138
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Kidney Cancer - Review

Management of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma

, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1955-1965 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J. Clin.59(4), 225–249 (2009).
  • Oosterlinck W, Solsona E, van der Meijden AP et al. EAU guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol.46(2), 147–154 (2004).
  • Isbarn H, Jeldres C, Shariat SF et al. Location of the primary tumor is not an independent predictor of cancer specific mortality in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. J. Urol.182(5), 2177–2181 (2009).
  • Jensen O, Knudsen J, Tomasson H, Sorensen B. The Copenhagen case–control study of renal pelvis and ureter cancer: role of analgesics. Int. J. Cancer44(6), 965–968 (1989).
  • Colin P, Koenig P, Ouzzane A et al. Environmental factors involved in carcinogenesis of urothelial cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. BJU Int.104, 1436–1440 (2009).
  • Kirkali Z, Tuzel E. Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol.47, 155–169 (2003).
  • Lee T, Ko S, Wan Y. Unusual imaging presentations in renal transitional cell carcinoma. Acta Radiol.38, 1015–1019 (1997).
  • Raman J, Scherr D. Management of patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Nat. Rev. Urol.4(8), 432–443 (2007).
  • Sanderson KM, Rouprêt M. Upper urinary tract tumour after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an update on the risk factors, surveillance regimens and treatments. BJU Int.100(1), 11–16 (2007).
  • Tawfiek E, Bagley D. Upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology50, 321–329 (1997).
  • Silverman S, Lee B, Seltzer S et al. Small (≤3cm) renal masses: correlation of spiral CT features and pathologic features. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.163, 597–605 (1994).
  • Szolar D, Kammerhuber F, Altziebler S. Multiphasic helical CT of the kidney: increased conspicuity for detection and characteritzation of small (<3cm) renal masses. Radiology202, 211–217 (1997).
  • Fielding J, Silverman S, Rubin G. Helical CT of the urinary tract. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.172, 1199–1206 (1999).
  • Caoili E, Cohan R, Korobkin M. Urinary tract abnormalities: initial experience with multi-detector row CT urography. Radiology222, 353–360 (2002).
  • Lang E, Macchia R, Thomas R. Improved detection of renal pathologic features on multiphasic helical CT compared with IVU in patients with presenting with microscopic hematuria. Urology61, 528–532 (2003).
  • Browne RF, Meehan CP, Colville J, Power R, Torreggiani WC. Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: spectrum of imaging findings. Radiographics25(6), 1609–1627 (2005).
  • Ramchandani P, Kisler T, Francis IR et al.; Expert Panel on Urologic Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® hematuria. American College of Radiology (ACR), VA, USA, 5 (2008).
  • Semelka R, Shoenut J, Magro C et al. Renal cancer staging: comparison of contrast-enhanced CT and gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed spin-echo and gradient-echo MR imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging3, 597–602 (1993).
  • Mileston B, Friedman A, Seidmon E et al. Staging of ureteral transitional cell carcinoma by CT and MRI. Urology36, 246–349 (1990).
  • Skolarikos A, Griffiths T, Powell P et al. Cytologic analysis of ureteral washings is informative in patients with grade 2 upper tract TCC considering endoscopic treatment. Urology61(6), 1146–1150 (2003).
  • Assimos D, Hall M, Martin J. Ureteroscopic management of patients with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urol. Clin. North Am.27(4), 751–760 (2000).
  • Skolarikos A, Griffiths TR, Powell PH et al. Cytologic analysis of ureteral washings is informative in patients with grade 2 upper tract TCC considering endoscopic treatment. Urology61(6), 1146–1150 (2003).
  • American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Springer, NY, USA, 646 (2010).
  • Shariat SF, Chade DC, Karakiewicz PI et al. Combination of multiple molecular markers can improve prognostication in patients with locally advanced and lymph node positive bladder cancer. J. Urol.183(1), 68–75 (2009).
  • Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Ashfaq R et al. Multiple biomarkers improve prediction of bladder cancer recurrence and mortality in patients undergoing cystectomy. Cancer112(2), 315–325 (2008).
  • Hutterer GC, Karakiewicz PI, Zippe C et al. Urinary cytology and nuclear matrix protein 22 in the detection of bladder cancer recurrence other than transitional cell carcinoma. BJU Int.101(5), 561–565 (2008).
  • Jeon HG, Jeong IG, Bae J et al. Expression of Ki-67 and COX-2 in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Urology76(2), 513.e7–12 (2010).
  • Park B, Lee S, Kim J et al. Frequent alteration of p63 expression in human primary bladder carcinomas. Cancer Res.60(13), 3370–3374 (2000).
  • Urist M, Como C, Lu M et al. Loss of p63 expression is associated with tumor progression in bladder cancer. Am. J. Pathol.161(4), 1199–1206 (2002).
  • Koga F, Kawakami J, Takizawa T et al. Impaired D Np63 expression associates with reduced β-catenin and aggressive phenotypes of urothelial neoplasms. Br. J. Cancer88(5), 740–747 (2003).
  • Zigeuner R, Tsybrovskyy O, Ratschek M et al. Prognostic impact of p63 and p53 expression in upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology63(6), 1079–1083 (2004).
  • Komhoff M, Guan Y, Shappell H et al. Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in high grade human transitional cell bladder carcinomas. Am. J. Pathol.157(1), 29–35 (2000).
  • Shirahama T, Arima J, Akiba S, Sakakura C. Relation between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and tumor invasiveness and patient survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer92(1), 188–193 (2001).
  • Miyata Y, Kanda S, Nomata K, Eguchi J, Kanetake H. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and EP4 receptor in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. J. Urol.173(1), 56–60 (2005).
  • Nakanishi K, Kawai T, Torikata C, Aurues T, Ikeda T. E-cadherin expression in upper-urinary-tract carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer74(4), 446–449 (1997).
  • Sanderson KM, Cai J, Miranda G, Skinner DG, Stein JP. Upper tract urothelial recurrence following radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an analysis of 1,069 patients with 10-year followup. J. Urol.177(6), 2088–2094 (2007).
  • Margulis V, Shariat S, Matin S et al. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: a series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer115(6), 1224–1233 (2009).
  • Hall MC, Womack S, Sagalowsky AI et al. Prognostic factors, recurrence, and survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: a 30-year experience in 252 patients. Urology52(4), 594–601 (1998).
  • Tran W, Serio A, Raj G et al. Longitudinal risk of upper tract recurrence following radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer and the potential implcations for long-term surveillance. J. Urol.179, 96–100 (2008).
  • Raman J, Ng C, Boorjian SA et al. Bladder cancer after managing upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: predictive factors and pathology. BJU Int.96, 1031–1035 (2005).
  • Krogh J, Kvist E, Rye B. Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: prognostic variables and post-operative recurrences. Br. J. Urol.67(1), 32–36 (1991).
  • Hisataki T, Miyao N, Masumori N et al. Risk factors for the development of bladder cancer after upper tract urothelial cancer. Urology55(5), 663–667 (2000).
  • Koga F, Nagamatsu H, Ishimaru H, Mizuo T, Yoshida K. Risk factors for the development of bladder transitional cell carcinoma following surgery for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Urol. Int.67(2), 135–141 (2001).
  • Kang CH, Yu TJ, Hsieh HH et al. The development of bladder tumors and contralateral upper urinary tract tumors after primary transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Cancer98(8), 1620–1626 (2003).
  • Novara G, De Marco V, Dalpiaz O et al. Independent predictors of contralateral metachronous upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma after nephroureterectomy: multi-institutional dataset from three European centers. Int. J. Urol.16(2), 187–191 (2009).
  • Lughezzani G, Sun M, Perrotte P et al. Gender-related differences in patients with stage I to III upper tract urothelial carcinoma: results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Urology75(2), 321–327 (2009).
  • Margulis V, Youssef RF, Karakiewicz PI et al. Preoperative multivariable prognostic model for prediction of nonorgan confined urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. J. Urol.184(2), 453–458 (2010).
  • Jeldres C, Sun M, Lughezzani G et al. Highly predictive survival nomogram after upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Cancer116(16), 3774–3784 (2010).
  • Olgac S, Mazumdar M, Dalbagni G, Reuter V. Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a clinicopathologic study of 130 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.28, 1545–1552 (2004).
  • Langner C, Hutterer G, Chromecki T et al. pT classification, grade, and vascular invasion as prognostic indicators in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Mod. Pathol.19, 272–279 (2006).
  • Munoz J, Ellison L. Upper tract urothelial neoplasms: incidence and survival during the last 2 decades. J. Urol.164, 1523–1525 (2000).
  • Lughezzani G, Jeldres C, Isbarn H et al. Nephroureterectomy and segmental ureterectomy in the treatment of invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a population-based study of 2299 patients. Eur. J. Cancer45(18), 3291–3297 (2009).
  • Shariat SF, Svatek RS, Tilki D et al. International validation of the prognostic value of lymphovascular invasion in patients treated with radical cystectomy. BJU Int.105(10), 1402–1412 (2010).
  • Gasparini G, Weidner N, Bevilacqua P. Tumor microvessel density, p53 expression, tumor size, and peritumoral lymphatic vessel invasion are relevant prognostic markers in node-negative breast carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.12, 454–466 (1994).
  • Herman C, Wilcox G, Kattan M. Lymphovascular invasion as a predictor of disease progression in prostate cancer. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.24, 859–863 (2000).
  • Kikuchi E, Margulis V, Karakiewicz PI et al. Lymphovascular invasion predicts clinical outcomes in patients with node-negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.27(4), 612–618 (2009).
  • Roscigno M, Shariat SF, Freschi M et al. Assessment of the minimum number of lymph nodes needed to detect lymph node invasion at radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper tract urothelial cancer. Urology74(5), 1070–1074 (2009).
  • Roscigno M, Shariat SF, Margulis V et al. Impact of lymph node dissection on cancer specific survival in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy. J. Urol.181(6), 2482–2489 (2009).
  • Roscigno M, Shariat SF, Margulis V et al. The extent of lymphadenectomy seems to be associated with better survival in patients with nonmetastatic upper-tract urothelial carcinoma: how many lymph nodes should be removed? Eur. Urol.56(3), 512–518 (2009).
  • Bolenz C, Shariat SF, Fernandez MI et al. Risk stratification of patients with nodal involvement in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: value of lymph-node density. BJU Int.103(3), 302–306 (2009).
  • Novara G, Matsumoto K, Kassouf W et al. Prognostic role of lymphovascular invasion in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: an international validation study. Eur. Urol.57(6), 1064–1071 (2010).
  • Krogh J, Kvist E, Rye B. Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: prognostic variables and postoperative recurrences. Br. J. Urol.67, 32–36 (1991).
  • Park J, Ha SH, Min GE et al. The protective role of renal parenchyma as a barrier to local tumor spread of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma and its impact on patient survival. J. Urol.182(3), 894–899 (2009).
  • Park S, Hong B, Kim C, Ahn H. The impact of tumor location on prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. J. Urol.171, 621–625 (2004).
  • van der Poel H, Antonini N, van Tinteren H, Horenblas S. Upper urinary tract cancer: location is correlated with prognosis. Eur. Urol.48, 428–444 (2005).
  • Favaretto RL, Shariat SF, Chade DC et al. The effect of tumor location on prognosis in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center. Eur. Urol.58(4), 574–580 (2010).
  • Rabbani F, Perrotti M, Russo P, Herr HW. Upper-tract tumors after an initial diagnosis of bladder cancer: argument for long-term surveillance. J. Clin. Oncol.19(1), 94–100 (2001).
  • Matsui Y, Utsunomiya N, Ichioka K et al. Risk factors for subsequent development of bladder cancer after primary transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Urology65(2), 279–283 (2005).
  • Mullerad M, Russo P, Golijanin D et al. Bladder cancer as a prognostic factor for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. J. Urol.172(6 Pt 1), 2177–2181 (2004).
  • Mukamel E, Simon D, Edelman A et al. Metachronous bladder tumors in patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol.57(3), 187–190 (1994).
  • Joung J, Yang S, Jeong I et al. Identification of immunohistochemical factors that predict the synchronous or metachronous development of bladder tumors in patients with upper urinary tract tumors. Urol. Int.81(3), 306–311 (2008).
  • National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Bladder cancer – including upper tract tumors and urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. National Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncologyv2.2010, 1–51 (2010).
  • Volkmer BG, Schnoeller T, Kuefer R et al. Upper urinary tract recurrence after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer – who is at risk? J. Urol.182(6), 2632–2637 (2009).
  • Balaji K, McGuire M, Grotas J, Grimaldi G, Russo P. Upper tract recurrences following radical cystectomy: an analysis of prognostic factors, recurrence pattern and stage at presentation. J. Urol.162(5), 1603–1606 (1999).
  • Kenworthy P, Tanguay S, Dinney C. The risk of upper tract recurrence following cystectomy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma involving the distal ureter. J. Urol.155(2), 501–503 (1996).
  • Sved P, Gomez P, Nieder A et al. Upper tract tumour after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: incidence and risk factors. BJU Int.94(6), 785–789 (2004).
  • Meissner C, Giannarini G, Schumacher M et al. The efficiency of excretory urography to detect upper urinary tract tumors after cystectomy for urothelial cancer. J. Urol.178(6), 2287–2290 (2007).
  • Huguet-Perez J, Palou J, Millan-Rodriguez F et al. Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma following cystectomy for bladder cancer. Eur. Urol.40(3), 318–323 (2001).
  • Furukawa J, Miyake H, Hara I, Takaenaka A, Fujisawa M. Upper urinary tract recurrence following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Int. J. Urol.14(6), 496–499 (2007).
  • Zincke H, Garbeff P, Beahrs J. Upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J. Urol.131(1), 50–52 (1984).
  • Slaton J, Swanson D, Grossman H, Dinney C. A stage specific approach to tumor surveillance after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J. Urol.162(3 Pt 1), 710–714 (1999).
  • Tsuji Y, Nakamura H, Ariyoshi A. Upper urinary tract involvement after cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion for primary bladder carcinoma. Eur. Urol.29(2), 216–220 (1996).
  • Strong D, Pearse H, Tank EJ, Hodges C. The ureteral stump after nephroureterectomy. J. Urol.115(6), 654–655 (1976).
  • Lughezzani G, Sun M, Perrotte P et al. Should bladder cuff excision remain the standard of care at nephroureterectomy in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis? A population-based study. Eur. Urol.57(6), 956–962 (2009).
  • Secin F, Koppie T, Salamanca J et al. Evaluation of regional lymph node dissection in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. Int. J. Urol.14(1), 26–32 (2007).
  • Margulis V, Shariat SF, Matin SF et al. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: a series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer115(6), 1224–1233 (2009).
  • Jeldres C, Sun M, Isbarn H et al. A population-based assessment of perioperative mortality after nephroureterectomy for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Urology75(2), 315–320 (2010).
  • Kondo T, Nakazawa H, Ito F et al. Primary site and incidence of lymph node metastases in urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract. Urology69, 265–269 (2007).
  • Koppie TM, Vickers AJ, Vora K, Dalbagni G, Bochner BH. Standardization of pelvic lymphadenectomy performed at radical cystectomy: can we establish a minimum number of lymph nodes that should be removed? Cancer107(10), 2368–2374 (2006).
  • Brausi MA, Gavioli M, De Luca G et al. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLD) in conjunction with nephroureterectomy in the treatment of infiltrative transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract: impact on survival. Eur. Urol.52(5), 1414–1418 (2007).
  • Lughezzani G, Jeldres C, Isbarn H et al. A critical appraisal of the value of lymph node dissection at nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urology75(1), 118–124 (2010).
  • Steinberg JR, Matin SF. Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy: dilemma of the distal ureter. Curr. Opin. Urol.14(2), 61–65 (2004).
  • Matin SF, Gill IS. Recurrence and survival following laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy with various forms of bladder cuff control. J. Urol.173(2), 395–400 (2005).
  • Walton TJ, Sherwood BT, Parkinson RJ et al. Comparative outcomes following endoscopic ureteral detachment and formal bladder cuff excision in open nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. J. Urol.181(2), 532–539 (2009).
  • Salvador-Bayarri J, Rodriguez-Villamil L, Imperatore V et al. Bladder neoplasms after nephroureterectomy: does the surgery of the lower ureter, transurethral resection or open surgery, influence the evolution? Eur. Urol.41(1), 30–33 (2002).
  • Brown J, Strup S, Chenven E, Bagley DH, Gomella L. Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: analysis of distal ureterectomy technique, margin status, and surgical outcomes. Urology66, 1192 (2005).
  • Ko R, Chew B, Hickling D et al. Transitional cell carcionma recurrence rate after nephrourterectomy in patients who undergo open excision of bladder cuff v transurethral incision of the ureteral orifice. J. Endour.21, 730 (2007).
  • Macejko AM, Pazona JF, Loeb S, Kimm S, Nadler RB. Management of distal ureter in laparoscopic nephroureterectomy – a comprehensive review of techniques. Urology72(5), 974–981 (2008).
  • Oosterlinck W. Ureteral tumour: a specific upper urinatry tract transitional cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol.51(5), 1164–1165 (2007).
  • Andersrom C, Johansson S, Pettersson S, Wahlqvist L. Carcinoma of the ureter: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases. J. Urol.142(2 Pt 1), 280–283 (1989).
  • Zungri E, Chechile G, Algaba F et al. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter: is the controversy justified? Eur. Urol.17(4), 276–280 (1990).
  • Giannarini G, Schumacher MC, Thalmann GN et al. Elective management of transitional cell carcinoma of the distal ureter: can kidney-sparing surgery be advised? BJU Int.100(2), 264–268 (2007).
  • Jeldres C, Lughezzani G, Sun M et al. Segmental ureterectomy can safely be performed in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. J. Urol.183(4), 1324–1329 (2010).
  • Clayman R, Kavoussi L, Figenshau R, Chandhoke P, Albala D. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: initial clinical case report. J. Laparoendosc. Surg.1(6), 343–349 (1991).
  • Rassweiler J, Schulze M, Marrero R et al. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: is it better than open surgery? Eur. Urol.46, 690–697 (2004).
  • Chung S, Chueh S, Lai M et al. Long-term outcome of hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma: comparison with open surgery. J. Endourol.21(6), 595–599 (2007).
  • Hsueh T, Huang Y, Chiu A, Huan S, Lee Y. Survival analysis in patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: a comparison between open and hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. BJU Int.99, 632–636 (2007).
  • Hattori R, Yoshino Y, Gotoh M et al. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter: Nagoya experience. Urology67, 701–705 (2006).
  • Manabe D, Saika T, Ebara S et al. Comparative study of oncologic outcome of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and standard nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology69(3), 457–461 (2007).
  • Roupret M, Hupertan V, Sanderson KM et al. Oncologic control after open or laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: a single center experience. Urology69(4), 656–661 (2007).
  • Okegawa T, Odagane A, Ide H et al. Oncological outcome of retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Int. J. Urol.13, 493–497 (2006).
  • Bariol S, Stewart G, McNeill S, Tolley D. Oncological control following laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: 7-year outcome. J. Urol.172, 1805–1808 (2004).
  • Muntener M, Nielsen ME, Romero FR et al. Long-term oncologic outcome after laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol.51(6), 1639–1644 (2007).
  • El Fettouh HA, Rassweiler JJ, Schulze M et al. Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy: results of an international multicenter study. Eur. Urol.42(5), 447–452 (2002).
  • Schatteman P, Chatzopoulos C, Assenmacher C et al. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: results of a Belgian retrospective multicentre survey. Eur. Urol.51(6), 1633–1638 (2007).
  • Simone G, Papalia R, Guaglianone S et al. Laparoscopic versus open nephroureterectomy: perioperative and oncologic outcomes from a randomised prospective study. Eur. Urol.56(3), 520–526 (2009).
  • Tsujihata M, Nonomura N, Tsujimura A et al. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: comparison of laparoscopic and open surgery. Eur. Urol.49(2), 332–336 (2006).
  • Capitanio U, Shariat SF, Isbarn H et al. Comparison of oncologic outcomes for open and laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: a multi-institutional analysis of 1249 cases. Eur. Urol.56(1), 1–9 (2009).
  • Liatsikos E, Dinlenc C, Kapoor R, Smith A. Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: ureteroscopic and percutaneous approach. J. Endourol.15(4), 377–383 (2001).
  • Berger A, Haber, G-P, Kamoi K et al. Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: oncological outcomes at 7 years. J. Urol.180(3), 849–854; discussion 854 (2008).
  • Busby JE, Brown GA, Matin SF. Comparing lymphadenectomy during radical nephroureterectomy: open versus laparoscopic. Urology71(3), 413–416 (2008).
  • Flanigan R. Urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract. In: Campbell-Walsh Urology. WB Saunders, PA, USA, 1638–1652 (2007).
  • Soderdahl DW, Fabrizio MD, Rahman NU, Jarrett TW, Bagley D. Endoscopic treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urol. Oncol.23, 114–122 (2005).
  • Houston R. Management of upper tract tumors. In: Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 435–442 (2005).
  • Jarrett T, Sweetser P, Weiss G, Smith A. Percutaneous management of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal collecting system: 9-year experience. J. Urol.154(5), 1629–1635 (1995).
  • Clark P, Streem S, Geisinger M. 13-year experience with percutaneous management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. J. Urol.161(3), 772–775 (1999).
  • Patel A, Soonawalla P, Shepherd S et al. Long-term outcome after percutaneous treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. J. Urol.155(3), 868–874 (1996).
  • Keeley F, Bibbo M, Bagley D. Ureteroscopic treatment and surveillance of upper urinary tract transtional cell carcinoma. J. Urol.157(5), 1560–1565 (1997).
  • El-Hakim A, Weiss G, Lee B, Smith A. Correlation of ureteroscopic appearance with histologic grade of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology63(4), 647–650 (2004).
  • Tavora F, Fajardo D, Lee T et al. Small endoscopic biopsies of the ureter and renal pelvis: Pathologic Pitfalls. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.33(10), 1540–1546 (2009).
  • Daneshmand S, Quek M, Huffman J. Endoscopic management of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: long-term experience. Cancer98, 55–60 (2003).
  • Tawfiek ER, Bagley DH. Upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology50(3), 321–329 (1997).
  • Elliott D, Blute M, Patterson D, Bergstralh E, Segura J. Long-term follow-up of endoscopically treated upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology47(6), 819–825 (1996).
  • Chen G, El-Gabry E, Bagley D. Surveillance of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: the role of ureterscopy, retrograde pyelography, cytology and urinalysis. J. Urol.164, 1901–1904 (2000).
  • Martinez-Pineiro J, Matres M, Martinez-Pineiro L. Endourological treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinomas: analysis of a series of 59 tumors. J. Urol.156, 377–385 (1996).
  • Lucas S, Svatek R, Olgin G et al. Conservative management in selected patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma compares favourably with early radical surgery. BJU Int.102(2), 172–176 (2008).
  • Gadzinski A, Roberts W, Faerber G, Wolf JJ. Long-term oucomes of nephroureterectomy versus endoscopic management for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J. Urol.183, 2148–2153 (2010).
  • Boorjian SA, Ng C, Munver R et al. Impact of delay to nephroureterectomy for patients undergoing ureteroscopic biopsy and laser tumor ablation of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology66(2), 283–287 (2005).
  • Roupret M, Traxer O, Tligui M et al. Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: recurrence rate after percutaneous endoscopic resection. Eur. Urol.51(3), 709–713; discussion 714 (2007).
  • Brien JC, Shariat SF, Herman MP et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis, ureteroscopic biopsy grade and urinary cytology can improve prediction of advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J. Urol.184(1), 69–73 (2010).
  • Soderdahl DW, Fabrizio MD, Rahman NU, Jarrett TW, Bagley DH. Endoscopic treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urol. Oncol.23(2), 114–122 (2005).
  • Suh RS, Faerber GJ, Wolf JS Jr. Predictive factors for applicability and success with endoscopic treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J. Urol.170(6 Pt 1), 2209–2216 (2003).
  • Lam JS, Gupta M. Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urol. Clin. North Am.31(1), 115–128 (2004).
  • Soga N, Arima K, Sugimura Y. Adjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin, and cisplatin chemotherapy has potential to prevent recurrence of bladder tumors after surgical removal of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Int. J. Urol.15(9), 800–803 (2008).
  • O’Donnell PH, Stadler WM. The role of chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Adv. Urol.2009, 419028 (2009).
  • Matin SF, Margulis V, Kamat A et al. Incidence of downstaging and complete remission after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer116(13), 3127–3134 (2010).
  • Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.349(9), 859–866 (2003).
  • Hellenthal NJ, Shariat SF, Margulis V et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for high risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma: results from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. J. Urol.182(3), 900–906 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.