Hypercoagulable state after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: evidence, mechanisms and implications

References

• Puskas JD, Wright CE, Ronson RS, Brown WM 3rd, Gott JP, Guyton RA. Off-pump multivessel coronary bypass via sternotomy is safe and effective. Ann. Thorac. Surg.66, 1068–1072 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja SG. Safety of off-pump coronary artery surgery: no more skepticism please!. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.26, 1229 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelini GD, Taylor FC, Reeves BC, Ascione R. Early and midterm outcome after off-pump and on-pump surgery in Beating Heart Against Cardioplegic Arrest Studies (BHACAS 1 and 2): a pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet359, 1194–1199 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathoe HM, van Dijk D, Jansen EW et al.; Octopus Study Group. A comparison of on-pump and off-pump coronary bypass surgery in low-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 394–402 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puskas JD, Williams WH, Duke PG et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury, transfusion requirements, and length of stay: a prospective randomized comparison of two hundred unselected patients undergoing off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.125, 797–808 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ruzzeh S, George S, Bustami M et al. Effect of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on clinical, angiographic, neurocognitive, and quality of life outcomes: randomised controlled trial. BMJ332, 1365 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedrakyan A, Wu AW, Parashar A, Bass EB, Treasure T. Off-pump surgery is associated with reduced occurrence of stroke and other morbidity as compared with traditional coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of systematically reviewed trials. Stroke37, 2759–2769 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller CH, Penninga L, Wetterslev J, Steinbrüchel DA, Gluud C. Clinical outcomes in randomized trials of off- vs. on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. Eur. Heart J.29, 2601–2616 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng DC, Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Novick RJ; Evidence-Based Perioperative Clinical Outcomes Research Group. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology102, 188–203 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reston JT, Tregear SJ, Turkelson CM. Meta-analysis of short-term and mid-term outcomes following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann. Thorac. Surg.76, 1510–1515 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parolari A, Alamanni F, Cannata A et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass: meta-analysis of currently available randomized trials. Ann. Thorac. Surg.76, 37–40 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss O, von Salviati B, Börgermann J. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of propensity score analyses. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.140, 829–835 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja SG, Berg GA. Impact of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on systemic inflammation: current best available evidence. J. Cardiol. Surg.22, 445–455 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja SG, Dreyfus GD. Impact of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on post-operative pulmonary dysfunction: current best available evidence. Ann. Cardiol. Anaesth.9, 17–24 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raja SG, Dreyfus GD. Impact of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on graft patency: current best available evidence. J. Cardiol. Surg.22, 165–169 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biancari F, Mahar MA, Mosorin M et al. Immediate and intermediate outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Ann. Thorac. Surg.86, 1147–1152 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira-González IJ, Ribera A, Cascant P, Permanyer-Miralda G; ARCA study group. Outcomes in off-pump vs. on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting stratified by pre-operative risk profile: an assessment using propensity score. Eur. Heart J.27, 2473–2480 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariani MA, Gu YJ, Boonstra PW, Grandjean JG, van Oeveren W, Ebels T. Procoagulant activity after off-pump coronary operation: is the current anticoagulation adequate? Ann. Thorac. Surg.67, 1370–1375 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja SG, Dreyfus GD. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: to do or not to do? Current best available evidence. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth.18, 486–505 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. The Medline database. BMJ315, 180–183 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Segesser LK. Writing off evidence in evidence-based medicine? Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg.2, 403–404 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vallely MP, Bannon PG, Bayfield MS, Hughes CF, Kritharides L. Quantitative and temporal differences in coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet activation after on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Lung Circ.18, 123–130 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulitsch FS, Schneider D, Sobel BE et al. Hemostatic changes and clinical sequelae after on-pump compared with off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Coron. Artery. Dis.20, 100–105 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednar F, Osmancik P, Vanek T et al. Platelet activity and aspirin efficacy after off-pump compared with on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: results from the prospective randomized trial PRAGUE 11-Coronary Artery Bypass and Reactivity of Thrombocytes (CABARET). J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.136, 1054–1060 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jares M, Vanek T, Bednar F, Maly M, Snircova J, Straka Z. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery surgery. Int. Heart J.48, 57–67 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballotta A, Saleh HZ, El Baghdady HW et al. Comparison of early platelet activation in patients undergoing on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.134, 132–138 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paparella D, Galeone A, Venneri MT et al. Activation of the coagulation system during coronary artery bypass grafting: comparison between on-pump and off-pump techniques. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.131, 290–297 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parolari A, Mussoni L, Frigerio M et al. The role of tissue factor and P-selectin in the procoagulant response that occurs in the first month after on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.130, 1561–1566 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parolari A, Mussoni L, Frigerio M et al. Increased prothrombotic state lasting as long as one month after on-pump and off-pump coronary surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.130, 303–308 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedin J, Antovic A, Ericsson A, Vaage J. Hemostasis in off-pump compared to on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective, randomized study. Ann. Thorac. Surg.80, 586–593 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo B, Fijnheer R, Castigliego D, Borst C, Kalkman CJ, Nierich AP. Activation of hemostasis after coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thromb. Haemost.99, 634–640 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Møller CH, Steinbrüchel DA. Platelet function after coronary artery bypass grafting: is there a procoagulant activity after off-pump compared with on-pump surgery? Scand. Cardiovasc. J.37, 149–153 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Despotis GJ, Joist JH. Anticoagulation and anticoagulation reversal with cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass: an update. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth.13(4 Suppl. 1), 18–29 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muriithi EW, Belcher PR, Day SP, Menys VC, Wheatley DJ. Heparin-induced platelet dysfunction and cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann. Thorac. Surg.69, 1827–1832 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muriithi EW, Belcher PR, Rao JN, Chaudhry MA, Nicol D, Wheatley DJ. The effects of heparin and extracorporeal circulation on platelet counts and platelet microaggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.120, 538–543 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuri SF, Valeri CR, Loscalzo J et al. Heparin causes platelet dysfunction and induces fibrinolysis before cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann. Thorac. Surg.60, 1008–1014 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Astudillo R, Ivert T, Hjemdahl P. Biphasic pro-thrombotic and inflammatory responses after coronary artery bypass surgery. J. Thromb. Haemost.1, 470–476 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzima E, Walker JH. Platelet annexin V: the ins and outs. Platelets11, 245–251 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascione R, Williams S, Lloyd CT, Sundaramoorthi T, Pitsis AA, Angelini GD. Reduced postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirement after beating-heart coronary operations: a prospective randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.121, 689–696 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel TL, Stamou SC, Lowery RC et al. Risk factors for hemorrhage-related reexploration and blood transfusion after conventional versus coronary revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.27, 494–500 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong AJ, Pohlman TH, Hampton CR et al. Tissue factor and thrombin mediate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann. Thorac. Surg.75, S649–S655 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kloner RA, Jennings RB. Consequences of brief ischemia: stunning, preconditioning, and their clinical implications: part 2. Circulation104, 3158–3167 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kon ZN, Kwon MH, Collins MJ et al. Off-Pump coronary artery bypass leads to a regional hypercoagulable state not detectable using systemic markers. Innovations (Phila.)1, 232–238 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman S, Zadina K, Moritz T et al. Long-term patency of saphenous vein and left internal mammary artery grafts after coronary artery bypass surgery: results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 2149–2156 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGillivray TE, Vlahakes GJ. Patency and the pump – the risks and benefits of off-pump CABG. N. Engl. J. Med.350, 3–4 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White RH, Henderson MC. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism after total hip and knee replacement surgery. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med.8, 365–371 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okazaki Y, Takarabe K, Murayama J et al. Coronary endothelial damage during off-pump CABG related to coronary-clamping and gas insufflation. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.19, 834–839 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poston R, Gu J, Manchio J et al. Platelet function tests predict bleeding and thrombotic events after off-pump coronary bypass grafting. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.27, 584–591 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T et al. Improvement in early saphenous vein graft patency after coronary artery bypass surgery with antiplatelet therapy: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. Circulation77, 1324–1332 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Pugo FJ. Aspirin and mortality from coronary bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1057–1059 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein PD, Schunemann HJ, Dalen JE, Gutterman D. Anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with saphenous vein and internal mammary artery bypass grafts: the seventh ACCP conference on anti-thrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest126, 600S–608S (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Chew DP, Hirsch AT, Ringleb PA, Hacke W, Topol EJ. Superiority of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients with prior cardiac surgery. Circulation103, 363–368 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N. Engl. J. Med.345, 494–502 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox KA, Mehta SR, Peters R et al. Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularisation for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Ischemic Events (CURE) Trial. Circulation110, 1202–1208 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT 3rd et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc.288, 2411–2420 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topol EJ, Steinhubl SR, Brennan D, Berger PB, Moliterno DJ. CREDO Investigators. Comparison of long-term usefulness of clopidogrel therapy after the first percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting versus that after the second or repeat intervention. Am. J. Cardiol.94, 623–625 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popma JJ, Berger P, Ohman EM, Harrington RA, Grines C, Weitz JI. Anti-thrombotic therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention: seventh ACCP conference on anti-thrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest126, 576–599 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaluza GL, Joseph J, Lee JR, Raizner ME, Raizner AE. Catastrophic outcomes of noncardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.35, 1288–1294 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao C, Ren C, Li D, Li L. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus clopidogrel alone on graft patency after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann. Thorac. Surg.88, 59–62 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao G, Zheng Z, Pi Y, Lu B, Lu J, Hu S. Aspirin plus clopidogrel therapy increases early venous graft patency after coronary artery bypass surgery a single-center, randomized, controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56, 1639–1643 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun JC, Teoh KH, Lamy A et al. Randomized trial of aspirin and clopidogrel versus aspirin alone for the prevention of coronary artery bypass graft occlusion: the Preoperative Aspirin and Postoperative Antiplatelets in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting study. Am. Heart J.160, 1178–1184 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulik A, Le May MR, Voisine P et al. Aspirin plus clopidogrel versus aspirin alone after coronary artery bypass grafting: the Clopidogrel After Surgery for Coronary Artery Disease (CASCADE) trial. Circulation122, 2680–2687 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen AB, Bochsen L, Steinbrüchel DA. Hypercoagulability and platelet inhibition after OPCAB. Randomized intervention with clopidogrel. Scand. Cardiovasc. J.41, 325–330 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbuz AT, Zia AA, Vuran AC, Cui H, Aytac A. Postoperative clopidogrel improves mid-term outcome after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a prospective study. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.29, 190–195 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujanovic E, Nurkic M, Caluk J, Terzic I, Kabil E, Bergsland J. The effect of combined clopidogrel and aspirin therapy after off-pump coronary surgery: a pilot study. Innovations4, 265–268 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar