1,203
Views
68
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Nutrient supplementation approaches in the treatment of ADHD

, &
Pages 461-476 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (2000).
  • Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up: I. Psychiatric status. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry42(10), 937–947 (1985).
  • Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry164(6), 942–948 (2007).
  • Almeida Montes LG, Hernandez Garcia AO, Ricardo-Garcell J. ADHD prevalence in adult outpatients with nonpsychotic psychiatric illnesses. J. Atten. Disord.11(2), 150–156 (2007).
  • Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am. J. Psychiatry163(4), 716–723 (2006).
  • Rucklidge JJ. Gender differences in ADHD: implications for psychosocial treatments. Expert Rev. Neurother.8(4), 643–655 (2008).
  • MTA Cooperative Group. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry56(12), 1073–1086 (1999).
  • Barkley RA. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment (3rd Edition). Barkley RA (Ed.). The Guilford Press, NY, USA (2006).
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T et al. A large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry57(5), 456–463 (2005).
  • Biederman J, Mick E, Surman C et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry59(9), 829–835 (2006).
  • Wilens TE, Hammerness PG, Biederman J et al. Blood pressure changes associated with medication treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry66(2), 253–259 (2005).
  • Sinha D, Efron D. Complementary and alternative medicine use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Paediatr. Child Health41(1–2), 23–26 (2005).
  • Bussing R, Zima BT, Gary FA, Garvan CW. Use of complementary and alternative medicine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr. Serv.53(9), 1096–1102 (2002).
  • Wilson K, Dowson C, Mangin D. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use in Christchurch, New Zealand: children attending general practice versus paediatric outpatients. NZ J. Med.120(1251), 1–9 (2007).
  • Chan E. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr.23(Suppl. 1), S37–S45 (2002).
  • Stubberfield TG, Wray TA, Parry TS. Utilization of alternative therapies in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Paediatr. Child Health35, 450–453 (1999).
  • Munoz K, Krebs-Smith S, Ballard-Barbash R, Cleveland L. Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations. Pediatrics100, 323–329 (1997).
  • Greenblatt J. Nutritional supplements in ADHD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry38(10), 1209–1210 (1999).
  • Haslam R. Is there a role for megavitamin therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Adv. Neurol.58, 303–310 (1992).
  • Baime MJ. Review: St. John’s wort, ginkgo, saw palmetto, and kava may be effective for some conditions. ACP J. Club,137(1), 25 (2002).
  • Coleman M, Steinberg G, Tippett J et al. A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: a double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate. Biol. Psychiatry14, 741–751 (1979).
  • Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren M-C. Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Paediatr. Adolesc. Med.158(12), 1113–1115 (2004).
  • Sever Y, Ashkenazi A, Tyano S, Weizman A. Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology35(4), 178–180 (1997).
  • Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Deron J et al. Effects of iron supplementation on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Pediatr. Neurol.38(1), 20–26 (2008).
  • Kordas K, Stoltzfus RJ, Lapez P, Rico JA, Rosado JL. Iron and zinc supplementation does not improve parent or teacher ratings of behavior in first grade Mexican children exposed to lead. J. Pediatrics147(5), 632–639 (2005).
  • Starobrat-Hermelin B. [The effect of deficiency of selected bioelements on hyperactivity in children with certain specified mental disorders]. Ann. Acad. Med. Stetin.44, 297–314 (1998).
  • Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes. Res.10(2), 143–148 (1997).
  • Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes. Res.10(2), 149–156 (1997).
  • Arnold LE, Pinkham SM, Votolato N. Does zinc moderate essential fatty acid and amphetamine treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.10(2), 111–117 (2000).
  • Yorbik O, Ozdag MF, Olgun A et al. Potential effects of zinc on information processing in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry32(3), 662–667 (2008).
  • Toren P, Eldar S, Sela B-A, Wolmer L, et al. Zinc deficiency in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry40(12), 1308–1310 (1996).
  • Arnold LE, Votolato NA, Kleykamp D et al. Does hair zinc predict amphetamine improvement of ADD/hyperactivity? Int. J. Neurosci.50(1–2), 103–107 (1990).
  • Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA. Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.15(4), 619–627 (2005).
  • Arnold LE, Bozzolo H, Hollway J et al. Serum zinc correlates with parent- and teacher-rated inattention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.15(4), 628–636 (2005).
  • Bilici M, Yildirim F, Kandil S et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry28(1), 181–190 (2004).
  • Akhondzadeh S, Mohammadi M-R, Khademi M. Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a double blind and randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry4, 9 (2004).
  • Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH. Treatment of attention deficit disorder with DL-phenylalanine. Psychiatry Res.16(1), 21–26 (1985).
  • Nemzer ED, Arnold LE, Votolato NA, McConnell H. Amino acid supplementation as therapy for attention deficit disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry25(4), 509–513 (1986).
  • Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Wood DR, Ward M. An open trial of L-tyrosine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Am. J. Psychiatry144(8), 1071–1073 (1987).
  • Shekim WO, Antun F, Hanna GL, McCracken JT et al.S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) in adults with ADHD, RS: preliminary results from an open trial. Psychopharmacol. Bull.26(2), 249–253 (1990).
  • Arnold LE, Amato A, Bozzolo H et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trial. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.17(6), 791–801 (2007).
  • Van Oudheusden LJ, Scholte HR. Efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids67(1), 33–38 (2002).
  • Torrioli MG, Vernacotola S, Peruzzi L et al. A double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boys. Am. J. Med. Genet. A.146(7), 803–812 (2008).
  • Sadiq AJ. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and integrative approaches. Psychiatr. Ann.37(9), 630–638 (2007).
  • Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L et al. EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors. Lipids38(10), 1007–1021 (2003).
  • Colquhoun I, Bunday S. A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children. Med. Hypotheses7, 673–679 (1981).
  • Arnold LE, Kleykamp D, Votolato N et al. Potential link between dietary intake of fatty acids and behavior: pilot exploration of serum lipids in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.4(3), 171–182 (1994).
  • Brookes KJ, Chen W, Xu X, Taylor E, Asherson P. Association of fatty acid desaturase genes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry60(10), 1053–1061 (2006).
  • Antalis CJ, Stevens LJ, Campbell M et al. Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids75(4–5), 299–308 (2006).
  • Ross BM, Seguin J, Sieswerda LE. Omega-3 fatty acids as treatments for mental illness: which disorder and which fatty acid? Lipids Health Dis.6, 21 (2007).
  • Richardson AJ. Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Int. Rev. Psychiatry18(2), 155–172 (2006).
  • Voigt RG, Llorente AM, Jensen CL et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Pediatrics139(2), 189–196 (2001).
  • Hirayama S, Hamazaki T, Terasawa K. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-containing food administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.58(3), 467–473 (2004).
  • Sinn N, Bryan J. Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr.28(2), 82–91 (2007).
  • Sinn N, Bryan J, Wilson C. Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids78(4–5), 311–326 (2008).
  • Richardson AJ, Puri BK. A randomized double-blind, placebo controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry26, 233–239 (2002).
  • Richardson AJ, Montgomery P. The Oxford–Durham study: a randomized controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics115(5), 1360–1366 (2005).
  • Busch B. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for ADHD? Fishy, fascinating, and far from clear. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr.28(2), 139–144 (2007).
  • Clayton EH, Hanstock TL, Garg ML, Hazell PL. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses in children and adolescents. Acta Neuropsychiatrica19, 92–103 (2007).
  • Bussmann RW, Sharon D. Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed.2, 47 (2006).
  • Rohdewald P. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.40(4), 158–168 (2002).
  • Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N. Engl. J. Med.323(20), 1361–1366 (1990).
  • Schweitzer JB, Lee DO, Hanford RB et al. A positron emission tomography study of methylphenidate in adults with ADHD: alterations in resting blood flow and predicting treatment response. Neuropsychopharmacology28(5), 967–973 (2003).
  • Dvorakova M, Jezova D, Blazicek P et al. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (Pycnogenol). Nutr. Neurosci.10(3–4), 151–157 (2007).
  • Trebaticka J, Kopasova S, Hradecna Z et al. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry15(6), 329–335 (2006).
  • Chovanova Z, Muchova J, Sivonova M et al. Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Free Radic. Res.40(9), 1003–1010 (2006).
  • Hannah G, Ornitz E, Hariharan M. Urinary catecholamine excretion and behavioral differences in ADHD and normal boys. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.6(1), 63–73 (1996).
  • Pliszka S, Maas J, Javors M, Rogeness G, Baker J. Urinary catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid anxiety. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry33(8), 1165–1173 (1994).
  • Dvorakova M, Sivonova M, Trebaticka J et al. The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Redox Rep.11(4), 163–172 (2006).
  • Tenenbaum S, Paull JC, Sparrow EP, Dodd DK, Green L. An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol® and methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J. Atten. Disord.6(2), 49–60 (2002).
  • Itoh T, Zang YF, Murai S, Saito H. Effects of Panax ginseng root on the vertical and horizontal motor activities and on brain monoamine-related substances in mice. Planta Med.55(5), 429–433 (1989).
  • Ramassamy C, Naudin B, Christen Y, Clostre F, Costentin J. Prevention by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and trolox C of the decrease in synaptosomal dopamine or serotonin uptake following incubation. Biochem. Pharmacol.44(12), 2395–2401 (1992).
  • Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol. Bull.121(1), 65–94 (1997).
  • Lyon MR, Cline JC, Totosy de Zepetnek J et al. Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium and Ginko biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. J. Psychiatry Neurosci.26(3), 221–228 (2001).
  • Weber W, Stoep AV, McCarty RL et al.Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. JAMA299(22), 2633–2641 (2008).
  • Neary JT, Bu Y. Hypericum LI 160 inhibits uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in astrocytes. Brain Res.816(2), 358–363 (1999).
  • Muller WE, Rolli M, Schafer C, Hafner U. Effects of hypericum extract (LI 160) in biochemical models of antidepressant activity. Pharmacopsychiatry30(Suppl. 2), 102–107 (1997).
  • Kratochvil CJ, Heiligenstein JH, Dittmann R et al. Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry41(7), 776–784 (2002).
  • Gesch B, Hammond S, Hampson S, Eves A, Crowder MJ. Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. Br. J. Psychiatry181, 22–28 (2002).
  • Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID. The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on juvenile delinquency among American schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J. Altern. Complement. Med.6(1), 7–17 (2000).
  • Schoenthaler SJ, Amos SP, Eysenck HJ, Peritz E et al. Controlled trial of vitamin-mineral supplementation: effects on intelligence and performance. Pers. Individ. Dif.12(4), 351–362 (1991).
  • Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A et al. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Magnes. Res.19(1), 46–52 (2006).
  • Joshi K, Lad S, Kale M et al. Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids74(1), 17–21 (2006).
  • Kaplan BJ, Fisher JE, Crawford SG, Field CJ, Kolb B. Improved mood and behavior during treatment with a mineral-vitamin supplement: an open-label case series of children. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.14(1), 115–122 (2004).
  • Popper CW. Do vitamins or minerals (apart from lithium) have mood-stabilising effects? J. Clin. Psychiatry62(12), 933–935 (2001).
  • Rucklidge J, Taylor M, Whitehead K, Johnstone J. Can minerals and vitamins be used to treat mental illness? Evidence from an open label trial of adults with ADHD and mood instability. Presented at: New Zealand College of Clinical Psychologists Annual Conference. Dunedin, NZ, 31 January–1 February 2009.
  • Harding KL, Judah RD, Gant C. Outcome-based comparison of Ritalin versus food-supplement treated children with AD/HD. J. Clin. Ther.8(3), 319–330 (2003).
  • Patel K, Curtis LT. Comprehensive approach to treating autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prepilot study. J. Altern. Complement. Med.13(10), 1091–1097 (2007).
  • Kaplan BJ, Crawford SG, Field CJ, Simpson JS. Vitamins, minerals, and mood. Psychol. Bull.133(5), 747–760 (2007).
  • Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver E. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased Km): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.75, 616–658 (2002).
  • Nigg JT. Neuropsychologic theory and findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the state of the field and salient challenges for the coming decade. Biol. Psychiatry57(11), 1424–1435 (2005).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.