58
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Focus: Pediatric Infections - Review

Serious and invasive pediatric pneumococcal disease: epidemiology and vaccine impact in the USA

Pages 117-125 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • O’Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet374(9693), 893–902 (2009).
  • Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Preventing pneumococcal diseases among infants and young children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.49(RR-9), 1–35 (2000).
  • Hausdorff WP, Feikin DR, Klugman KP. Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes. Lancet Infect. Dis.5, 83–93 (2005).
  • Black S, Shinefield H. Issues and challenges: pneumococcal vaccination in pediatrics. Pediatr. Ann.26, 355–360 (1997).
  • Zangwill KM, Vadheim CM, Vannier AM, Hemenway LS, Greenberg DP, Ward JI. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in southern California: implications for the design and conduct of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy trial. J. Infect. Dis.174, 752–759 (1996).
  • Butler JC, Breiman RF, Lipman HB, Hofmann J, Facklam RR. Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among preschool children in the United States, 1978–1994: implications for development of a conjugate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis.171, 885–889 (1995).
  • Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Farley MM et al. The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N. Engl. J. Med.333, 481–486 (1995).
  • de Cunto Brandileone MC, Dias Vieira VS, Casagrande ST et al. Prevalence of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from Brazilian children with invasive infections. Microb. Drug Resist.3, 141–146 (1997).
  • Levine MM, Lagos R, Levine OS et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in infants and young children in Metropolitan Santiago, Chile, a newly industrializing country. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.17, 287–293 (1998).
  • Rahav G, Toledano Y, Engelhard D et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections. A comparison between adults and children. Medicine76, 295–303 (1997).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.46(RR-8), 1–24 (1997).
  • Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R et al. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA294, 2043–2051 (2005).
  • Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease – United States, 1998–2003. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.54, 893–897 (2005).
  • Isaacman DJ, Fletcher MA, Fritzell B, Ciuryla V, Schranz J. Indirect effects associated with widespread vaccination of infants with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7; Prevnar). Vaccine25, 2420–2427 (2007).
  • Spratt BG, Greenwood BM. Prevention of pneumococcal disease by vaccination: does serotype replacement matter? Lancet356, 1210–1211 (2000).
  • Millar EV, O’Brien KL, Watt JP et al. Effect of community-wide conjugate pneumococcal vaccine use in infancy on nasopharyngeal carriage through 3 years of age: a cross-sectional study in a high-risk population. Clin. Infect. Dis.43, 8–15 (2006).
  • Ghaffar F, Barton T, Lozano J et al. Effect of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the first 2 years of life. Clin. Infect. Dis.39, 930–938 (2004).
  • Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, Wald ER et al. Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children’s hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics113, 443–449 (2004).
  • Moore MR, Gertz RE Jr, Woodbury RL et al. Population snapshot of emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in the United States, 2005. J. Infect. Dis.197, 1016–1027 (2008).
  • Messina AF, Katz-Gaynor K, Barton T et al. Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Streptococcus pneumonia isolates in Dallas, TX, children from 1999 through 2005. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26(6), 461–467 (2007).
  • Gonzalez BE, Hulten KG, Lamberth L, Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr; the US Pediatric Multicenter Pneumococcal Surveillance Group. Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroups 15 and 33: an increasing cause of pneumococcal infections in children in the United States after the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.25(4), 301–305 (2006).
  • Hausdorff W. The roles of pneumococcal serotypes 1 and 5 in paediatric invasive disease. Vaccine25, 2406–2412 (2007).
  • Friedland IR. Antibiotic-resistant pneumococci. J. Pediatr.128, 862–863 (1996).
  • Dowell SF, Schwartz B. Resistant pneumococci: protecting patients through judicious use of antibiotics. Am. Fam. Phys.55, 1647–1648 (1997).
  • Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W et al. Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N. Engl. J. Med.354, 1455–1463 (2006).
  • Jacobs NM. Pneumococcal osteomyelitis and arthritis in children. A hospital series and literature review. Am. J. Dis. Child.145, 70–74 (1991).
  • Pineda SV, Perez BA, Domingo PM et al. Bacteremic pneumococal pneumonia. An. Esp. Pediatr.57(5), 408–413 (2002).
  • Brandenbury JA, Marine TJ, Colez CM. Clinical presentation, processes and outcomes of care for patient with pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Gen. Intern. Med.15, 638–646 (2000).
  • Mufson MA. Pneumococcal infections. JAMA246, 1942–1948 (1981).
  • Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1737–1746 (2003).
  • Black S, Shinefield H, Baxter R et al. Postlicensure surveillance for pneumcococcal invasive disease after use of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Northern California Kaiser Permanente. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23(6), 485–489 (2004).
  • Shah SS, Ratner AJ. Trends in invasive pneumococcal disease-associated hospitalizations. Clin. Infect. Dis.42, e1–e5 (2006).
  • Hicks LA, Harrison LH, Flannery B, Hadler JL, Schaffner W, Craig AS. Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998–2004. J. Infect. Dis.196, 1346–1354 (2007).
  • Munoz-Almagro C, Jordan I, Gene A et al. Emergence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes in the era of 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Clin. Infect. Dis.46, 174–182 (2008).
  • Black S. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease: a complicated story. Clin. Infect. Dis.47, 485–486 (2008).
  • Lacapa R, Bliss SJ, Larzelere-Hinton F et al. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among White Mountain Apache persons in the era of the pneumococal conjugate vaccine. Clin. Infect. Dis.47, 476–484 (2008).
  • Ghaffar F, Friedland IR, McCracken GH Jr. Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.18, 638–646 (1999).
  • Gray BM, Converse GM, Dillon HC. Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: acquisition, carriage, and infection during the first 24 months of life. J. Infect. Dis.142, 923–933 (1980).
  • Huang SS, Platt R, Rifas-Shiman SL, Pelton SI, Goldmann D, Finkelstein JA. Post-PCV7 changes in colonizing pneumococcal serotypes in 16 Massachusetts communities, 2001–2004. Pediatrics116, e408–e413 (2005).
  • Hanage WP, Huang SS, Lipsitch M, Bishop CJ, Godoy D, Pelton SI. Diversity and antibiotic resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia carriage isolates in the post-heptavalent conjugate vaccine era. J. Infect. Dis.195, 347–352 (2007).
  • Miller EV, Watt JP, Bronsdon MA et al. Indirect effect of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal colonization among unvaccinated household members. Clin. Infect. Dis.47, 989–996 (2008).
  • Hammitt LL, Bruden DL, Butler JC et al. Indirect effect of conjugate vaccine on adult carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae: an explanation of trends in invasive pneumococcal disease. J. Infect. Dis.193, 1487–1494 (2006).
  • Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N. Engl. J. Med.337, 970–976 (1997).
  • Malley R, Ambrosino D. Pneumococcal diseases in children: morbidity, mortality, and resistance. University of Chicago Children’s Hospital Reports on Current Concepts in the Use of Pediatric Vaccines. 1, 1–8 (1998).
  • Baraff LJ, Lee SI, Schriger DL. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.12, 389–394 (1993).
  • Tsai CJ, Griffin MR, Nuorti JP, Grijalva CG. Changing epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis.46, 1664–1672 (2008).
  • Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR et al. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med.360, 244–256 (2009).
  • Jacobs NM, Lerdkachornsuk S, Metzger WI. Pneumococcal bacteremia in infants and children:a ten-year experience at the Cook County Hospital with special reference to the pneumococcal serotypes isolated. Pediatrics64, 296–300 (1979).
  • Lee GM, Harper MB. Risk of bacteremia for febrile young children in the post Haemophilus inlfuenzae type B era. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.152, 624–628 (1999).
  • Davidson M, Schraer CD, Parkinson AJ et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in an Alaska native population, 1980 through 1986. JAMA261, 715–718 (1989).
  • Kuppermann N, Fleisher GR, Jaffe DM. Predictors of occult pneumococcal bacteremia in young febrile children. Ann. Emerg. Med.31, 679–687 (1998).
  • Poehling KA, Talbot TR, Griffin MR et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among infants before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA295, 1668–1674 (2006).
  • Steenhoff AP, Shah SS, Ratner AJ, Patil SM, McGowan KL. Emergence of vaccine-related pneumococcal serotypes as a cause of bactermia. Clin. Infect. Dis.42, 907–914 (2006).
  • Marrie TJ. Pneumococcal pneumonia: epidemiology and clinical features. Semin. Resp. Infect.14(3), 227–236 (1999).
  • Black SB, Shinefield HR, Ling S et al. Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than five years of age for prevention of pneumonia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21(9), 810–815 (2002).
  • Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Arbogast PG, Martin SW, Edwards KM, Griffin MR. Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis. Lancet369, 1179–1186 (2007).
  • Zhou F, Kyaw MH, Shefer A, Winston CA, Nuorti JP. Health care utilization for pneumonia in young children after routine pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in the United States. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.161(12), 1162–1168 (2007).
  • Pneumonia hospitalizations among young children before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine – United States, 1997–2006. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.58(01), 1–4 (2009).
  • Nelson JC, Jackson M, Yu Onchee et al. Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on rates of community acquired pneumonia in children and adults. Vaccine26, 4947–4954 (2008).
  • Bradley JS, Kaplan SL, Tan TQ et al. Pediatric pneumococcal bone and joint infections. Pediatrics102, 1376–1382 (1998).
  • Jacobs NM. Pneumococcal osteomyelitis and arthritis in children. A hospital series and literature review. Am. J. Dis. Child.145, 70–74 (1991).
  • Farrell DJ, Klugman KP, Pichichero M. Increased antimicrobial resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pediatric population after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine in the United States. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26, 123–128 (2007).
  • Dagan R, Klugman KP. Impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine on antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect. Dis.8, 785–795 (2008).
  • Pai R, Moore MR, Pilishvili T et al. Postvaccine genetic structure of Streptococcus pneumonia 19A from children in the United States. J. Infect. Dis.192, 1988–1995 (2005).
  • Dagan R. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.15(Suppl. 3), 16–20 (2009).
  • Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R et al. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med.325, 1453–1460 (1991).
  • Rubin LG. Pneumococcal vaccine. Pediatr. Clin. North Am.47, 269–285 (2000).
  • Shinefield HR, Black S, Ray P et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.18, 757–763 (1999).
  • Wuorimaa T, Dagan R, Eskola J et al. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an eleven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy toddlers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.120, 272–277 (2001).
  • Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE. A trial of a 9 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med.349, 1341–1348 (2003).
  • Dagan R, Givon-Lavi N, Zamir O et al. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to toddlers attending day care centers. J. Infect. Dis.185, 927–936 (2002).
  • Sigurdardottir ST, Davidsdottir K, Arason VA et al. Safety and immunogenicity of CRM 197 conjugated pneumococcal-meningococcal C combination vaccine (PVPnC-MnCC) whether given in two or three primary doses. Vaccine26(33), 4178–4186 (2008).
  • Copeding MZR, Puumalaimen T, Gepanayao CP et al. Safey and immunogenicity of three doses of an eleven-valent diphtheria toxoid and tetanus protein conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in Filipino infants. BMC Infect. Dis.3, 17–22 (2003).
  • Puumalainer T, Zeta-Copeding MR, Kajhty H et al. Antibody response to an eleven valent diphtheria- and tetanus-conjugated pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Filipino infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21, 309–316 (2002).
  • Bermal N, Szenborn L, Chrobot A et al. The 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) coadministered with DTPw-HBV/Hib and poliovirus vaccines: assessment of immunogenicity. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.28(4), S89–S96 (2009).
  • Dinleyici EC, Yargic ZA. Current knowledge regarding investigational 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Expert Rev. Vaccines8(8), 977–986 (2009).
  • Cao J, Chen D, Xu W et al. Enhanced protection against pneumococcal infection elicited by immunization with the combination PspA, PspC and ClpP vaccine. Vaccine25(27), 4996–5005 (2007).
  • Ming C, Lin H, Huang J et al. Development of 5-valent conjugate pneumococcal protein A-capsular polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease. Microb. Pathog.47(3), 151–156 (2009).
  • Arevalo MT, Xu O, Paton JC et al. Mucosal vaccination with a multicomponent adenovirus-vectored vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the lung. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.55(3), 346–351 (2009).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.