Brain-evoked potentials as a tool for diagnosing neuropathic pain

References

• Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of Chronic Pain. IASP Press, WA, USA (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Backonja MM. Defining neuropathic pain. Anesth. Analg.97, 785–790 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN et al. Neuropathic pain. Redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology70(18), 1630–1635 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell JN, Meyer RA. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Neuron52, 77–92 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Cruccu G. Pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Neurol. Sci.27(2), S179–S182 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon SB. Role of the immune system in chronic pain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.6, 521–532 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz MA. Neurogenic inflammation in the pathophysiology and treatment of migraine. Neurology43(6 Suppl. 3), S16–S20 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ, Bennett GJ, Doherty M et al. Towards a mechanism-based classification of pain? Pain77(3), 227–229 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig AD. Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.26, 1–30 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain. In: Skin Senses. Kenshalo DR (Ed.). Thomas Springfield, IL, USA 423–443(1968).
   Google Scholar
• Price DD. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science (288), 1769–1772 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig AD. Supraspinal projections of lamina one neurons. In: Forebrain Areas Involved in Pain Processing. Besson JM, Guilbaud G, Ollat H (Eds). Libby, London, UK 13–25 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Kenshalo DR, Gracely RH, Jones AK. The cortical representation of pain. Pain (79), 105–111 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valeriani M, Le Pera D, Restuccia D et al. Parallel spinal pathways generate the middle-latency N1 and the late P2 components of the laser evoked potentials. Clin. Neurophysiol. (118), 1097–1104 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Larrea L, Magnin M. Pathophysiology of neuropathic pain: review of experimental models and proposed mechanisms. Presse Med.37(2), 315–340 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruccu G, Anand P, Attal N et al. EFNS guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Eur. J. Neurol.11(3), 153–162 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leffler AS, Kosek E, Hansson P. The influence of pain intensity on somatosensory perception in patients suffering from subacute/chronic lateral epicondylalgia. Eur. J. Pain4, 57–71(2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leffler AS, Kosek E, Lerndal T, Nordmark B, Hansson P. Somatosensory perception and function of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Pain6, 161–176 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siao P, Cros DP. Quantitative sensory testing. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am.14(2), 261–286 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bromm B, Treede RD. Nerve fiber discharges, cerebral potentials and sensations induced by CO2 laser stimulation. Hum. Neurobiol.3, 33–40 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tominaga M, Julius D. Capsaicin receptor in the pain pathway. Jpn. J. Pharmacol.83(1), 20–24 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greffrath W, Nemenov MI, Schwarz S et al. Inward currents in primary nociceptive neurons of the rat and pain sensations in humans elicited by infrared diode laser pulses. Pain99(1–2), 145–155 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer RA, Walker RE, Mountcastle VB Jr. A laser stimulator for the study of cutaneous thermal and pain sensations. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.23(1), 54–60 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gybels J, Handwerker HO, Van Hees J. A comparison between the discharges of human nociceptive nerve fibers and the subject’s ratings of his sensations. J. Physiol.292, 193–206 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannetti GD, Truini A, Romaniello A et al. Evidence of a specific spinal pathway for the sense of warmth in humans. J. Neurophysiol.89(1), 562–570 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magerl W, Ali Z, Ellrich J, Meyer RA, Treede RD. C- and A δ-fiber components of heat-evoked cerebral potentials in healthy human subjects. Pain82(2), 127–137 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel J, Hansen C, Treede R-D. Clinical evaluation criteria for the assessment of impaired pain sensitivity by thulium-laser evoked potentials. Clin. Neurophysiol.111, 725–735 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt-Nielsen L, Chen CAN. Lasers and other thermal stimulators for activation of skin nociceptors in humans. Neurophysiol. Clin.33, 259–268 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Galeotti F, Romaniello A, Virtuoso M, Iannetti GD, Cruccu G. Laser-evoked potentials: normative values. Clin. Neurophysiol.116(4), 821–826 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromm B, Jahnke MT, Treede R-D. Responses of human cutaneous afferents to CO2 laser stimuli causing pain. Exp. Brain Res.55, 158–166 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau W, Bishop GH. Pain from dermal, periosteal and fascial endings and from inflammation: electrophysiological study employing different nerve blocks. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry69, 490–504 (1953).
   Google Scholar
• Bragard D, Chen ACN, Plaghki L. Direct isolation of ultra-late (C-fiber) evoked brain potentials by CO2 laser stimulation of tiny cutaneous surface areas in man. Neurosci. Lett.209, 81–84 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruccu G, Pennisi E, Truini A et al. Unmyelinated trigeminal pathways as assessed by laser stimuli in humans. Brain126, 2246–2256 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt-Nielsen L. Second pain event related potentials to argon laser stimuli: recording and quantification. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry53, 405–410 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromm B, Treede R-D. Human cerebral potentials evoked by CO2 laser stimuli causing pain. Exp. Brain Res.67, 153–162 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromm B, Treede RD. Laser-evoked cerebral potentials in the assessment of cutaneous pain sensitivity in normal subjects and patients. Rev. Neurol.147, 625–643 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mouraux A, Guerit JM, Plaghki L. Refractoriness cannot explain why C-fiber laser-evoked brain potentials are recorded only if concomitant A-δ fiber activation is avoided. Pain112, 16–26 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Rossi P, Galeotti F et al. Excitability of the A δ nociceptive pathways as assessed by the recovery cycle of laser evoked potentials in humans. Exp. Brain Res.155, 120–123 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Larrea L. Somatosensory volleys and cortical evoked potentials: ‘First come, first served’? Pain112, 5–7 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Galeotti F, Cruccu G, Garcia-Larrea L. Inhibition of cortical responses to Aδ inputs by a preceding C-related response: testing the “first come, first served” hypothesis of cortical laser evoked potentials. Pain131, 343–347 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Mouraux A, Iannetti GD. A review of the evidence against the “first come first served” hypothesis. Comment on Truini et al. [Pain 2007;131:43–47]. Pain136(1–2), 219–221 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeriani M, Restuccia D, Le Pera D, De Armas L, Maiese T, Tonali P. Attention-related modifications of ultra-late CO2 laser evoked potnetials to human trigeminal nerve stimulation. Neurosci. Lett.329(3), 329–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu Y, Noguchi Y, Honda M et al. Brain processing of the signals ascending through unmyelinated C fibers in humans: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Cereb. Cortex16(9), 1289–1295 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakigi R, Koyama S, Hoshiyama M, Kitamura Y, Shimojo M, Watanabe S. Pain-related magnetic fields following painful CO2 laser stimulation in man. Neurosci. Lett. (192), 4548 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Kakigi R, Hoshiyama M, Shimojo M et al. The somatosensory evoked magnetic fields. Prog. Neurobiol.61, 495–523 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanda M, Nagamine T, Ikeda A et al. Primary somatosensory cortex is actively involved in pain processing in human. Brain Res.853, 282–289 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Paur R, Zimmermann R, Bromm B. Attentional modulation of human pain processing in the secondary somatosensory cortex: a magnetoencephalographic study. Neurosci. Lett.328, 29–32 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploner M, Schmitz F, Freund HJ, Schnitzler A. Parallel activation of primary and secondary somatosensory cortices in human pain processing. J. Neurophysiol.81, 3100–3104 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann L, Ploner M, Haucke K, Schmitz F, Baltissen R, Schnitzler A. Differential coding of pain intensity in the human primary and secondary somatosensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol.86, 1499–1503 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki H, Kakigi R, Watanabe S, Naka D. Effects of distraction on pain perception: magneto- and electro-encephalographic studies. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res.8, 73–76 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bornhovd K, Quante M, Glauche V, Bromm B, Weiller C, Buchel C. Painful stimuli evoke different stimulus-response functions in the amygdala, prefrontal, insula and somatosensory cortex: a single-trial fMRI study. Brain125, 1326–1336 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbyshire SW, Jones AK, Gyulai F, Clark S, Townsend D, Firestone LL. Pain processing during three levels of noxious stimulation produces differential patterns of central activity. Pain73, 431–445 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyron R, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiol. Clin. (30), 263–288 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Minoshima S, Beydoun A, Morrow TJ, Casey KL. Cerebral processing of acute skin and muscle pain in humans. J. Neurophysiol.78, 450–460 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Fukuyama H, Yazawa S et al. Functional localization of pain perception in the human brain studied by PET. Neuroreport8, 555–559 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frot M, Rambaud L, Guènot M, Mauguière F. Intracortical recordings of early pain-related CO2-laser evoked potentials in the human second somatosenosory (SII) area. Clin. Neurophysiol.110(1), 133–145 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel H, Port JD, Lenz FA, Solaiyappan M, Krauss G, Treede RD. Dipole source analysis of laser-evoked subdural potentials recorded from parasylvian cortex in humans. J. Neurophysiol.89(6), 3051–3060 (2003)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz FA, Krauss G, Treede RD et al. Different generators in human temporal-parasylvian cortex account for subdural laser-evoked potentials, auditory-evoked potentials, and event-related potentials. Neurosci. Lett.279(3), 153–156 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz FA, Rios M, Zirh A, Chau D, Krauss G, Lesser RP. Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded over the human anterior cingulate gyrus. J. Neurophysiol.79(4), 2231–2234 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohara S, Crone NE, Weiss N, Treede RD, Lenz FA. Amplitudes of laser evoked potential recorded from primary somatosensory, parasylvian and medial frontal cortex are graded with stimulus intensity. Pain110(1–2), 318–328 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson CJ, Burton H. Somatic submodality distribution within the second somatosensory (SII), 7b, retroinsular, postauditory, and granular insular cortical areas of M. fascicularis. J. Comp. Neurol.192(1), 93–108 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudler EH, Dong WK. The role of the basal ganglia in nociception and pain. Pain60(1), 3–38 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks JC, Zambreanu L, Godinez A, Craig AD, Tracey I. Somatotopic organisation of the human insula to painful heat studied with high resolution functional imaging. Neuroimage27(1), 201–209 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann L, Ploner M, Haucke K, Schmitz F, Baltissen R, Schnitzler A. Differential coding of pain intensity in the human primary and secondary somatosensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol.86, 1499–1503 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig AD. Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.13(4), 500–505 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torquati K, Pizzella V, Della Penna S et al. Comparison between SI and SII responses as a function of stimulus intensity. Neuroreport13, 813–819 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley DE, Youell PD, Crossman AG, Jones AK. Source localisation of 62-electrode human laser pain evoked potential data using a realistic head model. Int. J. Psychophysiol.41, 187–193 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromm B, Chen ACN. Brain electrical source analysis of laser evoked potentials in response to painful trigeminal nerve stimulation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. (95), 14–26 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen ACW, Arendt-Nielsen B, Plaghki L. Laser-evoked potentials in human pain I. Use and possible misuse. Pain Forum7, 174–184 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inui K, Tran TD, Qiu Y, Wang X, Hoshiyama M, Kakigi R. Pain related magnetic fields evoked by intra-epidermal electrical stimulation in humans. Clin. Neurophysiol.113(2), 298–304 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inui K, Tran TD, Qiu Y, Wang X, Hoshiyama M, Kakigi R. A comparative magnetoencephalographic study of cortical activations evoked by noxious and innocuous somatosensory stimulations. Neuroscience120(1), 235–248 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploner M, Schmitz F, Freund HJ, Schnitzler A. Differential organization of touch and pain in human primary somatosensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol.83(3), 1770–1776 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohara S, Crone NE, Weiss N, Treede RD, Lenz FA. Cutaneous painful laser stimuli evoke responses recorded directly from primary somatosensory cortex in awake humans. J. Neurophysiol.91(6), 2734–2746 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeriani M, Barba C, Le Pera D et al. Different neuronal contribution to N20 somatosensory evoked potential and to CO2 laser evoked potentials: an intracerebral recording study. Clin. Neurophysiol.115(1), 211–216 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Larrea L, Frot M, Valeriani M. Brain generators of laser-evoked potentials: from dipoles to functional significance. Neurophysiol. Clin.33(6), 279–292 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz FA, Rios M, Zirh A, Chau D, Krauss G, Lesser RP. Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded over the human anterior cingulated gyrus. J. Neurophysiol.79(4), 2231–2234 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frot M, Mauguière F, Magnin M, Garcia-Larrea L. Parallel processing of nociceptive A-δ inputs in SII and midcingulate cortex in humans. J. Neurosci.28, 944–952 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama T, Tanaka YZ, Mikami A. Nociceptive neurons in the macaque anterior cingulate activate during anticipation of pain. Neuroreport9(11), 2663–2667 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büchel C, Bornhovd K, Quante M, Glauche V, Bromm B, Weiller C. Dissociable neural responses related to pain intensity, stimulus intensity, and stimulus awareness within the anterior cingulate cortex: a parametric single-trial laser functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci.22(3), 970–976 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakigi R, Shibasaki H, Kuroda Y et al. Pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials in syringomyelia. Brain114(Pt 4), 1871–1889 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Lankers J, Frieling A, Zangemeister WH, Kunze K, Bromm B. Cerebral potentials evoked by painful, laser stimuli in patients with syringomyelia. Brain114, 1595–1607 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban PP, Hansen C, Baumgärtner U et al. Abolished laser-evoked potentials and normal blink reflex in midlateral medullary infarction. J. Neurol.246(5), 347–352 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanda M, Mima T, Xu X et al. Pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials can quantitatively evaluate hypalgesia in Wallenberg’s syndrome. Acta Neurol. Scand.94(2), 131–136 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann TK, Simone DA, Shain CN, LaMotte RH. Neurogenic hyperalgesia: the search for the primary cutaneous afferent fibers that contribute to capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia. J. Neurophysiol.66, 212–227 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Meyer RA, Raja SN, Campbell JN. Peripheral and central mechanisms of cutaneous hyperalgesia. Prog. Neurobiol.38, 397–421 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romaniello A, Arendt-Nielsen L, Cruccu G, Svensson P. Modulation of trigeminal laser evoked potentials and laser silent periods by homotopical experimental pain. Pain98(1–2), 217–228 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeriani M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Le Pera D et al. Short-term plastic changes of the human nociceptive system following acute pain induced by capsaicin. Clin. Neurophysiol.114(10), 1879–1890 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Tommaso M, Losito L, Difruscolo O et al. Capsaicin failed in suppressing cortical processing of CO2 laser pain in migraine patients. Neurosci. Lett.384(1–2), 150–155 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydoun A, Dyke DB, Morrow TJ, Casey KL. Topical capsaicin selectively attenuates heat pain and A δ fiber-mediated laser-evoked potentials. Pain65(2–3), 189–196 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeriani M, Tonali P, Le Pera D et al. Modulation of laser-evoked potentials by experimental cutaneous tonic pain. Neuroscience140(4), 1301–1310 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakigi R, Shibasaki H, Tanaka K et al. CO2 laser-induced pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials in peripheral neuropathies: correlation between electrophysiological and histopathological findings. Muscle Nerve14(5), 441–450 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostino R, Cruccu G, Romaniello A, Innocenti P, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M. Dysfunction of small myelinated afferents in diabetic polyneuropathy, as assessed by laser evoked potentials. Clin. Neurophysiol.111(2), 270–276 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzessere G, Rossi P, Gabriele A et al. Early detection of small-fiber neuropathy in diabetes: a laser-induced pain somatosensory-evoked potentials and pupillometric study. Diabetes Care25(12), 2355–2358 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Haanpää M, Zucchi R et al. Laser-evoked potentials in post-herpetic neuralgia. Clin. Neurophysiol.114, 702–709 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Galeotti F, Haanpää M et al. Pathophysiology of pain in postherpetic neuralgia: a clinical and neurophysiological study. Pain140(3), 405–410 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quante M, Hauck M, Gromoll M, Hille E, Lorenz J. Dermatomal laser-evoked potentials: a diagnostic approach to the dorsal root. Norm data in healthy volunteers and changes in patients with radiculopathy. Eur. Spine J.16(7), 943–952 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruccu G, Leandri M, Iannetti GD et al. Small-fiber dysfunction in trigeminal neuralgia: carbamazepine effect on laser-evoked potentials. Neurology56(12), 1722–1726 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Larrea L, Convers P, Magnin M et al. Laser-evoked potential abnormalities in central pain patients: the influence of spontaneous and provoked pain. Brain125(Pt 12), 2766–2781 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddall P, Xu CL, Cousins M. Allodynia following traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat. Neuroreport6, 1241–1244 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng HR, Lee JI, Lenz FA et al. Functional plasticity in primate somatosensory thalamus following chronic lesion of the ventral lateral spinal cord. Neuroscience101, 393–401 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGowan DJ, Janal MN, Clark WC et al. Central poststroke pain and Wallenberg’s lateral medullary infarction: frequency, character, and determinants in 63 patients. Neurology49, 120–125 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Tommaso M, Guido M, Libro G et al. Abnormal brain processing of cutaneous pain in migraine patients during the attack. Neurosci. Lett.333(1), 29–32 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson SJ, Littlejohn GO, Gorman MM, Helme RD, Granges G. Altered heat pain thresholds and cerebral event-related potentials following painful CO2 laser stimulation in subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain58(2), 185–193 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granot M, Buskila D, Granovsky Y, Sprecher E, Neumann L, Yarnitsky D. Simultaneous recording of late and ultra-late pain evoked potentials in fibromyalgia. Clin. Neurophysiol.112(10), 1881–1887(2001)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakigi R, Shibasaki H, Kuroda Y et al. Pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials in syringomyelia. Brain114(Pt 4), 1871–1889 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Lankers J, Frieling A, Zangemeister WH, Kunze K, Bromm B. Cerebral potentials evoked by painful, laser stimuli in patients with syringomyelia. Brain114(Pt 4), 1595–1607 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel J, Hansen C, Baumgärtner U, Hopf HC, Treede RD. Sensitivity of laser-evoked potentials versus somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin. Neurophysiol.114(6), 992–1002 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veciana M, Valls-Solé J, Rubio F, Callén A, Robles B. Laser evoked potentials and prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex in patients with Wallenberg’s syndrome. Pain117(3), 443–449 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes C, Magnin M, Maarrawi J et al. Thalamic thermo-algesic transmission: ventral posterior (VP) complex versus VMpo in the light of a thalamic infarct with central pain. Pain113(1–2), 223–232 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan JD, Lee RR, Lenz FA. Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain81(3), 273–282 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AC, Niddam DM, Arendt-Nielsen L. Contact heat evoked potentials as a valid means to study nociceptive pathways in human subjects. Neurosci. Lett.316(2), 79–82 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen IA, Hung SW, Chen YH et al. Contact heat evoked potentials in normal subjects. Acta Neurol. Taiwan15(3), 184–191 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valeriani M, Le Pera D, Niddam D, Chen AC, Arendt-Nielsen L. Dipolar modelling of the scalp evoked potentials to painful contact heat stimulation of the human skin. Neurosci. Lett.318(1), 44–48 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovsky Y, Matre D, Sokolik A, Lorenz J, Casey KL. Thermoreceptive innervation of human glabrous and hairy skin: a contact heat evoked potential analysis. Pain115(3), 238–247 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Galeotti F, Pennisi E, Casa F, Biasiotta A, Cruccu G. Trigeminal small-fiber function assessed with contact heat evoked potentials in humans. Pain132(1–2), 102–107 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atherton DD, Facer P, Roberts KM et al. Use of the novel contact heat evoked potential stimulator (CHEPS) for the assessment of small fiber neuropathy: correlations with skin flare responses and intra-epidermal nerve fiber counts. BMC Neurol.7, 21 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao CC, Hsieh SC, Tseng MT, Chang YC, Hsieh ST. Pattern of contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) in neuropathy with skin denervation: correlation of CHEP amplitude with intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Clin. Neurophysiol.119, 653–661 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schestatsky P, Lladó-Carbó E, Casanova-Molla J, Alvarez-Blanco S, Valls-Solé J. Small fibre function in patients with meralgia paresthetica. Pain139(2), 342–348 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantéri-Minet M. Diagnosis and principal causes of neuropathic pain. Presse Med.37(2), 341–345 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor J, Carmon A. Laser emitted radiant heat for pain research. Pain1(3), 233–237 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi P, Morano S, Serrao M et al. Pre-perceptual pain sensory responses (N1 component) in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Neuroreport13(8), 1009–1012 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzessere G, Rossi P, Gabriele A et al. Early detection of small-fiber neuropathy in diabetes: a laser-induced pain somatosensory-evoked potentials and pupillometric study. Diabetes Care25(12), 2355–2358 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz J, Hansen HC, Kunze K, Bromm B. Sensory deficits of a nerve root lesion can be objectively documented by somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by painful infrared laser stimulations: a case study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry61(1), 107–110 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truini A, Cruccu G. Laser evoked potentials in patients with trigeminal disease: the absence of Ad potentials does not unmask C-fibre potentials. Clin. Neurophysiol.119(8), 1905–1908 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Tommaso M. Laser-evoked potentials in primary headaches and cranial neuralgias. Expert Rev Neurother.8(9), 1339–1345 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeriani M, Mariotti P, Le Pera D et al. Functional assessment of A δ and C fibers in patients with Fabry's disease. Muscle Nerve30(6), 708–713 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakigi R, Shibasaki H, Ikeda T, Neshige R, Endo C, Kuroda Y. Pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials following CO2 laser stimulation in peripheral neuropathies. Acta Neurol. Scand.85(5), 347–352 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragazzoni A, Amantini A, Lombardi M, Macucci M, Mascalchi M, Pinto F. Electric and CO2 laser SEPs in a patient with asymptomatic syringomyelia. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.88(4), 335–338 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kakigi R, Kuroda Y, Neshige R, Endo C, Shibasaki H. Physiological study of the spinothalamic tract conduction in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci.107(2), 205–209 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey KL, Beydoun A, Boivie J et al. Laser-evoked cerebral potentials and sensory function in patients with central pain. Pain64(3), 485–491 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen HC, Treede RD, Lorenz J, Kunze K, Bromm B. Recovery from brain-stem lesions involving the nociceptive pathways: comparison of clinical findings with laser-evoked potentials. J. Clin. Neurophysiol.13(4), 330–338 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseaux M, Cassim F, Bayle B, Laureau E. Analysis of the perception of and reactivity to pain and heat in patients with wallenberg syndrome and severe spinothalamic tract dysfunction. Stroke30(10), 2223–2229 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Q, García-Larrea L, Mertens P, Beschet A, Sindou M, Mauguière F. Hyperalgesia with reduced laser evoked potentials in neuropathic pain. Pain80(1–2), 209–214 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar