Discovery of prostate cancer biomarkers by microarray gene expression profiling

References

• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J. Clin.59(4), 225–249 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann. Oncol.18(3), 581–592 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich A, Aus G, Bolla M et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.53(1), 68–80 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford TJ, Tomlins SA, Wang X, Chinnaiyan AM. Molecular markers of prostate cancer. Urol. Oncol.24(6), 538–551 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason DF, Mellinger GT. Prediction of prognosis for prostatic adenocarcinoma by combined histological grading and clinical staging. J. Urol.111(1), 58–64 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N. Engl. J. Med.360(13), 1310–1319 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N. Engl. J. Med.360(13), 1320–1328 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA et al. Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA294(4), 433–439 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Margulis V, Kattan MW. Inventory of prostate cancer predictive tools. Curr. Opin. Urol.18(3), 279–296 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinsky GV, Glinskii AB, Stephenson AJ, Hoffman RM, Gerald WL. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of prostate cancer. J. Clin. Invest.113(6), 913–923 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson AJ, Smith A, Kattan MW et al. Integration of gene expression profiling and clinical variables to predict prostate carcinoma recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer104(2), 290–298 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C et al. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat. Med.10(1), 33–39 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P et al. Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science286(5439), 531–537 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen MB, Spellman PT, Brown PO, Botstein D. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA95(25), 14863–14868 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van’t Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ et al. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature415(6871), 530–536 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, Duggan DJ, Chen Y et al. Human prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: molecular dissection by gene expression profiling. Cancer Res.61(12), 4683–4688 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee JA, Araki T, Patil S et al. Expression profiling reveals hepsin overexpression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res.61(15), 5692–5696 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh D, Febbo PG, Ross K et al. Gene expression correlates of clinical prostate cancer behavior. Cancer Cell1(2), 203–209 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best CJ, Leiva IM, Chuaqui RF et al. Molecular differentiation of high- and moderate-grade human prostate cancer by cDNA microarray analysis. Diagn. Mol. Pathol.12(2), 63–70 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kristiansen G, Pilarsky C, Wissmann C et al. Expression profiling of microdissected matched prostate cancer samples reveals CD166/MEMD and CD24 as new prognostic markers for patient survival. J. Pathol.205(3), 359–376 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorsen OJ, Oyan AM, Bo TH et al. Gene expression profiles in prostate cancer: association with patient subgroups and tumour differentiation. Int. J. Oncol.26(2), 329–336 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• True L, Coleman I, Hawley S et al. A molecular correlate to the Gleason grading system for prostate adenocarcinoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(29), 10991–10996 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashida S, Nakagawa H, Katagiri T et al. Molecular features of the transition from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to prostate cancer: genome-wide gene-expression profiles of prostate cancers and PINs. Cancer Res.64(17), 5963–5972 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaTulippe E, Satagopan J, Smith A et al. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of prostate cancer reveals distinct transcriptional programs associated with metastatic disease. Cancer Res.62(15), 4499–4506 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature419(6907), 624–629 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh JB, Sapinoso LM, Su AI et al. Analysis of gene expression identifies candidate markers and pharmacological targets in prostate cancer. Cancer Res.61(16), 5974–5978 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes DR, Barrette TR, Rubin MA, Ghosh D, Chinnaiyan AM. Meta-analysis of microarrays: interstudy validation of gene expression profiles reveals pathway dysregulation in prostate cancer. Cancer Res.62(15), 4427–4433 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes DR, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Mahavisno V et al. Oncomine 3.0: genes, pathways, and networks in a collection of 18,000 cancer gene expression profiles. Neoplasia9(2), 166–180 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhanasekaran SM, Barrette TR, Ghosh D et al. Delineation of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer. Nature412(6849), 822–826 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe J, Li C, Higgins JP et al. Gene expression profiling identifies clinically relevant subtypes of prostate cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101(3), 811–816 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlins SA, Mehra R, Rhodes DR et al. Integrative molecular concept modeling of prostate cancer progression. Nat. Genet.39(1), 41–51 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Furihata M, Tsunoda T et al. Molecular features of hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells by genome-wide gene expression profiles. Cancer Res.67(11), 5117–5125 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature403(6769), 503–511 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98(19), 10869–10874 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(14), 8418–8423 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe J, Li C, Giacomini CP et al. Genomic profiling reveals alternative genetic pathways of prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res.67(18), 8504–8510 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu YP, Landsittel D, Jing L et al. Gene expression alterations in prostate cancer predicting tumor aggression and preceding development of malignancy. J. Clin. Oncol.22(14), 2790–2799 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setlur SR, Royce TE, Sboner A et al. Integrative microarray analysis of pathways dysregulated in metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res.67(21), 10296–10303 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bibikova M, Chudin E, Arsanjani A et al. Expression signatures that correlated with Gleason score and relapse in prostate cancer. Genomics89(6), 666–672 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lapointe J, Malhotra S, Higgins JP et al. hCAP-D3 expression marks a prostate cancer subtype with favorable clinical behavior and androgen signaling signature. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.32(2), 205–209 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen KD, Wild PJ, Mortezavi A et al. Genetic and epigenetic SLC18A2 silencing in prostate cancer is an independent adverse predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Clin. Cancer Res.15(4), 1400–1410 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Knight JF, Shepherd CJ, Rizzo S et al. TEAD1 and c-Cbl are novel prostate basal cell markers that correlate with poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer.99(11), 1849–1858 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S et al. Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science310(5748), 644–648 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar-Sinha C, Tomlins SA, Chinnaiyan AM. Recurrent gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer8(7), 497–511 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark J, Merson S, Jhavar S et al. Diversity of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts in the human prostate. Oncogene26(18), 2667–2673 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Rajput AB, Miller MA, De Luca A et al. Frequency of the TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion is increased in moderate to poorly differentiated prostate cancers. J. Clin. Pathol.60(11), 1238–1243 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto M, Joshua AM, Cunha IW et al. Absence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusions and PTEN losses in prostate cancer is associated with a favorable outcome. Mod. Pathol.21(12), 1451–1460 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Cai Y, Ren C, Ittmann M. Expression of variant TMPRSS2/ERG fusion messenger RNAs is associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Res.66(17), 8347–8351 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam RK, Sugar L, Yang W et al. Expression of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene predicts cancer recurrence after surgery for localised prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer97(12), 1690–1695 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demichelis F, Fall K, Perner S et al. TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion associated with lethal prostate cancer in a watchful waiting cohort. Oncogene26(31), 4596–4599 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovics G, Liu A, Shaheduzzaman S et al. Frequent overexpression of ETS-related gene-1 (ERG1) in prostate cancer transcriptome. Oncogene24(23), 3847–3852 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saramaki OR, Harjula AE, Martikainen PM, Vessella RL, Tammela TLJ, Visakorpi T. TMPRSS2:ERG fusion identifies a subgroup of prostate cancers with a favorable prognosis. Clin. Cancer Res.14(11), 3395–3400 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Yu J et al. The Role of SPINK1 in ETS rearrangement-negative prostate cancers. Cancer Cell13(6), 519–528 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver BS, Tran J, Gopalan A et al. Aberrant ERG expression cooperates with loss of PTEN to promote cancer progression in the prostate. Nat. Genet.41(5), 619–624 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bismar TA, Demichelis F, Riva A et al. Defining aggressive prostate cancer using a 12-gene model. Neoplasia8(1), 59–68 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varambally S, Yu J, Laxman B et al. Integrative genomic and proteomic analysis of prostate cancer reveals signatures of metastatic progression. Cancer Cell8(5), 393–406 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheville JC, Karnes RJ, Therneau TM et al. Gene panel model predictive of outcome in men at high-risk of systemic progression and death from prostate cancer after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J. Clin. Oncol.26(24), 3930–3936 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakagawa T, Kollmeyer TM, Morlan BW et al. A tissue biomarker panel predicting systemic progression after PSA recurrence post-definitive prostate cancer therapy. PLoS One3(5), E2318 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR. A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat. Genet.33(1), 49–54 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinsky GV, Berezovska O, Glinskii AB. Microarray analysis identifies a death-from-cancer signature predicting therapy failure in patients with multiple types of cancer. J. Clin. Invest.115(6), 1503–1521 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Rhodes DR, Tomlins SA et al. A polycomb repression signature in metastatic prostate cancer predicts cancer outcome. Cancer Res.67(22), 10657–10663 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JC, Xu J, Wongvipat J et al. Cooperativity of TMPRSS2-ERG with PI3-kinase pathway activation in prostate oncogenesis. Nat. Genet.41(5), 524–526 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrian-Shai R, Chen CD, Shi T et al. Insulin growth factor-binding protein 2 is a candidate biomarker for PTEN status and PI3K/Akt pathway activation in glioblastoma and prostate cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(13), 5563–5568 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saal LH, Johansson P, Holm K et al. Poor prognosis in carcinoma is associated with a gene expression signature of aberrant PTEN tumor suppressor pathway activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(18), 7564–7569 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, Zha S, Gage WR et al. α-methylacyl-CoA racemase: a new molecular marker for prostate cancer. Cancer Res.62(8), 2220–2226 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin MA, Zhou M, Dhanasekaran SM et al. α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase as a tissue biomarker for prostate cancer. JAMA, 287(13), 1662–1670 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreekumar A, Laxman B, Rhodes DR et al. Humoral immune response to α-methylacyl-CoA racemase and prostate cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst.96(11), 834–843 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin MA, Bismar TA, Andren O et al. Decreased α-methylacyl CoA racemase expression in localized prostate cancer is associated with an increased rate of biochemical recurrence and cancer-specific death. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.14(6), 1424–1432 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, Verhaegh GW et al. DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. Cancer Res.59(23), 5975–5979 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Ruffion A, Andre J, Devonec M, Paparel P. Urinary prostate cancer 3 test: toward the age of reason? Urology DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.03.046 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Ouyang B, Bracken B, Burke B, Chung E, Liang J, Ho SM. A duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay based on quantification of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase transcripts and prostate cancer antigen 3 in urine sediments improved diagnostic accuracy for prostate cancer. J. Urol.181(6), 2508–2513 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessels D, Smit FP, Verhaegh GW, Witjes JA, Cornel EB, Schalken JA. Detection of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts and prostate cancer antigen 3 in urinary sediments may improve diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.13(17), 5103–5108 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxman B, Morris DS, Yu J et al. A first-generation multiplex biomarker analysis of urine for the early detection of prostate cancer. Cancer Res.68(3), 645–649 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esquela-Kerscher A, Slack FJ. Oncomirs – microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer6(4), 259–269 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell116(2), 281–297 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths-Jones S. The microRNA registry. Nucleic Acids Res.32, D109–D111 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock RJ, van Dongen S, Bateman A, Enright AJ. miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res.34, D140–D144 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths-Jones S, Saini HK, van Dongen S, Enright AJ. miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics. Nucleic Acids Res.36, D154–D158 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell136(2), 215–233 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael MZ, SM OC, van Holst Pellekaan NG, Young GP, James RJ. Reduced accumulation of specific microRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Mol. Cancer Res.1(12), 882–891 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiosea S, Jelezcova E, Chandran U et al. Up-regulation of dicer, a component of the MicroRNA machinery, in prostate adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Pathol.169(5), 1812–1820 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature435(7043), 834–838 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld N, Aharonov R, Meiri E et al. MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue origin. Nat. Biotechnol.26(4), 462–469 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG et al. A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(7), 2257–2261 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Smyth P, Flavin R et al. Comparison of miRNA expression patterns using total RNA extracted from matched samples of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cells and snap frozen cells. BMC Biotechnol.7, 36 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi Y, Nakajima G, Gavin E et al. Systematic analysis of microRNA expression of RNA extracted from fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. RNA13(10), 1668–1674 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porkka KP, Pfeiffer MJ, Waltering KK, Vessella RL, Tammela TL, Visakorpi T. MicroRNA expression profiling in prostate cancer. Cancer Res.67(13), 6130–6135 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozen M, Creighton CJ, Ozdemir M, Ittmann M. Widespread deregulation of microRNA expression in human prostate cancer. Oncogene27(12), 1788–1793 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambs S, Prueitt RL, Yi M et al. Genomic profiling of microRNA and messenger RNA reveals deregulated microRNA expression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res.68(15), 6162–6170 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong AW, Fulgham P, Jay C et al. MicroRNA profile analysis of human prostate cancers. Cancer Gene Ther.16(3), 206–216 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spahn M, Kneitz S, Scholz CJ et al. Expression of microRNA-221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrence. Int. J. Cancer DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24715 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Prueitt RL, Yi M, Hudson RS et al. Expression of microRNAs and protein-coding genes associated with perineural invasion in prostate cancer. Prostate68(11), 1152–1164 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osaki M, Takeshita F, Ochiya T. MicroRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic drugs in human cancer. Biomarkers13(7), 658–670 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galardi S, Mercatelli N, Giorda E et al. miR-221 and miR-222 expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1. J. Biol. Chem.282(32), 23716–23724 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercatelli N, Coppola V, Bonci D et al. The inhibition of the highly expressed miR-221 and miR-222 impairs the growth of prostate carcinoma xenografts in mice. PLoS One3(12), E4029 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun T, Wang Q, Balk S, Brown M, Lee GS, Kantoff P. The role of microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Res.69(8), 3356–3363 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105(30), 10513–10518 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodes MJ, Caraballo M, Suciu D, Munro S, Kumar A, Anderson B. Detection of cancer with serum miRNAs on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One4(7), E6229 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TY, Partin AW, Walsh PC, Epstein JI. Prognostic significance of Gleason score 3+4 versus Gleason score 4+3 tumor at radical prostatectomy. Urology56(5), 823–827 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Koch MO, Eble JN, Ulbright TM, Li L, Cheng L. Heterogeneity of Gleason grade in multifocal adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer100(11), 2362–2366 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakhova O, Ozen M, Creighton CJ et al. Global gene expression analysis of reactive stroma in prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.15(12), 3979–3989 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ein-Dor L, Zuk O, Domany E. Thousands of samples are needed to generate a robust gene list for predicting outcome in cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(15), 5923–5928 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmedt C, Piette F, Loi S et al. Strong time dependence of the 76-gene prognostic signature for node-negative breast cancer patients in the TRANSBIG multicenter independent validation series. Clin. Cancer Res.13(11), 3207–3214 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyse M, Loi S, van’t Veer L et al. Validation and clinical utility of a 70-gene prognostic signature for women with node-negative breast cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst.98(17), 1183–1192 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardis ER. The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. Trends Genet.24(3), 133–141 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henshall SM, Afar DE, Hiller J et al. Survival analysis of genome-wide gene expression profiles of prostate cancers identifies new prognostic targets of disease relapse. Cancer Res.63(14), 4196–4203 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stuart RO, Wachsman W, Berry CC et al.In silico dissection of cell-type-associated patterns of gene expression in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101(2), 615–620 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson AM, Woodson K, Wang Y et al. Global expression analysis of prostate cancer-associated stroma and epithelia. Diagn. Mol. Pathol.16(4), 189–197 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorsen K, Sørensen KD, Brems-Eskildsen AS et al. Alternative splicing in colon, bladder, and prostate cancer identified by exon array analysis. Mol. Cell. Proteomics7(7), 1214–1224 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Mattie MD, Benz CC, Bowers J et al. Optimized high-throughput microRNA expression profiling provides novel biomarker assessment of clinical prostate and breast cancer biopsies. Mol. Cancer5, 24 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite KR, Sousa-Canavez JM, Reis ST et al. Change in expression of miR-let7c, miR-100, and miR-218 from high grade localized prostate cancer to metastasis. Urol. Oncol. DOI:10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.02.002 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Bonci D, Coppola V, Musumeci M et al. The miR-15a-miR-16–11 cluster controls prostate cancer by targeting multiple oncogenic activities. Nat. Med.14(11), 1271–1277 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvestre Y, De Guire V, Querido E et al. An E2F/miR-20a autoregulatory feedback loop. J. Biol. Chem.282(4), 2135–2143 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Li D, Sha J, Sun P, Huang Y. MicroRNA-21 directly targets MARCKS and promotes apoptosis resistance and invasion in prostate cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.383(3), 280–285 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita Y, Kojima K, Hamada N et al. Effects of miR-34a on cell growth and chemoresistance in prostate cancer PC3 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.377(1), 114–119 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varambally S, Cao Q, Mani RS et al. Genomic loss of microRNA-101 leads to overexpression of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in cancer. Science322(5908), 1695–1699 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi XB, Xue L, Yang J et al. An androgen-regulated miRNA suppresses Bak1 expression and induces androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(50), 19983–19988 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musiyenko A, Bitko V, Barik S. Ectopic expression of miR-126*, an intronic product of the vascular endothelial EGF-like 7 gene, regulates prostein translation and invasiveness of prostate cancer LNCaP cells. J. Mol. Med.86(3), 313–322 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin SL, Chiang A, Chang D, Ying SY. Loss of mir-146a function in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. RNA14(3), 417–424 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong D, Li Y, Wang Z et al. The MiR-200 Regulates PDGF-D mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition, adhesion and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Stem Cells27(8), 1712–1721 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandellini P, Folini M, Longoni N et al. miR-205 exerts tumor-suppressive functions in human prostate through down-regulation of protein kinase Cepsilon. Cancer Res.69(6), 2287–2295 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KH, Chen YL, Yeh SD et al. MicroRNA-330 acts as tumor suppressor and induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through E2F1-mediated suppression of Akt phosphorylation. Oncogene28(38), 3360–3370 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epis MR, Giles KM, Barker A, Kendrick TS, Leedman PJ. miR-331–3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. J. Biol. Chem.284(37), 24696–24704 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noonan EJ, Place RF, Pookot D et al. miR-449a targets HDAC-1 and induces growth arrest in prostate cancer. Oncogene28(14), 1714–1724 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josson S, Sung SY, Lao K, Chung LW, Johnstone PA. Radiation modulation of microRNA in prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate68(15), 1599–1606 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar