121
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Blood pressure lowering and stroke

&
Pages 225-241 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA et al. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol.2, 43–53 (2003).
  • American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – (2009) update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation119(3), e21–e181 (2009).
  • Fang XH, Zhang XH, Yang QD et al. Subtype hypertension and risk of stroke in middle aged and older Chinese: a 10 year follow-up study. Stroke37, 38–43 (2006).
  • Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet360(9349), 1903–1913 (2002).
  • Ikeda A, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Blood pressure and the risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality among Japanese: the JPHC Study. Am. J. Hypertens.22(3), 273–280 (2009).
  • Lawes CM, Rodgers A, Bennett DA, Parag V, Suh I, Ueshima H, MacMahon S; Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region. J. Hypertens.21(4), 707–701 (2003).
  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension42(6), 1206–1252 (2003).
  • Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F et al; HYVET Investigators. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurol.7(8), 683–689 (2008).
  • Australian National Blood Pressure Management Committee. The Australian therapeutic trial in mild hypertension. Lancet1(8181), 1261–1267 (1980).
  • Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. III. Reduction in stroke incidence among persons with high blood pressure. JAMA247, 633–638 (1982).
  • Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Lancet1, 1349–1354 (1985).
  • Perry HM, Davis BR, Price TR et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Cooperative Research Group. Effect of Treating Isolated Systolic Hypertension on the Risk of Developing Various Types and Subtypes of Stroke. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA284, 465–471 (2000).
  • Helgeland A. Treatment of mild hypertension: a five year controlled drug trial. The Oslo study. Am. J. Med.69(5), 725–732 (1980).
  • Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ317(7160), 703–713 (1998).
  • Dahlöf B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Scherstén B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet338(8778), 1281–1285 (1991).
  • Coope J, Warrneder TS. Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in the elderly in primary care. BMJ293, 1145–1151 (1986).
  • Hannson L. The BBB Study: the effect of intensified antihypertensive treatment on the level of blood pressure, side-effects, morbidity and mortality in “well-treated” hypertensive patients. Behandla Blodtryck Bättre. Blood Press.3(4), 248–254 (1994).
  • Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. BMJ291, 97–104 (1985).
  • Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. MRC Working Party. BMJ304(6824), 405–412 (1992).
  • Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet351, 1755–1762 (1998).
  • Staesson JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet350(9080), 757–764 (1997).
  • Law M, Wald N, Morris J. Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy. Health Technol. Assess.7(31), 1–94 (2003).
  • Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P et al. Effect of untreated hypertension on hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke35, 1703(2004).
  • European Stroke Organization (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (2008). Cerebrovasc. Dis.25(5), 457–507 (2008).
  • Li C, Engström G, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Janzon L. Blood pressure control and risk of stroke: a population-based prospective cohort study. Stroke36(4), 725–730 (2005).
  • Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM, Phillips SJ et al. Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke33, 1315–1320 (2002).
  • Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K et al. Association between 24-h blood pressure monitoring variables and brain oedema in patients with hyperacute stroke. J. Hypertens.21, 2167–2173 (2003).
  • Fischberg GM, Lozano E, Rajamani K et al. Stroke precipitated by moderate blood pressure reduction. J. Emerg. Med.19, 339–346 (2000).
  • Castillo J, Leira R, Garcia MM et al. Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke35, 520–526 (2004).
  • Harms H, Wiegand F, Megow D, Prass K, Einhaupl KM, Dirnagl V. Acute treatment of hypertension increases infarct sizes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuroreport11, 355–359 (2000).
  • Lisk DR, Grotta JC, Lamki LM et al. Should hypertension be treated after acute stroke a randomized controlled trial using single photon emission computed tomography. Arch. Neurol.50(8), 855–862 (1993).
  • Britton M, Carlsson A, de Faire U. Blood pressure course in patients with acute stroke and matched controls. Stroke17, 861–864 (1986).
  • Wallace JD, Levy LL. Blood pressure after stroke. JAMA246(19), 2177–2180 (1981).
  • Qureshi AI, Ezzedine MA, Nasar Abu M, Suri FK, Kirmani JF, Hussein H. Acute hypertension in 563,704 adult patients presenting to the emergency room with stroke in the United States. Am J. Emerg. Med.25(1), 32–38 (2007).
  • Rodríguez-García JL, Botia E, de La Sierra A et al. Significance of elevated blood pressure and its management on the short-term outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Am J. Hypertens.18, 379–384 (2005).
  • Arboix A, Roig H, Rossich R, Martinez EM, Garcia-Eroles L. Differences between hypertensive and non-hypertensive ischemic stroke. Eur. J. Neurol.11(10), 687–692 (2004).
  • Cheung RR, Hachinski V. Cardiac effects of stroke. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med.6(3), 199–207 (2004).
  • Chamorro A, Vila N, Ascaso C et al. Blood pressure and functional recovery in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke29, 1850–1853. (1998).
  • Broderick J, Brott T, Barsan W et al. Blood pressure during the first minutes of focal cerebral ischemia. Ann. Emerg. Med.22, 1438–1443 (1993).
  • Eames PJ, Blake MJ, Dawson SL et al. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation and beat to beat blood pressure control are impaired in acute ischaemic stroke. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry72, 467–472 (2002).
  • Diedler J, Sykora M, Rupp A et al. Impaired cerebral vasomotor activity in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke40(3), 815–819 (2009).
  • Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO et al. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6 to 22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology57(1), 18–24 (2001).
  • Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Videen TO et al. Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.21(7), 804–810 (2001).
  • Carhuapoma JR, Wang PY, Beauchamp NJ, Keyl PM, Hanley DF, Barker PB. Diffusion-weighted MRI and proton MR spectroscopic imaging in the study of secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke31(3), 726–732 (2000).
  • Aslanyan S, Fazekas F, Weir CJ, Horner S, Lees KR; GAIN International Steering Committee and Investigators. Effect of blood pressure during the acute period of ischemic stroke on stroke outcome: a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International Trial. Stroke34(10), 2420–2425 (2003).
  • Yong M, Diener HC, Kaste M, Mau J. Characteristics of blood pressure profiles as predictors of long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke36(12), 2619–2625 (2005).
  • Willmot M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PMW. High blood pressure in acute stroke and subsequent outcome: a systematic review. Hypertension43, 18–24 (2004).
  • Keezer MR, Yu AY, Zhu B, Wolfson C, Côté R. Blood pressure and antihypertensive therapy as predictors of early outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis.25(3), 202–208 (2008).
  • Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM, Phillips SJ, Sandercock PA; IST Collaborative Group. Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke33(5), 1315–1320 (2002).
  • Castillo J, Leira R, Garcia MM, Serena J, Blanco M, Davalos A. blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke35, 520–526 (2004).
  • Schild SM. Blood pressure in acute stroke: lower it or let the CHIPPS fall where they will. Lancet8, 23–24 (2009).
  • Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K et al. U-shaped relationship between mortality and admission blood pressure in patients with acute stroke. J. Intern. Med.255(2), 257–265 (2004).
  • Sare GM, Bath PMW, Gray LJ et al. for TAIST investigators. The relationship between baseline blood pressure and computed tomography findings in acute stroke: data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke trial (TAIST). Stroke40, 41–46 (2009).
  • Shah QA, Ezzeddine MA, Qureshi AI. Acute hypertension in intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology and treatment. J. Neurol. Sci.261(1–2), 74–79 (2007).
  • Tetri S, Juvela S, Saloheimo P, Pyhtinen J, Hillbom M. Hypertension and diabetes as predictors of early death after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg.110(3), 411–417 (2009).
  • Kazui S, Minematsu M, Yamamoto H, Sawada T, Yamaguchi T. Predisposing factors to enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma, Stroke28, 2370–2375 (1997).
  • Leira R, Dávalos A, Silva Y et al.; Stroke Project, Cerebrovascular Diseases Group of the Spanish Neurological Society. Early neurologic deterioration in intracerebral hemorrhage: predictors and associated factors. Neurology.63(3), 461–467 (2004).
  • Ohwaki K, Yano E, Nagashima H, Hirata M, Nakagomi T, Tamura A. Blood pressure management in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: relationship between elevated blood pressure and hematoma enlargement. Stroke35, 1364–1367 (2004).
  • Broderick JP, Diringer MN, Hill MD et al.; Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators. Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis. Stroke38(3), 1072–1075 (2007).
  • Jauch EC, Lindsell CJ, Adeoye O et al. Lack of evidence for an association between hemodynamic variables and hematoma growth in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke37(8), 2061–2065 (2006).
  • The NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group. Intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous t-PA therapy for ischemic stroke. Stroke28(11), 2109–2118 (1997).
  • Kent DM, Selker HP, Ruthazer R, Bluhmki E, Hacke W. The stroke-thrombolytic predictive instrument: a predictive instrument for intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke37, 2957–2962 (2006).
  • Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Eriksson N, et al.; Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-MOnitoring STudy Investigators. Multivariable analysis of outcome predictors and adjustment of main outcome results to baseline data profile in randomized controlled trials: Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST). Stroke39(12), 3316–3322 (2008).
  • Martin-Schild S, Hallevi H, Albright KC et al. Aggressive blood pressure–lowering treatment before intravenous tissue plasminogen activator therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Arch. Neurol.65(9), 1174–1178 (2008).
  • Tsivgoulis G, Saqqur M, Sharma VK, Lao AY, Hill MD, Alexandrov A; for the CLOTBUST Investigators. Association of pretreatment blood pressure with tissue plasminogen activator-induced arterial recanalization in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke38, 961–966 (2007).
  • Vlcek M, Schillinger M, Lang W, Lalouschek W, Bur A, Hirschl MM. Association between course of blood pressure within the first 24 hours and functional recovery after acute ischemic stroke. Ann. Emerg. Med.42(5), 619–626 (2003).
  • Stead LG, Gilmore RM, Decker WW, Weaver AL, Brown RD Jr. Initial emergency department blood pressure as predictor of survival after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology65(8), 1179–1183 (2005).
  • Semplicini A, Maresca A, Boscolo G et al. Hypertension in acute ischemic stroke: a compensatory mechanism or an additional damaging factor? Arch. Intern. Med.163(2), 211–216 (2003).
  • Potter JF, Robinson TG, Ford GA et al. Controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post-stroke (CHHIPS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Lancet Neurol.8, 48–56 (2009).
  • Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG et al.; INTERACT Investigators. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol.7(5), 391–399 (2008).
  • Ahmed N, Näsman P, Wahlgren NG. Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke31(6), 1250–1255 (2000).
  • Hillis AE, Ulatowski JA, Barker PB et al. A pilot randomized trial of induced blood pressure elevation: effects on function and focal perfusion in acute and subacute stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis.16(3), 236–246 (2003).
  • Eveson DJ, Robinson TG, Potter JF. Lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension within the first 24 hours of acute ischemic stroke and follow-up. Am. J. Hypertens.20(3), 270–277 (2007).
  • The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke34, 1699–1703 (2003).
  • Flunarizine in stroke treatment (FIST): a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. Acta Neurol. Scand.93(1), 56–60 (1996).
  • Barer DH, Cruickshank JM, Ebrahim SB, Mitchell JR. Low dose β-blockade in acute stroke (“BEST” trial): an evaluation. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)296(6624), 737–741 (1988).
  • Horn J, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Limburg M. Very Early Nimodipine Use in Stroke (VENUS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke32(2), 461–465 (2001).
  • Qureshi AI, Mohammad YM, Yahia AM et al. A prospective multicenter study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of aggressive antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Intensive Care Med.20(1), 34–42 (2005).
  • Qureshi AI, Harris-Lane P, Kirmani JF et al. Treatment of acute hypertension in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage using American Heart Association guidelines. Crit. Care Med.34(7), 1975–1980 (2006).
  • Suri MF, Suarez JI, Rodrigue TC et al. Effect of treatment of elevated blood pressure on neurological deterioration in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit. Care9(2), 177–182 (2008).
  • Qureshi AI. Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH): rationale and design. Neurocrit. Care6(1), 56–66 (2007).
  • Gelmers HG, Gorter K, de Weerdt CJ, Wiezer HJA. A controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med .318, 203–207 (1988).
  • Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups. Circulation115(20), e478–e534 (2007).
  • Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: (2007) update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation116(16), e391–e413 (2007).
  • Lindenauer PK, Mathew MC, Ntuli TS, Pekow PS, Fitzgerald J, Benjamin EM. Use of antihypertensive agents in the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neurology63(2), 318–323 (2004).
  • Underwood M, Lobo BL, Finch C, Wang J. Overuse of antihypertensives in patients with acute ischemic stroke. South. Med. J.99(11), 1230–1233 (2006).
  • Kanji S, Corman C, Douen AG. Blood pressure management in acute stroke: comparison of current guidelines with prescribing patterns. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.29(2), 125–131 (2002).
  • Geeganage C, Bath PM. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.4, CD000039 (2008).
  • Wityk RJ. The management of blood pressure after stroke. Neurologist13(4), 171–181 (2007).
  • Friday G, Alter M, Lai SM. Control of hypertension and risk of stroke recurrence. Stroke33, 2652–2657 (2002).
  • 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J.28, 1462–1536 (2007).
  • UK-TIA Study Group. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry54, 1044–1054 (1991).
  • Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P. Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review. Stroke34, 2741–2748 (2003).
  • The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 145–153 (2000).
  • Chapman N, Huxley R, Anderson C et al. Effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen on the risk of recurrent stroke according to stroke subtype and medical history: the PROGRESS trial. Stroke35, 116–121 (2004).
  • The Telmisartan Randomised Assessment Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet372, 1174–1183 (2008).
  • Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL et al. for the PRoFESS study group. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 1225–1237 (2008).
  • PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)108(9), 710–717 (1995).
  • Trial of secondary prevention with atenolol after transient ischemic attack or nondisabling ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. Stroke24(4), 543–548 (1993).
  • Paul SL, Thrift AG. Control of hypertension 5 years after stroke in the north east Melbourne stroke incidence study. Hypertension48, 260–265 (2006).
  • Amar J, Cambou JP, Touze E et al.; on behalf of ECLAT1 Study Investigators. Comparison of hypertension management after stroke and myocardial infarction. results from ECLAT1 – a French nationwide study. Stroke35, 1579–1583 (2004).
  • Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet362, 1527–1535 (2003).
  • The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative research group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA288(23), 2981–2997 (2002).
  • Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al.; for the NORDIL Study Group. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and β-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) Study. Lancet356, 359–365 (2000).
  • Verdecchia P, Reboldi GP, Angeli F et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension46, 386–392 (2005).
  • Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet356, 366–372 (2000).
  • Zanchetti A, Julius S, Kjeldson S et al. Outcomes in subgroups of hypertensive patients treated with regimens based on valsartan and amlodipine: an analysis of findings from the VALUE trial. J. Hypertens.24, 2163–2168 (2006).
  • Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P et al.; Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med.348(7), 583–592 (2003).
  • Didion SP, Faraci FM. Angiotensin II produces superoxide-mediated impairment of endothelial function in cerebral arterioles. Stroke34, 2038–2042 (2003).
  • Saavedra JM, Nishimura Y. Angiotensin and cerebral blood flow. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol.19, 553–573 (1999).
  • Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al.; for the LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet359, 995–1003 (2002).
  • Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J et al.; for ONTARGET investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N. Engl. J. Med.358(15), 1547–1559 (2008).
  • Reboldi G, Angeli F, Cavallini C, Gentile G, Mancia G, Verdecchia P. Comparison between angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and death: a meta-analysis. J. Hypertens.26, 1282–1289 (2008).
  • Ohkubo T, A. Hozawa and K. Nagai et al. Prediction of stroke by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements in a general population: the Ohasama study. J. Hypertens.18, 847–854 (2000).
  • Bastos JM, Bertoquini S, Silva JA, Polónia J. Relationship between ambulatory blood pressure monitoring values and future occurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular and coronary events in hypertensive patients. Rev. Port. Cardiol.25(3), 305–316 (2006).
  • Kario K, Ishikawa J, Pickering TG et al. Morning hypertension: the strongest independent risk factor for stroke in elderly hypertensive patients. Hypertens. Res.26, 581–587 (2006).
  • Bouhanick B, Bongard V, Amar J, Bousquel S, Chamontin B. Prognostic value of nocturnal blood pressure and reverse-dipping status on the occurrence of cardiovascular events in hypertensive diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab.34(6 Pt 1), 560–567 (2008).
  • Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M et al. Prognostic significance for stroke of a morning pressor surge and a nocturnal blood pressure decline: the Ohasama study. Hypertension47(2), 149–154 (2006).
  • The Indian Polycap Study (TIPS). Effects of a polypill (Polycap) on risk factors in middle-aged individuals without cardiovascular disease (TIPS): a Phase II, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet373, 1341–1351 (2009).
  • Campbell NRC, Spence JD. Stroke prevention and sodium restriction. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.35, 278–279 (2008).
  • Joffres MR, Campbell NRC, Manns B, Tu K. Estimate of the benefits of a population-based reduction in dietary sodium additives on hypertension and its related health costs in Canada. Can. J. Cardiol.23(6), 437–443 (2007).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.