Evaluation and management of hepatitis B virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: before and after transplantation

References

• Lok ASF, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology45, 507–539 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection – natural history and clinical consequences. N. Engl. J. Med.350, 1118–1129 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WM. Hepatitis B infection. N. Engl. J. Med.337, 1733–1745 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J. Viral Hepatol.11, 97–107 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon BJ. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis B. Semin. Liver Dis.25(Suppl. 1), 3–8 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast EE, Alter MJ, Margolis HS. Strategies to prevent and control hepatitis B and C virus infections: a global perspective. Vaccine17, 1730–1733 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozun N, Ozdogan O, Cakaloglu Y et al. A nationwide prevalence study and risk factors for hepatitis A, B, C and D infections in Turkey. Hepatology52, A789 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bozdayi AM, Aslan N, Bozdayi G et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B, C and D viruses in Turkish patients. Arch. Virol.149, 2115–2129 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locasciulli A, Alberti A, Bock R et al. Impact of liver disease and hepatitis infections on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in Europe: a survey from the European Bone Marrow Transplant.ation (EBMT) Groupe – Infection Diseases Working Party. Bone Marrow Transplant.14, 833–837 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustun C, Koc H, Karayalcin S et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.20, 289–296 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed EC, Myerson D, Corey L, Meyers JD. Allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Blood77, 195–200 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J. Hepatol.50, 227–242 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzetto M, Cianco A. Chronic HBV-related liver disease. Mol. Aspects Med.29, 72–84 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok AS, Heathcote EJ, Hoofnagle JH. Management of hepatitis B: 2000 – summary of workshop. Gastroenterology120, 1828–1853 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fattovich G, Rugge M, Brollo L et al. Clinical, virologic and histologic outcome following seroconversion from HBeAg to antiHBe in chronic hepatitis type B. Hepatology6, 167–172 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz MM. Uses and growth of hematopoietic cell transplantation. In: Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Thomas ED, Blume KG, Forman SJ (Eds). Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, USA, 12 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Thomas ED. Bone marrow transplantation: a review. Semin. Hematol.36, 95–103 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai S, Lee LA, Vogelsang GB. A systematic approach to hepatic complications in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res.11, 215–229 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Idilman R, Arat M. Hepatic complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation. Turk. J. Hematol.25, 111–123 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoofnagle JH, Dusheiko GM, Schafer DF et al. Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by cancer chemotherapy. Ann. Intern. Med.96, 447–449 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang RHS, Lok ASF, Lai CL, Chan TK, Todd O, Chiu EKW. Hepatitis B infection in patients with lymphomas. Hematol. Oncol.8, 261–270 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto PC, Hu E, Bernstein-Singer M, Pinter-Brown L, Govindarajan S. Acute hepatic injury after withdrawal of immunosuppressive chemotherapy in patients with hepatitis B. Cancer65, 878–884 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GKK, Lee CK, Liang R. Hepatitis B virus infection and bone marrow transplantation. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol.31, 71–76 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Chan PKS, Zhong S et al. Frequency of hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study of 626 patients with identification of risk factors. J. Med. Virol.62, 299–307 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xunrong L, Au WY, Liang R, Lau GKK. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy – pathogenesis and management. Rev. Med. Virol.11, 287–299 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohrt HE, Ouyang DL, Keeffe EB. Antiviral prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin. Liver Dis.11, 965–991 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeo W, Johnson PJ. Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy. Hepatology43, 209–220 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalazar G, Rund D, Shouval D. Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies. Br. J. Haematol.136, 699–712 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubel JS, Testro AG, Angus PW. Hepatitis B virus reactivation following immunosuppressive therapy: guidelines for prevention and management. Intern. Med. J.37, 705–712 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang R. How I treat and monitor viral hepatitis B infection in patients receiving intensive immunosuppressive therapies or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood113, 3147–3153 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi G. Prophylaxis with lamivudine of hepatitis B virus reactivation in chronic HBsAg carriers with hemato-oncological neoplasias treated with chemotherapy. Leuk. Lymphoma44, 759–766 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idilman R. Lamivudine prophylaxis in HBV carriers with haemato-oncological malignancies who receive chemotherapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.55, 828–831 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MM, To LB, Gillis D et al. Immune reconstitution following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.12, 469–475 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talmadge JE, Reed E, Ino K et al. Rapid immunologic reconstitution following transplantation with mobilized peripheral blood stem cells as compared to bone marrow. Bone Marrow Transplant.19, 161–172 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Motokura T, Fujita A, Yamashita T, Ogata E. Severe hepatitis related to chemotherapy in hepatitis B virus carriers with hematologic malignancies. Survey in Japan, 1987–1991. Cancer78, 2210–2215 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Chan PKS, Hui P et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in breast cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study. J. Med. Virol.70, 553–561 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GKK, Leung Y, Fong DYT et al. High hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load as the most important factor for HBV reactivation in patients positive for HBV surface antigen undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood99, 2324–2330 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong S, Yeo W, Schroder C et al. High hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load is an important risk factor for HBV reactivation in breast cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. J. Viral Hepatol.11, 55–59 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiba M, Sekiyama K, Sugata F, Okamoto H, Yamamoto K, Yotsumoto S. Reactivation of precore mutant hepatitis B virus leading to fulminant hepatic failure following cytotoxic treatment. Dig. Dis. Sci.37, 1253–1259 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagamatsu H, Kumashiro R, Itano S, Matsugaki S, Sata M. Investigation of associating factors in exacerbation of liver damage after chemotherapy in patients with HBV-related HCC. Hepatol. Res.26, 293–301 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok ASF, Liang RHS, Chiu EKW, Wong KL, Chan TK, Todd D. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study. Gastroenterology100, 182–188 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Zhong S, Chan PKS et al. Sequence variation of precore/core and precore promoter regions of hepatitis B virus in patients with or without viral replication during cytotoxic chemotherapy. J. Viral Hepatol.7, 448–458 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coiffier B. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer treatments: role of lamivudine prophylaxis. Cancer Invest.24, 548–552 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evens AM. Jovanovic BD, Su YC et al. Rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in lymphoproliferative diseases: meta-analysis and examination of FDA safety reports. Ann. Oncol. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq583 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll MB. The impact of biologic response modifiers on hepatitis B virus infection. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.11, 533–544 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei SN, Chen CH, Lee CM et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients. Ann. Hematol.89, 255–262 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi Y, Ogasawara R, Kamihara Y et al. Rituximab administration and reactivation of HBV. Hepat. Res. Treat. DOI:10.1155/2010/182067 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gea-Banacloche JC. Rituximab-associated infections. Semin. Hematol.187–198 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksoy S, Harputluoglu H, Kilickap S et al. Rituximab-related viral infections in lymphoma patients. Leuk. Lymphoma48, 1307–1312 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Chan TC, Leung NWY et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in lymphoma patients with prior resolved hepatitis B undergoing anticancer therapy with or without rituximab. J. Clin. Oncol.27, 605–611 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tur-Kaspa R, Burk RD, Shaul Y, Shafritz A. Hepatitis B virus DNA contains a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA83, 1627–1631 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tur-Kaspa R, Shaul Y, Moore DD et al. The glucocorticoid receptor recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in hepatitis B virus DNA causing increased activity of the HBV enhancer. Virology167, 630–633 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF. Hepatitis viruses under immunosuppressive agents. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.13, 14–20 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CH, Hsu HC, Chen HL et al. Doxorubicin activates hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in HBV-harboring hepatoblastoma cells. A possible novel mechanism of HBV reactivation in HBV carriers receiving systemic chemotherapy. Anticancer Res.24, 3035–3040 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Lam KC, Zee B et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Ann. Oncol.15, 1661–1666 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degertekin B, Lok AS. Indications for therapy in hepatitis B. Hepatology49, 129–137 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wai CT, Lok ASF. Treatment of hepatitis B. J. Gastroenterol.37, 771–778 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi G, Pelizzari A, Motta M, Puoti M. Primer prophylaxis with lamivudine of hepatitis B virus reactivation in chronic HBsAg carriers with lymphoid malignancies treated with chemotherapy. Br. J. Haematol.115, 58–62 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim LL, Wai CT, Lee YM et al. Prophylactic lamivudine prevents hepatitis B reactivation in chemotherapy patients. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.16, 1939–1944 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GKK, He M, Fong DYT et al. Preemptive use of lamivudine reduces hepatitis B exacerbation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hepatology36, 702–709 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee GW, Ryu MH, Lee JL et al. The prophylactic use of lamivudine can maintain dose-intensity of adriamycin in hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma who receive cytotoxic chemotherapy. J. Korean Med. Sci.18, 849–854 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GK, Yiu HH, Fong DY et al. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology125, 1742–1749 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idilman R, Arat M, Soydan E et al. Lamivudine prophylaxis for prevention of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B virus carriers with malignancies. J. Viral Hepatol.11, 41–47 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Dai MS, Wu PF, Shyu RY, Lu JJ, Chao TY. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in breast cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy and the role of preemptive lamivudine administration. Liver Int.24, 540–546 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto R, Enjoji M, Kotoh K et al. Effect of lamivudine for hepatitis B virus reactivation in blood cancer patients undergoing immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi95, 274–279 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeo W, Ho WM, Hui P et al. Use of lamivudine to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.88, 209–215 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Chan PK, Ho WM et al. Lamivudine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B s-antigen seropositive cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 927–934 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassiliadis T, Garipidou V, Tziomalos K et al. Prevention of hepatitis B reactivation with lamivudine in hepatitis B virus carriers with hematological malignancies treated with chemotherapy – a prospective case series. Am. J. Hematol.80, 197–203 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Hui EP, Chan AT et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with lamivudine. Am. J. Clin. Oncol.28, 379–384 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao LT, Chiou TF, Liu JH et al. Extended lamivudine therapy against hepatitis B virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl.12, 84–94 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohrt HE, Ouyang DL, Keeffe EB. Systematic review: lamivudine prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.24, 1003–1016 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firpi R, Nelson D. Management of viral hepatitis in hematologic malignancies. Blood Rev.22, 117–126 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martyak LA, Taqavi E, Saab S. Lamivudine prophylaxis is effective in reducing hepatitis B reactivation and reactivation related mortality in chemotherapy patients: a meta-analysis. Liver Int.28, 28–38 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomda R, Rowley A, Wesley R et al. Systematic review: the effect of preventive lamivudine on hepatitis B reactivation during chemotherapy. Ann. Intern. Med.148, 519–528 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziakas PD, Karsaliakos P, Mylonakis E. Effect of prophylactic lamivudine for chemotherapy-associated hepatitis B reactivation in lymphoma: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials and a decision tree addressing prolonged prophylaxis and maintenance. Hematologia94, 998–1005 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Dienstag JL, Schiff ER, Wright TL et al. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med.341, 1256–1263 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau DT, Khokhar MF, Doo E et al. Long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine. Hepatology32, 828–834 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papatheodoridis GV, Dimou E, Papadimitropoulos V. Nucleoside analogues for chronic hepatitis B. antiviral efficacy and viral resistance. Am. J. Gastroenterol.97, 1618–1628 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok AS, Lai CL, Leung N et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology125, 1714–1722 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen MI, Deslauriers M, Andrews CW et al. Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine. Lamivudine Clinical Investigation Group. Hepatology27, 1670–1677 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoulim F. Detection of hepatitis B virus resistance to antivirals. J. Clin. Virol.21, 243–253 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen MF, Sanlon E, Hui CK, Yuan HJ, Decraemer H, Lai CL. Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy. Hepatology34, 785–791 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Tsai SI, Chu CM. Acute exacerbation and hepatitis B virus clearance after emergence of YMDD motif mutation during lamivudine therapy. Hepatology30, 567–572 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelizzari AM, Motta M, Cariani E, Turconi P, Borlenghi E, Rossi G. Frequency of hepatitis B virus mutant in asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers receiving prophylactic lamivudine during chemotherapy for hematological malignancies. Hematol. J.5, 325–328 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hui CK, Cheung WWW, Au WY et al. Hepatitis B reactivation after withdrawal of preemptive lamivudine in patients with haematological malignancy on completion of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gut54, 1597–1603 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak MA, Bonhoeffer S, Hill AM et al. Viral dynamics in hepatitis B virus infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 4398–4402 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin S, Walters T, Locarnini S. Hepatitis B treatment. Rational combination chemotherapy based on viral kinetic and animal model studies. Antiviral Res.55, 381–396 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibolet O, Ilan Y, Gillis S, Hubert A, Shouval D, Safadi R. Lamivudine therapy for prevention of immunosuppressive-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Blood100, 391–396 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ, Lai MY, Lee PH et al. Lamivudine treatment for hepatitis B reactivation in HBsAg carriers after organ transplantation: a 4-year experience. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.16, 1001–1008 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw JF, Leung NW, Chang TT et al. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asians patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology119, 172–180 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idilman R. Duration of lamivudine prophylaxis in inactive hepatitis B virus carriers with hemato/oncological malignancies who receive chemotherapy. Gut55, 1208–1209 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saab S, Dong MH, Joseph TA, Tong MJ. Hepatitis B prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for lymphoma: a decision analysis model. Hepatology46, 1049–1056 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YH, He YF, Jiang WQ et al. Lamivudine prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of hepatitis in hepatitis B virus carriers who receive chemotherapy for lymphoma. Cancer106, 1320–1325 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaw SJ, Yen CJ, Huang WT, Chen TY, Su WC, Tsao CJ. Preemptive use of interferon or lamivudine for hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with aggressive lymphoma receiving chemotherapy. Ann. Hematol.83, 270–275 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao CA, Lee CM, Wu HC, Wang MC, Lu SN, Eng HL. Lamivudine for the treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation following chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol.116, 166–169 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggioli P, Paschale MD, Tocci A et al. Acute hepatic toxicity during cyclic chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Haematologica82, 38–42 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picardi M, Pane F, Quintarelli C et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after fludarabine-based regimens for indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: high prevalence of acquired viral genomic mutations. Haematologica88, 1296–1303 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovic S, Drozina G, Vovk M, Fidler-Jenko M. Reactivation of hepatitis B but not hepatitis C in patients with malignant lymphoma and immunosuppressive therapy. A prospective study in 305 patients. Hepatogastroenterology46, 2925–2930 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persico M, De Marino F, Russo GDG et al. Efficacy of lamivudine to prevent hepatitis reactivation in hepatitis B virus-infected patients treated for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood99, 724–725 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai K, Takagi T, Sakai C. Prevention of hepatitis development by interferon-alpha in HBV carriers treated with intensive chemotherapy: a pilot study. Ann. Oncol.9, 117–118 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picardi M, Selleri C, De Rosa G, Raiola A, Pezzullo L, Rotoli B. Lamivudine treatment for chronic replicative hepatitis B virus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transpl.21, 1267–1269 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmet A, Keeffe EB. Lamivudine therapy in chemotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol.94, 249–251 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Steinberg JL, Tam JS et al. Lamivudine in the treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during cytotoxic chemotherapy. J. Med. Virol.59, 263–269 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark FL, Drummond MW, Chambers S, Chapman BA, Patton WN. Successful treatment of lamivudine for fulminant hepatitis B infection following intensive therapy for high grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann. Oncol.9, 385–387 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cainelli F, Longhi MS, Concia E, Vento S. Failure of lamivudine therapy for chemotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B. Am. J. Gastroenterol.96, 1651–1652 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrelli E, Balducci M, Pieretti C, Rocchi MB, Clementi M, Manzin A. Lamivudine treatment failure in preventing fatal outcome of the de novo severe acute hepatitis B in patients with hematological diseases. J. Hepatol.35, 823–826 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser SI, McDonald GB. Hepatitis viruses and hematopoietic cell transplantation: a guide to patient and donor management. Blood93, 1127–1136 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locasciulli A, Alberti A, Bandini G et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from HBsAg-positive donors: a multicenter study from the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Blood86, 3236–3240 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GKK, Lie AKW, Kwong YK et al. A-case controlled study on the use of HBsAg-positive donors for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood96, 452–458 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold DM, Crowther MA, Meyer RM et al. Misleading hepatitis B test results due to intravenous immunoglobulin administration: implications for a clinical trial of rituximab in immune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion50, 2577–2581 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brost S, Schnitzler P, Stremmel W, Eisenbach C. Entecavir as treatment for reactivation of hepatitis B in immunosuppressed patients. World J. Gastroenterol.16, 5447–5451 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idilman R, Ustun C, Karayalcin S et al. Hepatitis B virus vaccination of recipients and donors of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Clin. Transplant.17, 438–443 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason AL, Xu LZ, Guo LS, Kuhns M, Perrillo RP. Molecular basis for persistent hepatitis B virus infection in the liver after clearance of serum hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatology27, 1736–1742 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungman P, Engelhard D, de la Camara R et al. Vaccination of stem cell transplant recipients: recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transpl.35, 737–746 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui CK, Lie A, Au WY et al. Effectiveness of prophylactic anti-HBV therapy in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with HBsAg positive donors. Am. J. Transpl.5, 1437–1445 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idilman R, Colantoni A, De Maria N et al. Impaired antibody response rates after high dose short interval hepatitis B virus vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals. Hepatogastroenterology50, 217–221 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peggs KS. Reconstitution of adaptive and innate immunity following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in humans. Cytotherapy8, 427–436 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser SI, McDonald GB. Gastrointestinal and hepatic complications. In: Thomas’s Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Blume K, Forman SJ, Appelbaum FR (Eds). Blackwell, Queensland, Australia, 769–810 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• McCrudden R, Williams DB, O’Connor T, Vickers CR. Gastrointestinal, hepatic, gallbladder, pancreatic, and perianal complications. In: Clinical Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation. Atkinson K, Champlin R, Ritz J, Fibbe WE, Brenner MK (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1417–1453 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Locasciulli A, Testa M, Valsecchi MG et al. The role of hepatitis C and B virus infections as risk factors for severe liver complications following allogeneic BMT: a prospective study by the Infectious Disease Working Party of the European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group. Transplantation68, 1486–1491 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemann M, Barsegian V, Runde V et al. Transfer of humoral and cellular hepatitis B immunity by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transplantation75, 833–838 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouval D, Ilan Y. Immunization against hepatitis B through adoptive transfer immunity. Intervirology38, 41–46 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilan Y, Nagler A, Adler R et al. Adoptive immunity transfer of immunity to hepatitis B virus after T-cell depleted allogeneic BMT. Hepatology18, 246–252 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouval D, Adler R, Ilan Y. Adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B virus in mice by BMT from immune donors. Hepatology17, 955–959 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GKK, Lok ASF, Liang RHS et al. Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after bone marrow transplantation: role of adoptive immunity transfer. Hepatology25, 1497–1501 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon SM, Thomas DL. Vaccines to prevent viral hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med.336, 196–204 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Thiel DH. Vaccination of patients with liver disease: who, when, and how. Liver Transpl. Surg.4, 185–187 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peces R, de la Torre M, Alcazar R, Urra JM. Prospective analysis of the factors influencing the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis.29, 239–245 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadler SC, Margolis HS. Hepatitis B immunization: vaccine types, efficacy, and indications for immunization. In: Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases. Remington JS, Swartz MN (Eds). Blackwell Scientific, Boston, MA, USA, 282–308 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Rahman F, Dahren A, Herzog-Hauff S, Bocher WO, Galle PR, Lohr HF. Cellular and humoral immune responses induced by intradermal or intramuscular vaccination with the major hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatology31, 521–527 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Maria N, Idilman R, Colantoni A, Harig J, Van Thiel DH. Antibody response to HBV vaccination in individuals with HCV infection. Hepatology32, 444–445 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egea E, Iglesias A, Salazar M et al. The cellular basis for lack of antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in humans. J. Exp. Med.173, 531–538 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagler A, Ilan Y, Adler R et al. Successful immunization of autologous bone marrow transplantation recipients against hepatitis B virus by active vaccination. Bone Marrow Transplant.15, 475–478 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimperis JZ, Brenner MK, Prentice HG et al. Transfer of a functioning humoral immune system in transplantation of T-lymphocyte-depleted bone marrow. Lancet1, 339–343 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GKK, Liang R, Lee CK et al. Clearance of persistent hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese bone marrow transplant recipients whose donors were anti-hepatitis B core- and anti-hepatitis B surface antibody-positive. J. Infect. Dis.178, 1585–1591 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picardi M, DeRosa G, Selleri C, Pane F, Rotoli B, Muretto P. Clinical revelance of intrahepatic hepatitis B virus DNA in HBsAg-negative HBcAb-positive patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies. Transplantation82, 141–142 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Michalak TI. Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: experimenthal findings and clinical implications. World J. Gastroenterol.13, 5682–5686 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciesek S, Helfritz FA, Lehman U et al. Persistence of occult hepatitis B after removal of the hepatitis B virus-infected liver. J. Infect. Dis.197, 355–360 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyama S, Kanda Y, Nannya Y et al. Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B virus after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Leuk. Lymphoma43, 2159–2163 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll A, Boehm S, Hahn J, Holler E, Jilg W. Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.33, 925–929 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond SP, Borchelt AM, Ukomadu C, Ho VT, Baden LR, Marty FM. Hepatitis B virus reactivation following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant15, 1049–1059 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigano M, Vener C, Lampertico P et al. Risk of hepatitis B surface antigen seroconversion after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant.46, 125–131 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar