54
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Vascular Disease - Review

Acute coronary syndromes: considerations for improved acceptance and implementation of management guidelines

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 489-503 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Bassand JP, Hamm CW, Ardissino D et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J.28(13), 1598–1660 (2007).
  • Hamm CW, Bassand J-P, Agewall S et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J.32(23), 2999–3054 (2011).
  • Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betriu A et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J.29(23), 2909–2945 (2008).
  • Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur. Heart J.31(20), 2501–2555 (2010).
  • Angiolillo DJ, Suryadevara S, Capranzano P, Bass TA. Prasugrel: a novel platelet ADP P2Y12 receptor antagonist. A review on its mechanism of action and clinical development. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.9(16), 2893–2900 (2008).
  • van Giezen JJ, Nilsson L, Berntsson P et al. Ticagrelor binds to human P2Y12 independently from ADP but antagonizes ADP-induced receptor signaling and platelet aggregation. J. Thromb. Haemost.7(9), 1556–1565 (2009).
  • Holmes DR Jr, Dehmer GJ, Kaul S, Leifer D, O’Gara PT, Stein CM. ACCF/AHA clopidogrel clinical alert: approaches to the FDA ‘boxed warning’: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on clinical expert consensus documents and the American Heart Association endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56(4), 321–341 (2010).
  • Price MJ, Berger PB, Teirstein PS et al. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial. JAMA305(11), 1097–1105 (2011).
  • Wiviott SD, Trenk D, Frelinger AL et al. Prasugrel compared with high loading- and maintenance-dose clopidogrel in patients with planned percutaneous coronary intervention: the Prasugrel in Comparison to Clopidogrel for Inhibition of Platelet Activation and Aggregation – Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 44 trial. Circulation116(25), 2923–2932 (2007).
  • Li YG, Ni L, Brandt JT et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregation with prasugrel and clopidogrel: an integrated analysis in 846 subjects. Platelets20(5), 316–327 (2009).
  • Storey RF, Angiolillo DJ, Patil SB et al. Inhibitory effects of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel on platelet function in patients with acute coronary syndromes: the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) PLATELET substudy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56(18), 1456–1462 (2010).
  • Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the onset and offset of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation120(25), 2577–2585 (2009).
  • Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.357(20), 2001–2015 (2007).
  • CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.363(10), 930–942 (2010).
  • Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.361(11), 1045–1057 (2009).
  • Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation115(6), 813–818 (2007).
  • Cannon CP, Harrington RA, James S et al. Comparison of ticagrelor with clopidogrel in patients with a planned invasive strategy for acute coronary syndromes (PLATO): a randomised double-blind study. Lancet375(9711), 283–293 (2010).
  • Steg G. Results of the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial subset analysis in patients with STEMI and planned PCI. Presented at: American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. Orlando, FL, USA, 14–18 November 2009.
  • Bellemain-Appaix A, Brieger D, Beygui F et al. New P2Y12 inhibitors versus clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56(19), 1542–1551 (2010).
  • Biondi-Zoccai G, Lotrionte M, Agostoni P et al. Adjusted indirect comparison meta-analysis of prasugrel versus ticagrelor for patients with acute coronary syndromes. Int. J. Cardiol.150(3), 324–331 (2011).
  • Hulot JS, Collet JP, Silvain J et al. Cardiovascular risk in clopidogrel-treated patients according to cytochrome P450 2C19*2 loss-of-function allele or proton pump inhibitor coadministration: a systematic meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56(2), 134–143 (2010).
  • Paré G, Mehta SR, Yusuf S et al. Effects of CYP2C19 genotype on outcomes of clopidogrel treatment. N. Engl. J. Med.363, 1704–1714 (2010).
  • Scott SA, Martis S, Peter I, Kasai Y, Kornreich R, Desnick RJ. Identification of CYP2C19*4B: pharmacogenetic implications for drug metabolism including clopidogrel responsiveness. Pharmacogenomics J. doi:10.1038/tpj.2011.5 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Sibbing D, Koch W, Gebhard D et al. Cytochrome 2C19*17 allelic variant, platelet aggregation, bleeding events, and stent thrombosis in clopidogrel-treated patients with coronary stent placement. Circulation121(4), 512–518 (2010).
  • Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD et al. Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms and the response to prasugrel: relationship to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical outcomes. Circulation119(19), 2553–2560 (2009).
  • Wallentin L, James S, Storey RF et al. Effect of CYP2C19 and ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on outcomes of treatment with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes: a genetic substudy of the PLATO trial. Lancet376(9749), 1320–1328 (2010).
  • James S, Angiolillo DJ, Cornel JH et al. Ticagrelor vs clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes and diabetes: a substudy from the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Eur. Heart. J.31(24), 3006–3016 (2010).
  • James S, Budaj A, Aylward P et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes in relation to renal function: results from the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circulation122(11), 1056–1067 (2010).
  • Tidjane MA, Voisin S, Lhermusier T, Bongard V, Sie P, Carrie D. More on: adenosine diphosphate-inducible platelet reactivity shows a pronounced age dependency in the initial phase of antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel. J. Thromb. Haemost.9(3), 614–616 (2011).
  • Gurbel PA, Mahla E, Antonino MJ, Tantry US. Response variability and the role of platelet function testing. J. Invasive Cardiol.21(4), 172–178 (2009).
  • Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J et al. Relationship between aspirin and clopidogrel responses in acute coronary syndrome and clinical predictors of nonresponse. Thromb. Res.123(4), 597–603 (2009).
  • Park SJ, Park DW, Kim YH et al. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug-eluting stents. N. Engl. J. Med.362(15), 1374–1382 (2010).
  • Kang MK, Jeong YH, Yoon SE et al. Preprocedural platelet reactivity after clopidogrel loading in Korean patients undergoing scheduled percutaneous coronary intervention. J. Atheroscler.Thromb.17(11), 1122–1131 (2010).
  • Byrne RA, Schulz S, Mehilli J et al. Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 6 versus 12 months clopidogrel therapy after implantation of a drug-eluting stent: the Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Safety and Efficacy of 6 Months Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Drug-Eluting Stenting (ISAR-SAFE) study. Am. Heart J.157(4), 620–624 (2009).
  • Mauri L, Kereiakes DJ, Normand SL et al. Rationale and design of the dual antiplatelet therapy study, a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of 12 versus 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy in subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with either drug-eluting stent or bare-metal stent placement for the treatment of coronary artery lesions. Am. Heart J.160(6), 1035–1041 (2010).
  • Verheught FW, Focks JJ, Brouwer MA. Long-term clopidogrel therapy and the impact on CV mortality: lessons from the large randomized controlled trials. Circulation122, A19240 (2010).
  • Chin CT, Roe MT, Fox KA et al. Study design and rationale of a comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel in medically managed patients with unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Targeted Platelet Inhibition to Clarify the Optimal Strategy to Medically Manage Acute Coronary Syndromes (TRILOGY ACS) trial. Am. Heart J.160(1), 16–22 (2010).
  • Petersen JL, Mahaffey KW, Hasselblad V et al. Efficacy and bleeding complications among patients randomized to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin for anti-thrombin therapy in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. A systematic overview. JAMA292(1), 89–96 (2004).
  • Sakhuja R, Yeh RW, Bhatt DL. Anticoagulant agents in acute coronary syndromes. Curr. Probl. Cardiol.36(4), 127–168 (2011).
  • Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.354(14), 1477–1488 (2006).
  • Montalescot G, Zeymer U, Silvain J et al. Intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the international randomised open-label ATOLL trial. Lancet378(9792), 693–703 (2011).
  • Cohen M, Gensini GF, Maritz F et al. The safety and efficacy of subcutaneous enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin and tirofiban versus placebo in the treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients ineligible for reperfusion (TETAMI): a randomized trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.42(8), 1348–1356 (2003).
  • Antman EM, Cohen M, Radley D et al. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction TIMI 11B–ESSENCE meta-analysis. Circulation100(15), 1602–1608 (1999).
  • White HD, Kleiman NS, Mahaffey KW et al. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the Superior Yield of the New Strategy of Enoxaparin, Revascularization and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (SYNERGY) trial. Am. Heart J.152(6), 1042–1050 (2006).
  • Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S et al. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.354(14), 1464–1476 (2006).
  • Mehta RH, Granger CB, Eikelboom JW et al. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the OASIS-5 trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50(18), 1742–1751 (2007).
  • Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S et al. Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA295(13), 1519–1530 (2006).
  • Brito V, Ciapponi A, Kwong J. Factor Xa inhibitors for acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1, CD007038 (2011).
  • Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.355(21), 2203–2216 (2006).
  • Stone GW, Ware JH, Bertrand ME et al. Anti-thrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management: one-year results from the ACUITY trial. JAMA298(21), 2497–2506 (2007).
  • Lincoff AM, Steinhubl SR, Manoukian SV et al. Influence of timing of clopidogrel treatment on the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an analysis of the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) trial. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv.1(6), 639–646 (2008).
  • Lopes RD, Alexander KP, Manoukian SV et al. Advanced age, anti-thrombotic strategy, and bleeding in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.53(12), 1021–1030 (2009).
  • Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Schulz S et al. Abciximab and heparin versus bivalirudin for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.365(21), 1980–1989 (2011).
  • Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Witzenbichler B et al. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarctions (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomized controlled trial. Lancet374(9696), 1149–1159 (2009).
  • Dangas G, Mehran R, Guagliumi G et al. Role of clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: results from the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54(15), 1436–1446 (2009).
  • Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G et al. Heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor versus bivalirudin monotherapy and paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): final 3-year results from a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet377(9784), 2193–2204 (2011).
  • Steg PG, Mehta SR, Jukema W et al. RUBY-1: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and tolerability of the novel oral Factor Xa inhibitor darexaban (YM150) following acute coronary syndrome. Eur. Heart J.32(20), 2541–2554 (2011).
  • Alexander JH, Lopes RD, James S et al. Apixaban with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.365(8), 699–708 (2011).
  • Oldgren J, Budaj A, Granger CB et al. Dabigatran vs placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes on dual antiplatelet therapy: a randomized, double-blind, Phase I trial. Eur. Heart J.32(22), 2781–2789 (2011).
  • Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD et al. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med.366(1), 9–12 (2012).
  • Bueno H, Fernández-Avilés F. Use of risk scores in acute coronary syndromes. Heart98(2), 162–168 (2012).
  • Mehran R, Pocock SJ, Nikolsky E et al. A risk score to predict bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.55(23), 2556–2566 (2010).
  • Stone GW, Ware JH, Bertrand ME et al. Anti-thrombotic strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early invasive management: one-year results from the ACUITY trial. JAMA298(21), 2497–2506 (2007).
  • Subherwal S, Bach RG, Chen AY et al. Baseline risk of major bleeding in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) bleeding score. Circulation119(14), 1873–1882 (2009).
  • Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL et al. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the bleeding academic research consortium. Circulation123(23), 2736–2747 (2011).
  • Betteridge DJ. Lipid control in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nat. Rev. Cardiol.8(5), 278–290 (2011).
  • Jernberg T, Johanson P, Held C, Svennblad B, Lindback J, Wallentin L. Association between adoption of evidence-based treatment and survival for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA305(16), 1677–1684 (2011).
  • Silber S. A new and rapid scoring system to assess the scientific evidence from clinical trials. J. Interv. Cardiol.19(6), 485–492 (2006).
  • Fox KAA, Goodman SG, Klein W et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes. Variations in practice and outcome; findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur. Heart J.23(15), 1177–1189 (2002).
  • Heras M, Bueno H, Bardaji A, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Marti H, Marrugat J. Magnitude and consequences of undertreatment of high-risk patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: insights from the DESCARTES registry. Heart92(11), 1571–1576 (2006).
  • Bueno H, Bardaji A, Fernandez-Ortiz A et al. Management of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes in Spain. The DESCARTES (Descriptión del Estado de los Sindromes Coronarios Agudos en un Registro Temporal Español) study. Rev. Esp. Cardiol.58(2), 244–252 (2005).
  • Ferreira-Gonzalez I, Permanyer-Miralda G, Heras M et al. Patterns of use and effectiveness of early invasive strategy in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: an assessment by propensity score. Am. Heart J.156(5), 946–953 (2008).
  • Hoekstra JW, Pollack CV Jr, Roe MT et al. Improving the care of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department: the CRUSADE initiative. Acad. Emerg. Med.9(11), 1146–1155 (2002).
  • Hasdai D, Behar S, Wallentin L et al. A prospective survey of the characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in Europe and the Mediterranean basin; the Euro Heart Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes (Euro Heart Survey ACS). Eur. Heart J.23(15), 1190–1201 (2002).
  • Ferrieres J, Bakhai A, Iñiquez A et al. Treatment patterns in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.26(9), 2193–2202 (2010).
  • Goodman SG, Huang W, Yan AT et al. The expanded Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events: baseline characteristics, management practices, and hospital outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am. Heart J.158(2), 193–201 (2009).
  • Mehta RH, Montoye CK, Gallogly M et al. Improving quality of care for acute myocardial infaction: the Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) Initiative. JAMA287(10), 1269–1276 (2002).
  • Birtcher KK, Pan W, Labresh KA, Cannon CP, Fonarow GC, Ellrodt G. Performance achievement award program for Get With The Guidelines – coronary artery disease is associated with global and sustained improvement in cardiac care for patients hospitalized with an acute myocardial infarction. Crit. Pathw. Cardiol.9(3), 103–112 (2010).
  • Medina HM, Cannon CP, Zhao X et al. Quality of acute myocardial infarction care and outcomes in 33,997 patients aged 80 years or older: findings from Get With The Guidelines – Coronary Artery Disease. Am Heart J.162(2), 283–290 (2011).
  • Flather MD, Booth J, Babalis D et al. Improving the management of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: systematic evaluation of a quality improvement program European Quality Improvement Programme for Acute Coronary Syndrome: the EQUIP-ACS project protocol and design. Trials11(5), (2010).
  • Flather MD, Babalis D, Booth J et al. Cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the effects of a quality improvement program on management of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: the European Quality Improvement Programme for Acute Coronary Syndromes (EQUIP-ACS). Am. Heart J.162(4), 700–707.e1 (2011).
  • Hutchinson-Jaffe, Goodman SG, Yan RT et al. Comparison of baseline characteristics, management and outcome of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in versus not in clinical trials. Am. J. Cardiol.106(10), 1389–1396 (2010).
  • Fox KA, Steg PG, Eagle KA et al. Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999–2006. JAMA297(17), 1892–1900 (2007).
  • Schiele F, Hochadel M, Tubaro M et al. Reperfusion strategy in Europe: temporal trends in performance measures for reperfusion therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J.31(21), 2614–2624 (2010).
  • Widimsky P, Wijns W, Fajadet J et al. Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in Europe: description of the current situation in 30 countries. Eur. Heart J.31(8), 943–957 (2010).
  • Spencer FA, Montalescot G, Fox KA et al. Delay to reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to acute care hospitals: an international perspective. Eur. Heart J.31(11), 1328–1336 (2010).
  • Van de Werf F, Gore JM, Avezum A et al. Access to catheterisation facilities in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome: multinational registry study. BMJ330(7489), 441 (2005).
  • Kaul P, Newby LK, Fu Y et al. Relation between baseline risk and treatment decisions in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: an examination of international practice patterns. Heart91(7), 876–881 (2005).
  • Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M et al. Management patterns in relation to risk stratification among patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Arch. Intern. Med.167(10), 1009–1016 (2007).
  • Fox KA, Anderson FA Jr, Dabbous OH et al. Intervention in acute coronary syndromes: do patients undergo intervention on the basis of their risk characteristics? The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Heart93(2), 177–182 (2007).
  • Peterson ED, Roe MT, Mulgund J et al. Association between hospital process performance and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA295(16), 1912–1920 (2006).
  • Bauer T, Koeth O, Junger C et al. Effect of an invasive strategy on in-hospital outcome in elderly patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J.28(23), 2873–2878 (2007).
  • Sheridan BC, Stearns SC, Rossi JS, D’Arcy LP, Federspiel JJ, Carey TS. Three-year outcomes of multivessel revascularization in very elderly acute coronary syndrome patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg.89(6), 1889–1894 (2010).
  • Montalescot G, Brieger D, Eagle KA et al. Unprotected left main revascularization in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J.30(19), 2308–2317 (2009).
  • Sianos G, Morel MA, Kappetein AP et al. The SYNTAX Score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention1(2), 219–227 (2005).
  • Serruys PW, Onuma Y, Garg S et al. Assessment of the SYNTAX score in the Syntax study. EuroIntervention5(1), 50–56 (2009).
  • Fox KA, Mehta SR, Peters R et al. Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Ischemic Events (CURE) trial. Circulation110(10), 1202–1208 (2004).
  • Chew DP, Mahaffey KW, White HD et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with acute coronary syndromes is difficult to predict. Am. Heart J.155(5), 841–847 (2008).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.