References
- Yim HJ, Lok AS. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: what we knew in 1981 and what we know in 2005. Hepatology43(2 Suppl. 1), S173–S181 (2006).
- Marion PL. Use of animal models to study hepatitis B virus. Prog. Med. Virol.35, 43–75 (1988).
- Korba BE, Gowans EJ, Wells FV, Tennant BC, Clarke R, Gerin JL. Systemic distribution of woodchuck hepatitis virus in the tissues of experimentally infected woodchucks. Virology165(1), 172–181 (1988).
- Tuttleman JS, Pourcel C, Summers J. Formation of the pool of covalently closed circular viral DNA in hepadnavirus-infected cells. Cell47(3), 451–460 (1986).
- Le Mire MF, Miller DS, Foster WK, Burrell CJ, Jilbert AR. Covalently closed circular DNA is the predominant form of duck hepatitis B virus DNA that persists following transient infection. J. Virol.79(19), 12242–12252 (2005).
- Doo E, Liang TJ. Molecular anatomy and pathophysiologic implications of drug resistance in hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology120(4), 1000–1008 (2001).
- Hoofnagle JH, Doo E, Liang TJ, Fleischer R, Lok AS. Management of hepatitis B: summary of a clinical research workshop. Hepatology45(4), 1056–1075 (2007).
- Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection – natural history and clinical consequences. N. Engl. J. Med.350(11), 1118–1129 (2004).
- Ling R, Harrion TJ. Production of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in transfected cells is independent of surface antigen synthesis. J. Gen. Virol.78(Pt 6), 1463–1467 (1997).
- Chisari FV, Ferrari C. Hepatitis B virus immunopathology. Springer Semin. Immunopathol.17(2–3), 261–281 (1995).
- Guidotti LG, Morris A, Mendez H et al. Interferon-regulated pathways that control hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice. J. Virol.76(6), 2617–2621 (2002).
- Webster GJ, Reignat S, Maini MK et al. Incubation phase of acute hepatitis B in man: dynamic of cellular immune mechanisms. Hepatology32(5), 1117–1124 (2000).
- Rehermann B, Ferrari C, Pasquinelli C, Chisari FV. The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients’ recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Nat. Med.2(10), 1104–1108 (1996).
- Liang TJ, Baruch Y, Ben-Porath E et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in patients with idiopathic liver disease. Hepatology13(6), 1044–1051 (1991).
- Wachs ME, Amend WJ, Ascher NL et al. The risk of transmission of hepatitis B from HBsAg(-), HBcAb(+), HBIgM(-) organ donors. Transplantation59(2), 230–234 (1995).
- Liang R, Lau GK, Kwong YL et al. Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation for cancer patients who are also chronic hepatitis B carriers: a review of the problem. J. Clin. Oncol.17(1), 394–398 (1999).
- Markovic S, Drozina G, Vovk M et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B but not hepatitis C in patients with malignant lymphoma and immunosuppressive therapy. A prospective study in 305 patients. Hepatogastroenterology46(29), 2925–2930 (1999).
- Yeo W, Chan PK, Zhong S et al. Frequency of hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study of 626 patients with identification of risk factors. J. Med. Virol.62(3), 299–307 (2000).
- Tillmann HL, Wedemeyer H, Manns MP et al. Treatment of hepatitis B in special patient groups: hemodialysis, heart and renal transplant, fulminant hepatitis, hepatitis B virus reactivation. J. Hepatol.39(Suppl. 1), S206–S211 (2003).
- Su WP, Wen CC, Hsiung CA et al. Long-term hepatic consequences of chemotherapy-related HBV reactivation in lymphoma patients. World J. Gastroenterol.11(34), 5283–5288 (2005).
- Yeo W, Johnson PJ. Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy. Hepatology43(2), 209–220 (2006).
- Lau GK. Hepatitis B reactivation after chemotherapy: two decades of clinical research. Hepatol. Int.2(2), 152–162 (2008).
- Liang R. How I treat and monitor viral hepatitis B infection in patients receiving intensive immunosuppressive therapies or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood113(14), 3147–3153 (2009).
- Hui CK, Sun J, Au WY et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell donors in a hepatitis B virus endemic area. J. Hepatol.42(6), 813–819 (2005).
- Raimondo G, Allain JP, Brunetto MR et al. Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection. J. Hepatol.49(4), 652–657 (2008).
- Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.15(10), 1143–1238 (2009). Erratum in: Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.16(2), 294 (2010).
- Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Aljurf M et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a global perspective. JAMA303(16), 1617–1624 (2010).
- Leung N. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B: case selection and duration of therapy. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.17(4), 409–414 (2002).
- Dhedin N, Douvin C, Kuentz M et al. Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective study of 37 patients with pretransplant anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Transplantation66(5), 616–619 (1998).
- Hui CK, Lie A, Au WY et al. A long-term follow-up study on hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood106(2), 464–469 (2005).
- Seth P, Alrajhi AA, Kagevi I et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation with clinical flare in allogeneic stem cell transplants with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant.30(3), 189–194 (2002).
- Lau GK, Liang R, Lee CK, Lim WL. Is vaccination of donor adequate for clearance of hepatitis B virus after bone-marrow transplantation? Lancet349(9065), 1626–1627 (1997).
- Hammond SP, Borchelt AM, Ukomadu C, Ho VT, Baden LR, Marty FM. Hepatitis B virus reactivation following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.15(9), 1049–1059 (2009).
- Aksoy S, Harputluoglu H, Kilickap S et al. Rituximab-related viral infections in lymphoma patients. Leuk. Lymphoma48(7), 1307–1312 (2007).
- Moses SE, Lim ZY, Sudhanva M et al. Lamivudine prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B virus-exposed recipients receiving reduced intensity conditioning hematopoietic stem cell transplants with alemtuzumab. J. Med. Virol.78(12), 1560–1563 (2006).
- Tur-Kaspa R, Burk RD, Shaul Y, Shafritz DA. Hepatitis B virus DNA contains a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA83(6), 1627–1631 (1986).
- Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology45(2), 507–539 (2007). Erratum in: Hepatology45(6), 1347 (2007).
- European Association for the study of the liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatol.50(2), 227–242 (2009).
- Koo S, Baden LR. Infectious complications associated with immunomodulating monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of hematologic malignancy. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw.6(2), 202–213 (2008).
- Iannitto E, Minardi V, Calvaruso G et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation and alemtuzumab therapy. Eur. J. Haematol.74(3), 254–258 (2005). Erratum in: Eur. J. Haematol.75(2), 183 (2005).
- Ramos CA, Saliba RM, de Pádua Silva L et al. Resolved hepatitis B virus infection is not associated with worse outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.16(5), 686–694 (2010).
- Idilman R. Lamivudine prophylaxis in HBV carriers with haemato-oncological malignancies who receive chemotherapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6), 828–831 (2005).
- Li YH, He YF, Jiang WQ et al. Lamivudine prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of hepatitis in hepatitis B virus carriers who receive chemotherapy for lymphoma. Cancer106(6), 1320–1325 (2006).
- Saab S, Dong MH, Joseph TA, Tong MJ. Hepatitis B prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for lymphoma: a decision analysis model. Hepatology46(4), 1049–1056 (2007).
- Pérez-Roldán F, González-Carro P, Villafáñez-García MC. Adefovir dipivoxil for chemotherapy-induced activation of hepatitis B virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.352(3), 310–311 (2005).
- Fouillard L, Serfaty L, Gozlan J. Adefovir therapy for lamivudine escape and hepatitis B virus reactivation after reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.37(6), 625–626 (2006).
- Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology50(3), 661–662 (2009).
- Hui CK, Cheung WW, Au WY et al. Hepatitis B reactivation after withdrawal of pre-emptive lamivudine in patients with haematological malignancy on completion of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gut54(11), 1597–1603 (2005).
- Liaw YF, Leung NW, Chang TT et al. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. Gastroenterology119(1), 172–180 (2000).
- Westland CE, Yang H, Delaney WE 4th et al. Week 48 resistance surveillance in two Phase 3 clinical studies of adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology38(1), 96–103 (2003).
- Opio CK, Lee WM, Kirkpatrick P. Entecavir. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.4(7), 535–536 (2005).
- Angus P, Vaughan R, Xiong S et al. Resistance to adefovir dipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of a novel mutation in the HBV polymerase. Gastroenterology125(2), 292–297 (2003).
- Villeneuve JP, Durantel D, Durantel S et al. Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient. J. Hepatol.39(6), 1085–1089 (2003).
- Cortelezzi A, Viganò M, Zilioli VR et al. Adefovir added to lamivudine for hepatitis B recurrent infection in refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia on prolonged therapy with Campath-1H. J. Clin. Virol.35(4), 467–469 (2006).
- Fournier C, Zoulim F. Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B: prevention of drug resistance. Clin. Liver Dis.11, 869–892 (2007).
- Bohne F, Chmielewski M, Ebert G et al. T cells redirected against hepatitis B virus surface proteins eliminate infected hepatocytes. Gastroenterology134(1), 239–247 (2008).
- Uprichard SL, Boyd B, Althage A, Chisari FV. Clearance of hepatitis B virus from the liver of transgenic mice by short hairpin RNAs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102(3), 773–778 (2005).
Website
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Adefovir dipivoxil and peginterferon alfa-2a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (2006) www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11570/33206/33206.pdf