Tick-borne encephalitis in children: an update on epidemiology and diagnosis

References

• Stefanoff P, Eidson M, Morse DL, Zielinski A. Evaluation of tickborne encephalitis case classification in Poland. Euro. Surveill.10, 23–25 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pavlidou V, Geroy S, Diza E, Antoniadis A, Papa A. Epidemiological study of tick-borne encephalitis virus in northern Greece. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis.7, 611–615 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stjernberg L, Holmkvist K, Berglund J. A newly detected tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) focus in south-east Sweden: a follow-up study of TBE virus (TBEV) seroprevalence. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.40, 4–10 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bröker M, Kollaritsch H. After a tick bite in a tick-borne encephalitis virus endemic area: current positions about post-exposure treatment. Vaccine26, 863–868 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoso Mantke D, Schädler R, Niedrig M. A survey on cases of tick-borne encephalitis in European contries. Euro. Surveill.13(17) pii: 18848 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckingham S. Tick-borne infections in children. Epidemiolgy, clinical manifestations, and optimal management strategies. Pediatr. Drugs.7, 163–176 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Venturi G, Martelli P, Mazzolini E et al. Humoral immunity in natural infection by tick-borne encephalitis virus. J. Med. Virol.81, 665–671 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansfield KL, Johnson N, Phipps LP, Stephenson JR, Fooks AR, Solomon T. Tick-borne encephalitis virus – a review of an emerging zoonosis. J. Gen. Virol.90(Pt 8), 1781–1794 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Yun SM, Han MG et al. Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from wild rodents, South Korea. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis.8, 7–13 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser R. Tick-borne encephalitis. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am.22, 561–575 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel M, Křiž, Danielová V, Valter J, Kott I. Correlation between meteorological factors and tick-borne encephalitis incidence in the Czech Republic. Parasitol. Res.103(Suppl. 1), S97–S107 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Randolph SE. Tick-borne encephalitis virus, ticks and humans: short-term and long-term dynamics. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.21, 462–467 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdicova M, Baumhackl U, Chmelik V et al. Tick-borne encephalitis – a European Health Challenge Conference report of the 8th meeting of the International Scientific Working Group on Tick-borne encephalitis (ISW TBE). Wien. Med. Wochenschr.12, 376–378 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Süss J. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond – the epidemiological situation as of 2007. Euro. Surveill.13, 1–8 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Kunze U. Conference report. Vaccine26, 6738–6740 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludolfs D, Reinholz M, Schmitz H. Highly specific detection of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in human using a domain III antigen and a sensitive immune complex (IC) ELISA. J. Clin. Virol.45, 125–128 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wittermann C, Schöndorf I, Gniel D. Antibody response following administration of two paediatric tick-borne encephalitis vaccines using two different vaccination schedules. Vaccine27, 1661–1666 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grard G, Moureau G, Charrel RN et al. Genetic characterization of tick-borne flaviviruses: new insight into evolution, pathogenetic determinants and taxonomy. Virology361, 80–92 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser R. The clinical and epidemiological profile of tick-borne encephalitis in southern Germany 1994–1998. A prospective study of 656 patients. Brain122, 2067–2078 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray JS, Dautel H, Estrada-Peña, Kahl O, Lindgren E. Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe. Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis.2009, 593232 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumpis U, Crook D, Oksi J. Tick-borne encephalitis. Clin. Infect. Dis.28, 882–890 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Süss J. Epidemiology and ecology of TBE relevant to the production of effective vaccines. Vaccine21(Suppl. 1), S19–S35 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Křiž B, Beneš C, Daniel M. Alimentary transmission of tick-borne encephalitis in the Czech Republic (1997–2008). Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Immunol.58, 98–103 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Donoso Mantke O, Aberle S, Avšič-Županc T, Labuda M, Niedrig M. Quality control assessment for the PCR diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis virus infections. J. Clin. Virol.38, 73–77 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinz FX, Holzmann H, Essl A, Kundi M. Field effectiveness of vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccine25, 7559–7567 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould EA, Solomon T. Pathogenic flaviviruses. Lancet371, 500–509 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnež M, Lužnik-Bufon T, Avšic-Županc T et al. Causes of febrile illnesses after a tick bite in Slovenian children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.12, 1078–1083 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Wittermann C, Petri E, Zent O. Long-term persistence of tick-borne encephalitis antibodies in children 5 years after first booster vaccination with Encepur® Children. Vaccine27, 1585–1588 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stähelin-Massik J, Zimmermann H, Gnehm HE. Tick-borne encephalitis in Swiss children 2000–2004. Five-year nationwide surveillance of eridemiologic characteristics and clinical course. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27, 555–557 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunze U, Asokliene L, Bektimirov T et al. Tick-borne encephalitis in childhood-consensus 2004. Wien. Med. Wochenschr.154, 242–245 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grubbauer HM, Dornibusch HJ, Spork D, Zobel G, Trop M, Zenz W. Tick-borne encephalitis in 3-month-old child. Eur. J. Pediatr.151, 743–744 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zenz W, Pansi H, Zoehrer B et al. Tick-borne encephalitis in children in Styria and Slovenia between 1980 and 2003. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.24, 892–896 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Čižman M, Jazbec J. Etiology of acute encephalitis in childhood in Slovenia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.12, 903–908 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logar M, Arnez M, Kolbl J, Avsic-Zupanc T, Strle F. Comparison of the epidemiological and clinical features of tick-borne encephalitis in children and adults. Infection28, 74–77 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beugnet F, Marié JL. Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in Europe. Vet. Parasitol.163, 298–305 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skarpaas T, Ljøstad U, Sundøy A. First human cases of tickborne encephalitis, Norway. Emerg. Infect. Dis.10, 2241–2243 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Agaro P, Martinelli E, Burgnich P et al. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus from a novel endemic area of north eastern Italy. J. Med. Virol.81, 309–316 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Křiž B, Beneš Č, Danielová V, Daniel M. Socio-economic conditions and other antropogenic factors influencing tick-borne encephalitis incidence in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Med. Microbiol.293(Suppl. 37), 63–68 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Čižman M, Rakar R, Zakotnik B, Pokorn M, Arnež M. Severe forms of tick-borne encephalitis in children. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr.111, 484–487 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotrič-Furlan S, Avšič-Županc T, Strle F. An abortive form of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) – a rare clinical manifestation of infection with TBE virus. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr.114, 627–629 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fritsch P, Gruber-Sedlmayr U, Pansi H et al. Tick-borne encephalitis in Styrian children from 1981 to 2005: a retrospective study and a review of the literature. Acta. Paediatr.97, 535–538 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lešničar G, Poljak M, Seme K, Lešničar J. Pediatric tick-borne encephalitis in 371 cases from an endemic region in Slovenia, 1959 to 2000. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.22, 612–617 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindquist L. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in childhood. Acta. Paediatr.97, 532–534 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones N, Sperl W, Koch J, Holzmann H, Radauer W. Tick-borne encephalitis in a 17-day-old newborn resulting in severe neurologic impairment. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26, 185–186 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldvogel K, Bossart W, Huisman T, Boltshauser E, Nadal D. Severe tick-borne encephalitis following passive immunization. Eur. J. Pediatr.155, 775–779 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brauchli YB, Gittermann M, Michot M, Krähenbühl S, Gnehm HE. A fatal tick bite occurring during the course of tick-borne encephalitis vaccination. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27, 363–365 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosina P, Plisek S, Krausova J, Kracmarova R. Tick-borne encephalitis virus – a rare cause of encephalitis in infants. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr.120, 710–711 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmolck H, Maritz E, Kletzin I, Korinthenberg R. Neurologic, neuropsychologic, and electroencephalographic findings after European tick-borne encephalitis in children. J. Child. Neurol.20, 500–508 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holzmann H. Diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccine21(Suppl. 1), S36–S40 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder G, Kollaritsch H. Antigen dependent adverse reactions and seroconversion of a tick-borne encephalitis vaccine in children. Vaccine21, 3575–3583 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett PN, Schober-Bendixen S, Ehrlich HJ. History of TBE vaccines. Vaccine21(Suppl. 1), S41–S49 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saksida A, Duh D, Lotrič-Furlan S, Strle F, Petrovec M, Avšič-Županc T. The importance of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA detection for early differential diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis. J. Clin. Virol.33, 331–335 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedrig M, Avšič T, Aberle SW et al. Quality control assessment for serological diagnosis of tick borne encephalitis virus infections. J. Clin. Virol.38, 260–264 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Günther G, Haglund M, Lindquist L, Sköldenberg B, Forsgren M. Intrathecal IgM, IgA and IgG antibody response in tick-borne encephalitis. Long-term follow-up related to clinical course and outcome. Clin. Diagn. Virol.8, 17–29 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demicheli V, Debalini MG, Rivetti A. Vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis (Review). Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rew.21, CD000977 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Günther G, Lindquist L. Surveillance of tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and case definition. Euro. Surveill.10, 2–3 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar