enhanced dendritic cell antigen capture via Toll-like receptor-induced actin remodeling. Science305(5687), 1153–1157 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speiser DE, Lienard D, Rufer N et al. Rapid and strong human CD8+ T cell responses to vaccination with peptide, IFA, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 7909. J. Clin. Invest.115(3), 739–746 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet JF, Denizot F, Luciani MF et al. A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily – CTLA-4. Nature328(6127), 267–270 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korman AJ, Peggs KS, Allison JP. Checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Immunol.90, 297–339 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas A. Clinical trials with tumor antigen genetically modified dendritic cells. Semin. Oncol.32(6), 556–562 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas A, Camacho LH, Lopez-Berestein G et al. Antitumor activity in melanoma and anti-self responses in a Phase I trial with the anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monoclonal antibody CP-675,206. J. Clin. Oncol.23(35), 8968–8977 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krummel MF, Allison JP. CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J. Exp. Med.182(2), 459–465 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maker AV, Phan GQ, Attia P et al. Tumor regression and autoimmunity in patients treated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and interleukin 2: a Phase I/II study. Ann. Surg. Oncol.12(12), 1005–1016 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas A, Hanson DC, Noe DA et al. Tremelimumab (CP-675,206), a cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 blocking monoclonal antibody in clinical development for patients with cancer. Oncologist12(7), 873–883 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside TL. The tumor microenvironment and its role in promoting tumor growth. Oncogene27(45), 5904–5912 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar