Antibiotics in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

References

• Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet370(9589), 741–750 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoller JK. Clinical practice. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med.346(13), 988–994 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T, Gisbert R. Costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a 1-year follow-up study. Chest123(3), 784–791 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson F, Borg S, Jansson SA et al. The costs of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir. Med.96(9), 700–708 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzueto A, Sethi S, Martinez FJ. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.4(7), 554–564 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T. Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. DAFNE Study Group. Eur. Respir. J.17(5), 928–933 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams SG, Melo J, Luther M, Anzueto A. Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest117, 1345–1352 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest117(5 Suppl. 2), 398S–401S (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Murphy TF. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: new developments concerning microbiology and pathophysiology – impact on approaches to risk stratification and therapy. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am.18(4), 861–882, ix (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Murphy TF. Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med.359(22), 2355–2365 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gump DW, Phillips CA, Forsyth BR, McIntosh FK, Lamborn KR, Stouch WH. Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.113, 465–473 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groeneveld K, Eijk PP, van Alphen L, Jansen HM, Zanen HC. Haemophilus influenzae infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease despite specific antibodies in serum and sputum. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.141, 1316–1321 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosell A, Monso E, Soler N et al. Microbiologic determinants of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Intern. Med.165(8), 891–897 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran T, Coyle PV, McManus TE, Kidney J, Coulter WA. Evaluation of real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of bacteria in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.50(1), 112–118 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gompertz S, O’Brien C, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J.17(6), 1112–1119 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Qiu YS, Majumdar S et al. Exacerbations of bronchitis: bronchial eosinophilia and gene expression for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and eosinophil chemoattractants. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(1), 109–116 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.173(10), 1114–1121 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S. Pathogenesis and treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.26(2), 192–203 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Wrona C, Eschberger K, Lobbins P, Cai X, Murphy TF. Inflammatory profile of new bacterial strain exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.177(5), 491–497 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockley RA. The role of proteinases in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchits. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.150, S109–S113 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• White AJ, Gompertz S, Bayley DL et al. Resolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax58(8), 680–685 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy TF, Sethi S. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.146, 1067–1083 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Sethi R, Eschberger K et al. Airway bacterial concentrations and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.176(4), 356–361 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJB, Murphy TF. Acquisition of a new bacterial strain and occurrence of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med.347(7), 465–471 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Eschberger K et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.177(8), 853–860 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Sethi S, Kilian M, Cai X, Lesse AJ. Haemophilus haemolyticus: a human respiratory tract commensal to be distinguished from Haemophilus influenzae. J. Infect. Dis.195(1), 81–89 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Wrona C, Grant BJB, Murphy TF. Strain specific immune response to Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.169, 448–453 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(9), 1618–1623 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyashita N, Niki Y, Nakajima M, Kawane H, Matsushima T. Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis and COPD. Chest114(4), 969–971 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg SB, Allen M, Wilson J, Atmar RL. Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162, 167–173 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Muscarella K, Evans N, Klingman KL, Grant BJB, Murphy TF. Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest118(6), 1557–1565 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron SD, Angel JB, Lunau M et al. Granulocyte inflammatory markers and airway infection during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.163(2), 349–355 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockley RA, O’Brien C, Pye A, Hill SL. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient managment of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest117, 1638–1645 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler N, Agusti C, Angrill J, Puig De la Bellacasa J, Torres A. Bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax62(1), 29–35 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolz D, Christ-Crain M, Bingisser R et al. Antibiotic treatment of exacerbations of COPD: a randomized, controlled trial comparing procalcitonin-guidance with standard therapy. Chest131(1), 9–19 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felmingham D, White AR, Jacobs MR et al. The Alexander Project: the benefits from a decade of surveillance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.56(Suppl. 2), ii3–ii21 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Evangelista AT, Critchley IA, Sahm DF. Factors associated with relative rates of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: results from the TRUST Surveillance Program (1998–2002). Clin. Infect. Dis.36(8), 963–970 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins SG, Farrell DJ, Patel M, Lavin BS. Trends in anti-bacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA, 2000–2003: PROTEKT US years 1–3. J. Infect.51(5), 355–363 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schito GC. Resistance trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae (PROTEKT years 1–3 [1999–2002]). J. Chemother.16(Suppl. 6), 19–33 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins SG, Brown SD, Farrell DJ. Trends in antibacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA: update from PROTEKT US years 1–4. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob.7, 1 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrell DJ, File TM, Jenkins SG. Prevalence and antibacterial susceptibility of mef(A)-positive macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae over 4 years (2000 to 2004) of the PROTEKT US Study. J. Clin. Microbiol.45(2), 290–293 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mera RM, Miller LA, Daniels JJ, Weil JG, White AR. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States over a 10-year period: Alexander Project. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.51(3), 195–200 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell DJ, Jenkins SG, Brown SD, Patel M, Lavin BS, Klugman KP. Emergence and spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae with erm(B) and mef>(A) resistance. Emerg. Infect. Dis.11(6), 851–858 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoban D, Baquero F, Reed V, Felmingham D. Demographic analysis of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: worldwide results from PROTEKT 1999–2000. Int. J. Infect. Dis.9(5), 262–273 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schito GC, Felmingham D. Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, azithromycin and telithromycin (PROTEKT 1999–2003). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents26(6), 479–485 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Windau A, et al. Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis to 17 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters: 1998–2001 US Surveillance Study. Clin. Lab. Med.24(2), 503–530 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornsberry C, Sahm DF, Kelly LJ et al. Regional trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States: results from the TRUST Surveillance Program, 1999–2000. Clin. Infect. Dis.34(Suppl. 1), S4–S16 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SD, Rybak MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae collected from patients across the USA, in 2001–2002, as part of the PROTEKT US study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.54(Suppl 1), i7–i15 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doern GV, Brown SD. Antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the USA: data from PROTEKT US 2000–01. J. Infect.48(1), 56–65 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saginur R. Barriers to the effective management of respiratory tract infections in the community. Infection29(Suppl. 2), 3–10 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felmingham D, Gruneberg RN. A multicentre collaborative study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired, lower respiratory tract pathogens 1992–1993: the Alexander Project. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.38(Suppl. A), 1–57 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller JD, Low DE. A review of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection treatment failures associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis.41(1), 118–121 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querol-Ribelles JM, Molina J, Naberan K, Esteban E, Herreras A, Garcia-de-Lomas J. Discrepancy between antibiotics administered in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and susceptibility of isolated pathogens in respiratory samples: multicentre study in the primary care setting. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents28(5), 472–476 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss K, Restieri C, Gauthier R et al. A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin. Infect. Dis.33(4), 517–522 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel RE. The significance of serum vs tissue levels of antibiotics in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and community-acquired pneumonia: are we looking in the wrong place? Chest116(2), 535–538 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin DR, Honeybourne D, Wise R. Pulmonary disposition of antimicrobial agents: methodological considerations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.36(6), 1171–1175 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong CT, Dandekar PK, Sutherland C, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Intrapulmonary concentrations of telithromycin: clinical implications for respiratory tract infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Chemotherapy51(6), 339–346 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capitano B, Mattoes HM, Shore E et al. Steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults. Chest125(3), 965–973 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• File TM Jr. A new dosing paradigm: high-dose, short-course fluoroquinolone therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Cornerstone (Suppl. 3), S21–S28 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• File TM Jr, Hadley JA. Rational use of antibiotics to treat respiratory tract infections. Am. J. Manag. Care8(8), 713–727 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK, Dimopoulos G, Siempos II. Short- versus long-duration antimicrobial treatment for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.62(3), 442–450 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Moussaoui R, Roede BM, Speelman P, Bresser P, Prins JM, Bossuyt PM. Short-course antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a meta-analysis of double-blind studies. Thorax63(5), 415–422 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoepelman IM, Mollers MJ, van Schie MH et al. A short >(3-day) course of azithromycin tablets versus a 10-day course of amoxycillin–clavulanic acid (Co-amoxiclav) in the treatment of adults with lower respiratory tract infections and effects on long-term outcome. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents9(3), 141–146 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roede BM, Bresser P, El Moussaoui R et al. Three vs. 10 days of amoxycillin–clavulanic acid for type 1 acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.13(3), 284–290 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaberg T, Ballin I, Huchon G, Bassaris H, Hampel B, Reimnitz P. A multinational, multicentre, non-blinded, randomized study of moxifloxacin oral tablets compared with co-amoxiclav oral tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. J. Int. Med. Res.29(4), 314–328 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starakis I, Gogos CA, Bassaris H. Five-day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7-day co-amoxiclav therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents23(2), 129–137 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urueta-Robledo J, Ariza H, Jardim JR et al. Moxifloxacin versus levofloxacin against acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the Latin American Cohort. Respir. Med.100(9), 1504–1511 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balter MS, La Forge J, Low DE, Mandell L, Grossman RF. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Can. Respir. J.10(Suppl. B), 3B–32B (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ram FS, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Granados-Navarrete A, Garcia-Aymerich J, Barnes NC. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD004403 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Puhan MA, Vollenweider D, Latshang T, Steurer J, Steurer-Stey C. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: when are antibiotics indicated? A systematic review. Respir. Res.8, 30 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos G, Siempos II, Korbila IP, Manta KG, Falagas ME. Comparison of first-line with second-line antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest132(2), 447–455 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhan MA, Vollenweider D, Steurer J, Bossuyt PM, Ter Riet G. Where is the supporting evidence for treating mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with antibiotics? A systematic review. BMC Med.6, 28 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S. The problems of meta-analysis for antibiotic treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a heterogeneous disease: a commentary on Puhan et al. BMC Med.6, 29 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sethi S. The role of antibiotics in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep.5(1), 9–15 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chodosh S. Clinical significance of the infection-free interval in the management of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest.127(6), 2231–2236 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson R, Schentag JJ, Ball P, Mandell L. A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes. Clin. Ther.24(4), 639–652 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson R, Allegra L, Huchon G et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest125(3), 953–964 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson R, Jones P, Schaberg T, Arvis P, Duprat-Lomon I, Sagnier PP. Antibiotic treatment and factors influencing short and long term outcomes of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax61(4), 337–342 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Llor C, Naberan K, Cots JM, Molina J. Variables associated with recovery from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med.99(8), 955–965 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Llor C, Naberan K, Cots JM, Molina J; for the EFEMAP Study Group. The effect of various antimicrobial regimens on the clinical course of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Clin. Drug Invest.24(2), 63–72 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FJ, Grossman RF, Zadeikis N et al. Patient stratification in the management of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: the role of levofloxacin 750 mg. Eur. Respir. J.25(6), 1001–1010 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball P, Harris JM, Lowson D, Tillotson G, Wilson R. Acute infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. QJM88, 61–68 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan NA, Rafique S, Kanwar B et al. Acute exacerbation of COPD: factors associated with poor treatment outcome. Chest117(3), 662–671 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenewegen KH, Schols AM, Wouters EF. Mortality and mortality-related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest124(2), 459–467 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar