Electroconvulsive therapy in children and adolescents

References

• Rey JM, Walter G. Half a century of ECT use in young people. Am. J. Psychiatry154, 595–602 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamoda HM, Osser DN. The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program: an update on psychotic depression. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry16(4), 235–247 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medda P, Perugi G, Zanello S, Ciuffa M, Rizzato S, Cassano GB. Comparative response to electroconvulsive therapy in medication-resistant bipolar I patients with depression and mixed state. J. ECT26(2), 82–86 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanpattana W, Sackeim HA. Electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: prediction of response and the nature of symptomatic improvement. J. ECT26(4), 289–298 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer F, Meral H, Aydin B, Hanoglu L, Aydemir T, Oral T. Electroconvulsive therapy in drug-induced psychiatric states and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J. ECT21(2), 125–127 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trollor JN, Sachdev PS. Electroconvulsive treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review and report of cases. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry33(5), 650–659 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda S, Koyama K, Okubo Y. Marked improvement of psychotic symptoms after electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson disease. J. ECT26(2), 111–115 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popeo D, Kellner CH. ECT for Parkinson’s disease. Med. Hypotheses73(4), 468–469 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamel H, Cornes SB, Hegde M, Hall SE, Josephson SA. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: a case series. Neurocrit. Care12(2), 204–210 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell PS, Tharyan P, Arun Kumar K, Cherian A. Electro convulsive therapy in a pre-pubertal child with severe depression. J. Postgrad. Med.48(4), 290–291 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghaziuddin N, Alkhouri I, Champine D, Quinaln P, Fluent T, Ghaziuddin M. ECT treatment of malignant catatonia/NMS in an adolescent: a useful lesson in delayed diagnosis and treatment. J. ECT18(2), 95–98 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter G, Koster K, Rey JM. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: experience, knowledge, and attitudes of recipients. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry38(5), 594–599 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar R. Attitudes of child psychiatrists to electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr. Bull.17, 12–13 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin N, Kaza M, Ghazi N, King C, Walter G, Rey JM. Electroconvulsive therapy for minors: experiences and attitudes of child psychiatrists and psychologists. J. ECT17, 109–117 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter G, Rey JM. An epidemiological study of the use of ECT in adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry36, 809–815 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuyer G, Bour, Field. [Electroshock in adolescents]. Ann. Med. Psychol.2, 75–84 (1942).
   Google Scholar
• Heuyer G, Bour, Leroy R. [Electoshock in children]. Ann. Med. Psychol.2, 402–407 (1943).
   Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin N, Kutcher SP, Knapp P et al. Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry43(12), 1521–1539 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegeman JM, Doesborgh SJ, van Niel MC, van Megen HJ. [The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents. A retrospective study]. Tijdschr. Psychiatr.50(1), 23–31 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wachtel LE, Contrucci-Kuhn SA, Griffin M, Thompson A, Dhossche DM, Reti IM. ECT for self-injury in an autistic boy. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry18(7), 458–463 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karandenizli D, Dilbaz N, Bayam G. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: response to electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT21, 246–248 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen D, Paillere-Martinot ML, Basquin M. Use of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents. Convuls. Ther.13, 25–31 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strober M, Rao U, DeAntonio M et al. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents with severe endogenous depression resistant to pharmacotherapy. Biol. Psychiatry43(5), 335–338 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutcher S, Robertson HA. Electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant bipolar youth. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.5, 167–175 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consoli A, Boulicot V, Cornic F, Fossati P, Barbeau M, Cohen D. Moderate clinical improvement with maintenance ECT in a 17-year-old boy with intractable catatonic schizophrenia. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry18(4), 250–254 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeza I, Pons A, Horga G, Bernardo M, Lázaro ML, Castro-Fornieles J. Electroconvulsive therapy in early adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. J. ECT25(4), 278–279 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Awata S, Takano T et al. Improvement of psychiatric symptoms after electroconvulsive therapy in young adults with intractable first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Tohoku. J. Exp. Med.210(3), 213–220 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen WA, Zwaan WA. Treatment of lethal catatonia with electroconvulsive therapy and dantrolene sodium: a case report. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.82(1), 90–92 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Glick DB, Dinwiddie SH. Electroconvulsive therapy in a pediatric patient with malignant catatonia and paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. J. ECT22(4), 267–270 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney P, Kellner C. Multiple ECT late in the course of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Convuls. Ther.13(4), 269–273 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandon S, Cowley P, McDonald C, Neville P, Palmer R, Wellstood-Eason S. Leicester ECT trial: results in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry146, 177–183 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor P, Fleminger JJ. ECT for schizophrenia. Lancet1(8183), 1380–1382 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry40(7 Suppl.), S4–S23 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havaki-Kontaxaki BJ, Ferentinos PP, Kontaxakis VP, Paplos KG, Soldatos CR. Concurrent administration of clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. Clin. Neuropharmacol.29(1), 52–56 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoudzadeh A, Khalilian AR. Comparative study of clozapine, electroshock and the combination of ECT with clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.10(23), 4287–4290 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhossche DM, Reti IM, Wachtel LE. Catatonia and autism: a historical review, with implications for electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT25(1), 19–22 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing L, Shah A. Catatonia in autistic spectrum disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry176, 357–362 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billstedt E, Gillberg IC, Gillberg C. Autism after adolescence: population-based 13- to 22-year follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in childhood. J. Autism Dev. Disord.35(3), 351–360 (2005). Erratum in: J. Autism Dev Disord. 37(9), 1822 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaw FK, Bates GD, Murali V, Bentham P. Catatonia, autism, and ECT. Dev. Med. Child Neurol.41(12), 843–845 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel LE, Kahng S, Dhossche DM, Cascella N, Reti IM. ECT for catatonia in an autistic girl. Am. J. Psychiatry165(3), 329–323 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink M, Taylor MA, Ghaziuddin N. Catatonia in autistic spectrum disorders: a medical treatment algorithm. Int. Rev. Neurobiol.72, 233–244 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailine SH, Petraviciute S. Catatonia in autistic twins: role of electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT23(1), 21–22 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi HK, Mendelowitz AJ, Fink M. Gilles de lat Tourette form of catatonia: response to ECT. J. ECT19(2), 115–117 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel LE, Dhossche DM. Self-injury in autism as an alternate sign of catatonia: implications for electroconvulsive therapy. Med. Hypotheses75(1), 111–114 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mace FC, Blum NJ, Sierp BJ, Delaney BA, Mauk JE. Differential response of operant self-injury to pharmacologic versus behavioral treatment. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr.22(2), 85–91 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch Y, Sobol D, Levkovitz Y, Kron S, Ratzoni G. Reasons for referral for electroconvulsive therapy: a comparison between adolescents and adults. Australas. Psychiatry16(3), 191–194 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein D, Kurtsman L, Stier S, Remnik Y, Meged S, Weizman A. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients – a retrospective chart design. J. Affect. Disord.82(3), 335–342 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch Y, Levcovitch Y, Bloch AM, Mendlovic S, Ratzoni G. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: similarities to and differences from adults. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry40(11), 1332–1336 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeza I, Flamarique I, Garrido JM et al. Clinical experience using electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.20(3), 205–209 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hustig H, Onilov R. ECT rekindles pharmacological response in schizophrenia. Eur. Psychiatry24(8), 521–525 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Niel MC, Hegeman JM, van Megen HJ. [Electroconvulsive therapy in depressed adolescents]. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd.151(32), 1765–1769 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esmaili T, Malek A. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a six-year-old girl suffering from major depressive disorder with catatonic features. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry16(1), 58–60 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisselman MH, Jaffe RL. ECT in the treatment of a patient with catatonia: consent and complications. Am. J. Psychiatry167(2), 127–132 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel LE, Hermida A, Dhossche DM. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in autistic catatonia: a case series review. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry34(4), 581–587 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner CH, Knapp RG, Petrides G et al. Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression: a multisite study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry63(12), 1337–1344 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanes T, Ravaris CL. Prolonged ECT seizure duration in a patient taking trazodone. Am. J. Psychiatry150(3), 525 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zwillich CW, Sutton FD, Neff TA, Cohn WM, Matthay RA, Weinberger MM. Theophylline-induced seizures in adults: correlation with serum concentrations. Ann. Intern. Med.82, 784 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MA, Attah JR. Carbamazepine and ECT. Br. J. Psychiatry153, 418 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boylan LS, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH et al. Determinants of seizure threshold in ECT: benzodiazepine use, anesthetic dosage, and other factors. J. ECT16(1), 3–18 (>2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirthalli J, Harish T, Gangadhar BN. A prospective comparative study of interaction between lithium and modified electroconvulsive therapy. World J. Biol. Psychiatry DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2010.504860 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Bailine SH, Petrides G, Doft M, Lui G. Indications for the use of propofol in electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT19(3), 129–132 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiringoda R, Thurm AE, Hirschtritt ME et al. Risks of propofol sedation/anesthesia for imaging studies in pediatric research: eight years of experience in a clinical research center. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.164(6), 554–560 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford MW, Dodgson BG, Holtby HH, Roy WL. Propofol syndrome in children. CMAJ168(6), 669–670 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glick DB, Dinwiddie S, Gautam G et al. The use of mivacurium for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth. Analg.98(2 Suppl.), S214 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg LB. Detection of prolonged seizures during electroconvulsive therapy: a comparison of electroencephalogram and cuff monitoring. Convuls. Ther.1(1), 32–37 (>1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP et al. Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.328(12), 839–846 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner CH, Knapp R, Husain MM et al. Bifrontal, bitemporal and right unilateral electrode placement in ECT: randomised trial. Br. J. Psychiatry196, 226–234 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Nobler MS et al. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul.1(2), 71–83 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sienaert P, Vansteelandt K, Demyttenaere K, Peuskens J. Randomized comparison of ultra-brief bifrontal and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: clinical efficacy. J. Affect. Disord.116(1–2), 106–112 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiller JW, Ingram N. Seizure threshold determination for electroconvulsive therapy: stimulus dose titration versus age-based estimations. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry40(2), 188–192 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall WV, Reid S, Ford M. Electrocardiographic and cardiovascular effects of subconvulsive stimulation during titrated right unilateral ECT. Convuls. Ther.10(1), 25–33 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneekloth TD, Rummans TA, Logan KM. Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents. Convuls. Ther.9, 158–166 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung KF. Relationships between seizure duration and seizure threshold and stimulus dosage at electroconvulsive therapy: implications for electroconvulsive therapy practice. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.56(5), 521–526 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoads JC, Votolato NA, Young JL, Gilchrist RH. The successful use of right unilateral ultra-brief pulse electroconvulsive therapy in an adolescent with catatonia. Brain Stimul.3(1), 51–53 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Fuller R, Keilp J, Lavori PW, Olfson M. The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Neuropsychopharmacology32(1), 244–254 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiremani RM, Thirthalli J, Tharayil BS, Gangadhar BN. Double-blind randomized controlled study comparing short-term efficacy of bifrontal and bitemporal electroconvulsive therapy in acute mania. Bipolar Disord.10(6), 701–707 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill MA, Courvoisie H, Dawkins K, Nofal P, Thomas B. ECT for the treatment of intractable mania in two prepubertal male children. Convuls. Ther.13(2), 74–82 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghaziuddin N, King CA, Naylor MW et al. Electroconvulsive treatment in adolescents with pharmacotherapy-refractory depression. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.6(4), 259–271 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glénisson L, Auriacombe M, Fernandéz T et al. [Adverse seizure reactions after electroconvulsive therapy. Study of personal cases and review of literature]. Encephale24(1), 1–8 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen D, Taieb O, Flament M et al. Absence of cognitive impairment at long-term follow-up in adolescents treated with ECT for severe mood disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry157(3), 460–462 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin N, Laughrin D, Giordani B. Cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.10(4), 269–276 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin N, King C, Naylor M, Ghaziuddin M, Chaudhary N, Greden J. Electro-convulsive treatment (ECT) in refractory adolescent depression. Biol. Psychiatry37(9), 595–595 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Bertagnoli MW, Borchardt CM. A review of ECT for children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry29(2), 302–307 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cizadlo BC, Wheaton A. Case study: ECT treatment of a young girl with catatonia. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry34, 332–335 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack T, Stoudemire A. Reinstitution of neuroleptic treatment with molindone in a patient with a history of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry11(5), 365–367 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillastre M, Fontaine A, Depecker L, Degiovanni A. [Five cases of Cotard’s syndrome in adolescents and young adults: symptoms of bipolar manic-depressive psychosis]. Encephale18, 65–66 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrade C, Gangadhar BN, Channabasavanna SM. Further characterization of mania as a side effect of ECT. Convuls. Ther.6, 318–319 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paillère-Martinot ML, Zivi A, Basquin M. [Use of electoconvulsive therapy in adolescence]. Encephale16, 399–404 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aubas S, Biboulet P, Daures JP, du Cailar J. Incidence and etiology of cardiac arrest occurring during the peroperative period and in the recovery room. Apropos of 102,468 anesthesia cases. Ann. Fr. Anesth. Reanim.10, 436–442 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schat A, van den Broek WW, Mulder PG, Birkenhäger TK, van Tuijl R, Murre JM. Changes in everyday and semantic memory function after electroconvulsive therapy for unipolar depression. J. ECT23(3), 153–157 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GE, Rasmussen KG Jr, Cullum CM et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the memory effects of continuation electroconvulsive therapy versus continuation pharmacotherapy: results from the Consortium for Research in ECT (CORE) study. J. Clin. Psychiatry71(2), 185–193 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwil AS, Bowring MA, Price TR, Goetz KL, Greenbarg JB, Kane-Wanger G. Prospective electroconvulsive therapy in the presence of intracranial tumor. Convuls. Ther.6, 299–307 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Starkstein SE, Migliorelli R. ECT in a patient with a frontal craniotomy and residual meningioma. J. Neuropsychiatry5, 428–430 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaris S, Szuba MP, Traver K. ECT and intracranial vascular masses. J. ECT16(2), 198–203 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek-Ahmadi P, Hanretta AT. Successful ECT in a patient with intracranial venous angioma. J. ECT18(2), 99–102 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen KG, Perry CL, Sutor B, Moore KM. ECT in patients with intracranial masses. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.19(2), 191–193 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansheim P. ECT in the treatment of a depressed adolescent with meningomyelocele hydrocephalus and seizures. J. Clin. Psychiatry44, 385–386 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin N, DeQuardo JR, Ghaziuddin M, King CA. Electroconvulsive treatment of a bipolar adolescent post-craniotomy for brain stem astrocytoma. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.9, 63–69 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viparelli U, Viparelli G. ECT and grand mal epilepsy. Convuls. Ther.8, 39–42 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griesemer DA, Kellner CH, Beale MD, Smith GM. Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of intractable seizures. Initial findings in two children. Neurology49(5), 1389–1392 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren AC, Holroyd S, Folstein MF. Major depression in Down’s syndrome. Br. J. Psychiatry155, 202–205 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thuppal M, Fink M. Electroconvulsive therapy and mental retardation. J. ECT15(2), 140–149 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander RI, Solomons K. ECT: use in individuals with mental retardation. J. ECT18(1), 38–42 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jyoti Rao KM, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the ninth electroconvulsive therapy [letter]. Convuls. Ther.9(2), 128–134 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walter G, Koster K, Rey JM. Views about treatment among parents of adolescents who received electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr. Serv.50(5), 701–702 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malekian A, Amini Z, Maracy MR, Barekatain M. Knowledge of attitude toward experience and satisfaction with electroconvulsive therapy in a sample of Iranian patients. J. ECT25(2), 106–112 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virit O, Ayar D, Savas HA, Yumru M, Selek S. Patients’ and their relatives’ attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar disorder. J. ECT23(4), 255–259 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanpattana W. A questionnaire survey of ECT practice in Australia. J. ECT23(2), 89–92 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teh SP, Helmes E, Drake DG. A Western Australian survey on public attitudes toward and knowledge of electroconvulsive therapy. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry53(3), 247–273 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L, Rössler W. Can a seizure help? The public’s attitude toward electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Res.134(2), 205–209 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad M, Arham AZ, Arif M et al. Awareness and perceptions of electroconvulsive therapy among psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional survey from teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry7, 27 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Euba R, Crugel M. The depiction of electroconvulsive therapy in the British press. J. ECT25(4), 265–269 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald A, Walter G. Hollywood and ECT. Int. Rev. Psychiatry21(3), 200–206 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald A, Walter G. The portrayal of ECT in American movies. J. ECT17(4), 264–274 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood JH, Chambers M, White SJ. Nurses’ knowledge of and attitude to electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT23(4), 251–254 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter G, Rey JM. How fixed are child psychiatrists’ views about ECT in the young? J. ECT19(2), 88–92 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter G, Rey JM. Has the practice and outcome of ECT in adolescents changed? findings from a whole-population study. J. ECT19(2), 84–87 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnick A. Ethics of ECT for children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry40(4), 387 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ottosson JO, Fink M. Justice. In: Ethics in Electroconvulsive Therapy. Brunner-Routledge, NY, USA, 89–109 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Quintana H. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in persons younger than the age of 18. J. ECT21(2), 88–95 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar