24
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Management of nonresponsive hepatitis C

, , &
Pages 379-395 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Kenny-Walsh E. Clinical outcomes after hepatitis C infection from contaminated anti-D immune globulin. Irish Hepatology Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med.340(16), 1228–1233 (1999).
  • Lauer GM, Walker BD. Hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.345(1), 41–52 (2001).
  • Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.347(13), 975–982 (2002).
  • Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet358(9286), 958–965 (2001).
  • NIH. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: management of hepatitis C: 2002 – June 10–12, 2002. Hepatology36(5 Suppl 1), S3–S20 (2002).
  • Desmond CP, Roberts SK, Dudley F et al. Sustained virological response rates and durability of the response to interferon-based therapies in hepatitis C patients treated in the clinical setting. J. Viral Hepat.13(5), 311–315 (2006).
  • Tsuda N, Yuki N, Mochizuki K et al. Long-term clinical and virological outcomes of chronic hepatitis C after successful interferon therapy. J. Med. Virol.74(3), 406–413 (2004).
  • Veldt BJ, Saracco G, Boyer N et al. Long term clinical outcome of chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological response to interferon monotherapy. Gut53(10), 1504–1508 (2004).
  • Heathcote J. Retreatment of chronic hepatitis C: who and how? Liver Int.29(Suppl. 1), 49–56 (2009).
  • Barcena R, Moreno A, del Campo S et al. The magnitude of week 4 HCV RNA decay on pegylated interferon/ribavirin accurately predicts virological failure in patients with genotype 1. Antivir. Ther.12(3), 401–406 (2007).
  • Shiffman ML, Hofmann CM, Thompson EB et al. Relationship between biochemical, virological, and histological response during interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology26(3), 780–785 (1997).
  • Sherman KE, Fleischer R, Laessig K, Murray J, Tauber W, Birnkrant D. Development of novel agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: summary of the FDA Antiviral Products Advisory Committee recommendations. Hepatology46(6), 2014–2020 (2007).
  • McHutchison JG, Manns M, Patel K et al. Adherence to combination therapy enhances sustained response in genotype-1-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology123(4), 1061–1069 (2002).
  • Shiffman ML, Di Bisceglie AM, Lindsay KL et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who have failed prior treatment. Gastroenterology126(4), 1015–1023; discussion 1947 (2004).
  • Foy E, Li K, Wang C et al. Regulation of interferon regulatory factor-3 by the hepatitis C virus serine protease. Science300(5622), 1145–1148 (2003).
  • Gale M Jr, Foy EM. Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus. Nature436(7053), 939–945 (2005).
  • Lin W, Choe WH, Hiasa Y et al. Hepatitis C virus expression suppresses interferon signaling by degrading STAT1. Gastroenterology128(4), 1034–1041 (2005).
  • Taylor DR, Shi ST, Romano PR, Barber GN, Lai MM. Inhibition of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by HCV E2 protein. Science285(5424), 107–110 (1999).
  • Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H Jr, Morgan TR et al. Peginterferon-α2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann. Intern. Med.140(5), 346–355 (2004).
  • Sarasin-Filipowicz M, Oakeley EJ, Duong FH et al. Interferon signaling and treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis C. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105(19), 7034–7039 (2008).
  • Farci P, Shimoda A, Coiana A et al. The outcome of acute hepatitis C predicted by the evolution of the viral quasispecies. Science288(5464), 339–344 (2000).
  • Wohnsland A, Hofmann WP, Sarrazin C. Viral determinants of resistance to treatment in patients with hepatitis C. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.20(1), 23–38 (2007).
  • Fan X, Mao Q, Zhou D et al. High diversity of hepatitis C viral quasispecies is associated with early virological response in patients undergoing antiviral therapy. Hepatology50(6), 1765–1772 (2009).
  • Kau A, Vermehren J, Sarrazin C. Treatment predictors of a sustained virologic response in hepatitis B and C. J. Hepatol.49(4), 634–651 (2008).
  • Mangia A, Minerva N, Bacca D et al. Individualized treatment duration for hepatitis C genotype 1 patients: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology47(1), 43–50 (2008).
  • Antonucci G, Longo MA, Angeletti C et al. The effect of age on response to therapy with peginterferon α plus ribavirin in a cohort of patients with chronic HCV hepatitis including subjects older than 65 yr. Am. J. Gastroenterol.102(7), 1383–1391 (2007).
  • Bakr I, Rekacewicz C, El Hosseiny M et al. Higher clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in females compared with males. Gut55(8), 1183–1187 (2006)
  • Inoue G, Horiike N, Michitaka K, Onji M. Hepatitis C virus clearance is prominent in women in an endemic area. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.15(9), 1054–1058 (2000).
  • Poynard T, Marcellin P, Lee SS et al. Randomised trial of interferon α2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon α2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (IHIT). Lancet352(9138), 1426–1432 (1998).
  • Conjeevaram HS, Fried MW, Jeffers LJ et al. Peginterferon and ribavirin treatment in African American and Caucasian American patients with hepatitis C genotype 1. Gastroenterology131(2), 470–477 (2006).
  • Gheorghe L, Iacob S, Grigorescu M et al. High sustained virological response rate to combination therapy in genotype 1 patients with histologically mild hepatitis C. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis.18(1), 51–56 (2009).
  • Sezaki H, Suzuki F, Kawamura Y et al. Poor response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin in older women infected with hepatitis C virus of genotype 1b in high viral loads. Dig. Dis. Sci.54(6), 1317–1324 (2009).
  • Hung CH, Lee CM, Lu SN et al. Anemia associated with antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C: incidence, risk factors, and impact on treatment response. Liver Int.26(9), 1079–1086 (2006).
  • Muir AJ, Bornstein JD, Killenberg PG. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in blacks and non-Hispanic whites. N. Engl. J. Med.350(22), 2265–2271 (2004).
  • Missiha S, Heathcote J, Arenovich T, Khan K. Impact of Asian race on response to combination therapy with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. Am. J. Gastroenterol.102(10), 2181–2188 (2007).
  • Tai AW, Chung RT. Treatment failure in hepatitis C: mechanisms of non-response. J. Hepatol.50(2), 412–420 (2009).
  • Rosen HR, Weston SJ, Im K et al. Selective decrease in hepatitis C virus-specific immunity among African Americans and outcome of antiviral therapy. Hepatology46(2), 350–358 (2007).
  • Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature461(7262), 399–401 (2009).
  • Suppiah V, Moldovan M, Ahlenstiel G et al. IL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon-α and ribavirin therapy. Nat. Genet.41(10), 1100–1104 (2009).
  • Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Sugiyama M et al. Genome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Nat. Genet.41(10), 1105–1109 (2009).
  • O’Brien TR. interferon-α, interferon-λ and hepatitis C. Nat. Genet. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Diago M, Castellano G, Garcia-Samaniego J et al. Association of pretreatment serum interferon γ inducible protein 10 levels with sustained virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy in genotype 1 infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut55(3), 374–379 (2006).
  • Butera D, Marukian S, Iwamaye AE et al. Plasma chemokine levels correlate with the outcome of antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis C. Blood106(4), 1175–1182 (2005).
  • Neville LF, Mathiak G, Bagasra O. The immunobiology of interferon-γ inducible protein 10 kD (IP-10): a novel, pleiotropic member of the C-X-C chemokine superfamily. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.8(3), 207–219 (1997).
  • Lagging M, Romero AI, Westin J et al. IP-10 predicts viral response and therapeutic outcome in difficult-to-treat patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Hepatology44(6), 1617–1625 (2006).
  • Conjeevaram HS, Kleiner DE, Everhart JE et al. Race, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology45(1), 80–87 (2007).
  • Romero-Gomez M, Del Mar Viloria M, Andrade RJ et al. Insulin resistance impairs sustained response rate to peginterferon plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients. Gastroenterology128(3), 636–641 (2005).
  • Kawaguchi T, Yoshida T, Harada M et al. Hepatitis C virus down-regulates insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 through up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. Am. J. Pathol.165(5), 1499–1508 (2004).
  • Castera L. Steatosis, insulin resistance and fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol.52(2), 125–134 (2006).
  • Negro F, Clement S. Impact of obesity, steatosis and insulin resistance on progression and response to therapy of hepatitis C. J. Viral Hepat.16(10), 681–688 (2009).
  • Bressler BL, Guindi M, Tomlinson G, Heathcote J. High body mass index is an independent risk factor for nonresponse to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology38(3), 639–644 (2003).
  • Charlton MR, Pockros PJ, Harrison SA. Impact of obesity on treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology43(6), 1177–1186 (2006).
  • Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis. Model. Mech.2(5–6), 231–237 (2009).
  • Carrat F, Bani-Sadr F, Pol S et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA292(23), 2839–2848 (2004).
  • Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N. Engl. J. Med.351(5), 438–450 (2004).
  • Tural C, Galeras JA, Planas R et al. Differences in virological response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin between hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected and HCV–HIV-coinfected patients. Antivir. Ther.13(8), 1047–1055 (2008).
  • Yuan HJ, Lee WM. Nonresponse to treatment for hepatitis C: current management strategies. Drugs68(1), 27–42 (2008).
  • Camma C, Di Bona D, Schepis F et al. Effect of peginterferon alfa-2a on liver histology in chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Hepatology39(2), 333–342 (2004).
  • Yoshida H, Arakawa Y, Sata M et al. Interferon therapy prolonged life expectancy among chronic hepatitis C patients. Gastroenterology123(2), 483–491 (2002).
  • Ghany MG, Kleiner DE, Alter H et al. Progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology124(1), 97–104 (2003).
  • Sagir A, Heintges T, Akyazi Z, Oette M, Erhardt A, Haussinger D. Relapse to prior therapy is the most important factor for the retreatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int.27(7), 954–959 (2007).
  • Yovtcheva SP, Rifai MA, Moles JK, Van der Linden BJ. Psychiatric comorbidity among hepatitis C-positive patients. Psychosomatics42(5), 411–415 (2001).
  • Lindahl K, Schvarcz R, Bruchfeld A, Stahle L. Evidence that plasma concentration rather than dose per kilogram body weight predicts ribavirin-induced anaemia. J. Viral Hepat.11(1), 84–87 (2004).
  • Afdhal NH, Dieterich DT, Pockros PJ et al. Epoetin alfa maintains ribavirin dose in HCV-infected patients: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology126(5), 1302–1311 (2004).
  • Dieterich DT, Wasserman R, Brau N et al. Once-weekly epoetin alfa improves anemia and facilitates maintenance of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ribavirin plus interferon alfa. Am. J. Gastroenterol.98(11), 2491–2499 (2003).
  • Collantes RS, Younossi ZM. The use of growth factors to manage the hematologic side effects of PEG-interferon alfa and ribavirin. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.39(1 Suppl.), S9–S13 (2005).
  • Lebray P, Nalpas B, Vallet-Pichard A et al. The impact of haematopoietic growth factors on the management and efficacy of antiviral treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus. Antivir. Ther.10(6), 769–776 (2005).
  • McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Shiffman ML et al. Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C. N. Engl. J. Med.357(22), 2227–2236 (2007).
  • Bonaccorso S, Marino V, Biondi M, Grimaldi F, Ippoliti F, Maes M. Depression induced by treatment with interferon-α in patients affected by hepatitis C virus. J. Affect. Dis.72(3), 237–241 (2002).
  • Raison CL, Demetrashvili M, Capuron L, Miller AH. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of interferon-α: recognition and management. CNS Drugs19(2), 105–123 (2005).
  • Dieperink E, Willenbring M, Ho SB. Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with hepatitis C and interferon α: a review. Am. J. Psychiatry157(6), 867–876 (2000).
  • Kraus MR, Schafer A, Schottker K et al. Therapy of interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C with citalopram: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gut57(4), 531–536 (2008).
  • Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF et al. Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. N. Engl. J. Med.344(13), 961–966 (2001).
  • Larrey D, Salse A, Pageaux GP et al. Effects of systematic nurse-provided therapeutic education on adherence and efficiency of PEG-interferon-α2a (Pegasys®)-ribavirin treatment in chronic hepatitis C (pegobs protocol). J. Hepatol.48(Suppl. 2), S300 (2008).
  • Berg T, von Wagner M, Nasser S et al. Extended treatment duration for hepatitis C virus type 1: comparing 48 versus 72 weeks of peginterferon-alfa-2a plus ribavirin. Gastroenterology130(4), 1086–1097 (2006).
  • Sanchez-Tapias JM, Diago M, Escartin P et al. Peginterferon-alfa2a plus ribavirin for 48 versus 72 weeks in patients with detectable hepatitis C virus RNA at week 4 of treatment. Gastroenterology131(2), 451–460 (2006).
  • Jensen DM, Freilich B, Andreone P et al. Pegylated interferon α-2A (40KD) plus ribavirin (RBV) in prior non-responders to pegylated interferon α-2B (12KD)/RBV: final efficacy and safety outcomes of the REPEAT study. Hepatology46(4), 291A–292A (2007).
  • Layden TJ, Layden JE, Reddy KR, Levy-Drummer RS, Poulakos J, Neumann AU. Induction therapy with consensus interferon (CIFN) does not improve sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C. J. Viral Hepat.9(5), 334–339 (2002).
  • Di Bisceglie AM, Shiffman ML, Everson GT et al. Prolonged therapy of advanced chronic hepatitis C with low-dose peginterferon. N. Engl. J. Med.359(23), 2429–2441 (2008).
  • Poynard T, Colombo M, Bruix J et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin: effective in patients with hepatitis C who failed interferon alfa/ribavirin therapy. Gastroenterology136(5), 1618–1628.e2 (2009).
  • Gross J, Johnson S, Kwo P, Afdhal N, Flamm S, Therneau T. Double-dose peginterferon alfa-2B with weight-based ribavirin improves response for interferon/ribavirin non-responders with hepatitis C: final results of RENEW. Hepatology42 (Suppl. 1)(4), 219A–220A (2005).
  • White C, Wentworth C, Malet P et al. The target trial: final results using 3.0 mu g/kg pegylated interferon alfa 2-b (Peg;Peg-intron®) plus ribavirin (RBV;rebetol®) for chronic hepatitis C patients who were non-responders (NR) and relapsers (R) to previous therapy. Hepatology42(Suppl. 1)(4), 651A (2005).
  • Maynard M, Pradat P, Gagnieu MC, Souvignet C, Trepo C. Prediction of sustained virological response by ribavirin plasma concentration at week 4 of therapy in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 patients. Antivir. Ther.13(4), 607–611 (2008).
  • Shiffman ML, Salvatore J, Hubbard S et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 with peginterferon, ribavirin, and epoetin a. Hepatology46(2), 371–379 (2007).
  • Romero-Gomez M, Diago M, Andrade R et al. Metformin with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in the treatment of naive genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients with insulin resistance (TRIC-1): final results of a randomized and double-blinded trial. Hepatology (Suppl. S)(4), 380A (2008).
  • Elgouhari HM, Cesario KB, Lopez R, Zein NN. Pioglitazone improves early virologic kinetic response to PEG IFN/RBV combination therapy in hepatitis C genotype 1 naive patients. Hepatology48 (Suppl. S)(4), 383A (2008).
  • Dienstag JL, McHutchison JG. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of hepatitis C. Gastroenterology130(1), 225–230 (2006).
  • Alric L, Duffaut M, Selves J et al. Maintenance therapy with gradual reduction of the interferon dose over one year improves histological response in patients with chronic hepatitis C with biochemical response: results of a randomized trial. J. Hepatol.35(2), 272–278 (2001).
  • Imai Y, Kawata S, Tamura S et al. Relation of interferon therapy and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Osaka Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention Study Group. Ann. Intern. Med.129(2), 94–99 (1998).
  • Manabe N, Chevallier M, Chossegros P et al. Interferon-α 2b therapy reduces liver fibrosis in chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis: a quantitative histological evaluation. Hepatology18(6), 1344–1349 (1993).
  • Shiffman ML, Hofmann CM, Contos MJ et al. A randomized, controlled trial of maintenance interferon therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus and persistent viremia. Gastroenterology117(5), 1164–1172 (1999).
  • Poynard T, McHutchison J, Manns M et al. Impact of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology122(5), 1303–1313 (2002).
  • Afdhal NH, Levine R, Brown R, Freilich B, O’Brien M, Brass C. Colchicine versus PEG-interferon alfa-2b long term therapy: results of the 4 year COPILOT trial. J. Hepatol.48(Suppl. 2), S4 (2008).
  • Cardenas A, Pritchett S, Brown RS, Levine RA, Curry MP, Afdhal N. The effects of long term PEG-interferon therapy on the development of esophageal varices and variceal bleeding jn patients with hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis: final results from the Copilot trial. Gastroenterology136 (Suppl. 1)(5), A795 (2009).
  • Shiffman ML. What future for ribavirin? Liver Int.29(Suppl. 1), 68–73 (2009).
  • Bodenheimer HC Jr, Lindsay KL, Davis GL, Lewis JH, Thung SN, Seeff LB. Tolerance and efficacy of oral ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter trial. Hepatology26(2), 473–477 (1997).
  • Zoulim F, Haem J, Ahmed SS et al. Ribavirin monotherapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a retrospective study of 95 patients. J. Viral Hepat.5(3), 193–198 (1998).
  • Hoofnagle JH, Ghany MG, Kleiner DE et al. Maintenance therapy with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who fail to respond to combination therapy with interferon alfa and ribavirin. Hepatology38(1), 66–74 (2003).
  • Trepo C, Bonaventure C, Calay V, Chevallier M, Merle P, Pradat P. Long-term maintenance ribavirin monotherapy in chronic hepatitis C patients not responding or intolerant to interferon α. J. Clin. Virol.36, S39 (2006).
  • Omata M, Yoshida H, Toyota J et al. A large-scale, multicentre, double-blind trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut56(12), 1747–1753 (2007).
  • Omata M, Yoshida H, Shiratori Y. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma and its recurrence in chronic hepatitis C patients by interferon therapy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.3(10 Suppl. 2), S141–S143 (2005).
  • Papatheodoridis GV, Papadimitropoulos VC, Hadziyannis SJ. Effect of interferon therapy on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.15(5), 689–698 (2001).
  • Bacon BR, Shiffman ML, Mendes F et al. Retreating chronic hepatitis C with daily interferon alfacon-1/ribavirin after nonresponse to pegylated interferon/ribavirin: DIRECT results. Hepatology49(6), 1838–1846 (2009).
  • Ghalib R, Levine CD, Friedman DA, Rashdan S, Schwartz A, Weinstein J. Consensus interferon plus ribavirin therapy in patients who are nonresponders or relapsers to prior PEG IFN plus ribavirin. Gastroenterology132 (Suppl. 2)(4), A794 (2007).
  • Kaiser S, Boecher W, Schlaak JF et al. Treatment of PEG-interferon/ribavirin nonresponders with daily dosing of consensus interferon and ribavirin – preliminary results of the German consensus interferon multicenter study. Hepatology46 (Suppl. 1)(4), 817A (2007).
  • Trepo C, Pradat P. CIFN for re-treatment of PEG-IFN plus RBV nonresponders? Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.6(10), 570–571 (2009).
  • Sulkowski MS, Zeuzem S, Lawitz E et al. Efficacy and safety of albinterferon alfa-2b in combination with ribavirin in treatment naive patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. Hepatology50(Suppl. S)(4), 333A (2009).
  • Pockros PJ, Jeffers L, Afdhal N et al. Final results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the antifibrotic efficacy of interferon-γ1b in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Hepatology45(3), 569–578 (2007).
  • Trepo C, Guest M, Meyrueix R et al. Evaluation of antiviral activity and tolerance of a novel sustained release interferon α-2b (IFN α-2βXL) compared to pegylated interferon α-2b (PEG-IFN α-2b): a Phase 1B trial in HCV patients. J. Hepatol.48 (Suppl. 2), S28 (2008).
  • Schiff E, Poordad E, Jacobson I et al. Boceprevir (B) combination therapy in null responders (NR): response dependent on interferon responsiveness. J. Hepatol.48(Suppl. 2), S46 (2008).
  • Manns M, Muir A, Adda N et al. Telaprevir in hepatitis C genotype-1-infected patients with prior non-response, viral breakthrough or relapse to PEG-IFN-αlfa-2a/b and ribavirin therapy: SVR results of the PROVE3 study. J. Hepatol.50(Suppl. 1), S379 (2009).
  • Alberti A. What are the comorbidities influencing the management of patients and the response to therapy in chronic hepatitis C? Liver Int.29(Suppl. 1), 15–18 (2009).
  • Marcellin P, Asselah T, Boyer N. Fibrosis and disease progression in hepatitis C. Hepatology36(5 Suppl. 1), S47–S56 (2002).
  • Thomas DL, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D. Long-term prognosis of hepatitis C virus infection. JAMA284(20), 2592 (2000).
  • Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Goodman Z, McHutchison J, Albrecht J. Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol.34(5), 730–739 (2001).
  • Bedossa P. Assessment of hepatitis C: non-invasive fibrosis markers and/or liver biopsy. Liver Int.29(Suppl. 1), 19–22 (2009).
  • Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC et al. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology1(5), 431–435 (1981).
  • No authors listed. Intraobserver and interobserver variations in liver biopsy interpretation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The French METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology20(1 Pt 1), 15–20 (1994).
  • Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J. Hepatol.22(6), 696–699 (1995).
  • Castera L. Transient elastography and other noninvasive tests to assess hepatic fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis. J. Viral Hepat.16(5), 300–314 (2009).
  • Roulot D, Czernichow S, Le Clesiau H, Costes JL, Vergnaud AC, Beaugrand M. Liver stiffness values in apparently healthy subjects: influence of gender and metabolic syndrome. J. Hepatol.48(4), 606–613 (2008).
  • Strader DB, Wright T, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology39(4), 1147–1171 (2004).
  • Alberti A, Clumeck N, Collins S et al. Short statement of the first European Consensus Conference on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV co-infected patients. J. Hepatol.42(5), 615–624 (2005).
  • Castera L, Forns X, Alberti A. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography. J. Hepatol.48(5), 835–847 (2008).
  • Coco B, Oliveri F, Maina AM et al. Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced by major changes of transaminases. J. Viral Hepat.14(5), 360–369 (2007).
  • Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, Pieroni L, Charlotte F, Benhamou Y, Poynard T. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. Lancet357(9262), 1069–1075 (2001).
  • Forns X, Ampurdanes S, Llovet JM et al. Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model. Hepatology36(4 Pt 1), 986–992 (2002).
  • Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology38(2), 518–526 (2003).
  • Patel K, Gordon SC, Jacobson I et al. Evaluation of a panel of non-invasive serum markers to differentiate mild from moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. J. Hepatol.41(6), 935–942 (2004).
  • Adams LA, Bulsara M, Rossi E et al. Hepascore: an accurate validated predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin. Chem.51(10), 1867–1873 (2005).
  • Cales P, Oberti F, Michalak S et al. A novel panel of blood markers to assess the degree of liver fibrosis. Hepatology42(6), 1373–1381 (2005).
  • Castera L, Denis J, Babany G, Roudot-Thoraval F. Evolving practices of non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C in France: time for new guidelines? J. Hepatol.46(3), 528–529; author reply 529–530 (2007).
  • Bosch J, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Abraldes JG. The management of portal hypertension: rational basis, available treatments and future options. J. Hepatol.48(Suppl. 1), S68–S92 (2008).
  • de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J. Hepatol.43(1), 167–176 (2005).
  • Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology42(5), 1208–1236 (2005).
  • Llovet JM, Bruix J. Novel advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in 2008. J. Hepatol.48(Suppl. 1), S20–S37 (2008).
  • Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Fu S, Conjeevaram HS, Su GL, Lok AS. Alcohol, tobacco and obesity are synergistic risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol.42(2), 218–224 (2005).
  • Hassan MM, Hwang LY, Hatten CJ et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology36(5), 1206–1213 (2002).
  • Bolondi L, Sofia S, Siringo S et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost effectiveness analysis. Gut48(2), 251–259 (2001).
  • Sangiovanni A, Del Ninno E, Fasani P et al. Increased survival of cirrhotic patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma detected during surveillance. Gastroenterology126(4), 1005–1014 (2004).
  • Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM et al. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J. Hepatol.35(3), 421–430 (2001).
  • Trinchet J, Beaugrand M. A randomized trial comparing 3-month vs 6-month screening for HCC by ultrasound in cirrhosis. Abstract book. International Liver Cancer association (ILCA) (2007).
  • Adam R, McMaster P, O’Grady JG et al. Evolution of liver transplantation in Europe: report of the European Liver Transplant Registry. Liver Transpl.9(12), 1231–1243 (2003).
  • Lucey MR, Brown KA, Everson GT et al. Minimal criteria for placement of adults on the liver transplant waiting list: a report of a national conference organized by the American Society of Transplant Physicians and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Liver Transpl. Surg.3(6), 628–637 (1997).
  • Gane EJ, Portmann BC, Naoumov NV et al. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med.334(13), 815–820 (1996).
  • Roche B, Samuel D. Liver transplantation in viral hepatitis: prevention of recurrence. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol.22(6), 1153–1169 (2008).
  • Feray C, Caccamo L, Alexander GJ et al. European collaborative study on factors influencing outcome after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP) Group. Gastroenterology117(3), 619–625 (1999).
  • Heathcote EJ, Shiffman ML, Cooksley WG et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med.343(23), 1673–1680 (2000).
  • Everson GT. Treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus on the waiting list. Liver Transpl.9(11), S90–S94 (2003).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.