Vascular depression: where do we go from here?

References

• Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br. J. Psychiatry174, 307–311 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kooten F, Koudstaal PJ. Epidemiology of post-stroke dementia. Haemostasis28, 124–133 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vermeer SE, Koudstaal PJ, Oudkerk M et al. Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke33, 21–25 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw FE, de Groot JC, van Gijn J. [Cerebral white matter lesions in the elderly: vascular risk factors and cognitive consequences]. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd.145, 2067–2071 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beekman AT, Deeg DJH, Braam AW et al. Consequences of major and minor depression in later life: a study of disability, well-being and service utilization. Psychol. Med.27, 1397–1409 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast BT, Neufeld S, MacNeill SE et al. Longitudinal support for the relationship between vascular risk factors and late-life depressive symptoms. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry12, 93–101 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujikawa T, Yokota N, Muraoka M et al. Response of patients with major depression and silent cerebral infarction to antidepressant drug therapy, with emphasis on central nervous system adverse reactions. Stroke27, 2040–2042 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Licht-Strunk E, Bremmer MA, van Marwijk HW et al. Depression in older persons with versus without vascular disease in the open population: similar depressive symptom patterns, more disability. J. Affect. Disord.83, 155–160 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekman AT, Geerlings SW, Deeg DJ et al. The natural history of late-life depression: a 6-year prospective study in the community. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry59, 605–611 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuijpers P, Schoevers RA. Increased mortality in depressive disorders: a review. Curr. Psychiatry Rep.6, 430–437 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conwell Y. Suicide in elderly patients. In: Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life. Schneider LS, Reynolds CF, Lebowitz BD (Eds). American Psychiatric Press, DC, USA (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Beekman ATF, Deeg DJ, van Tilburg T et al. Major and minor depression in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. J. Affect. Disord.36, 65–75 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Mendes de Leon CF et al. Cardiovascular events and mortality in newly and chronically depressed persons > 70 years of age. Am. J. Cardiol.81, 988–994 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Honig A et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry58, 221–227 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RG, Kubos KL, Star LB et al. Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion. Brain107, 81–93 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern RA, Bachman DL. Depressive symptoms following stroke. Am. J. Psychiatry148(3), 351–356 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RG, Price TR. Post-stroke depressive disorders: a follow-up study of 103 patients. Stroke13, 635–641 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein SE, Robinson RG, Price TR. Comparison of cortical and subcortical lesions in the production of poststroke mood disorders. Brain110, 1045–1059 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson AJ, MacHale S, Allen K et al. Depression after stroke and lesion location: a systematic review. Lancet356, 122–126 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos M, Kövari E, Gold G et al. The neuro-anatomical model of post-stroke depression towards a change of focus? J. Neurol. Sci.283, 158–162 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finkel SI, Richter EM, Clary CM. Comparative efficacy and safety of sertraline versus nortriptyline in major depression in patients 70 and older. Int. Psychogeriatr.11, 85–99 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palomaki H, Kaste M, Berg A et al. Prevention of poststroke depression: 1 year randomised placebo controlled double blind trial of mianserin with 6 month follow up after therapy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry66, 490–494 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RG, Schultz SK, Castillo C et al. Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depression and in short-term recovery after stroke: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am. J. Psychiatry157, 351–359 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House AO, Halteh C. Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.16(3), CD003689 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Kneebone II. Psychological management of post-stroke depression. Br. J. Clin. Psychol.39, 53–65 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Moser DJ et al. Escitalopram and problem solving therapy for prevention of post stroke depression: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA299, 2391–2400 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrocks JA, Hackett ML, Anderson CS and House A. Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke. Stroke35, 2610–2611 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge RE, Acion L, Moser D et al. Escitalopram and enhancement of cognitive recovery following stroke. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry67, 187–196 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaupp RE. [Depressive states in the elderly]. Med. Wschr.52, 1531–1537 (1905).
   Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC et al. ‘Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry54, 915–922 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan KR, Hays JC, Blazer DG. MRI-defined vascular depression. Am. J. Psychiatry154, 497–501 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneed JR, Rindskopf D, Steffens DC et al. The vascular depression subtype: evidence of internal validity. Biol. Psychiatry64, 491–497 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Krishnan KR et al. Cerebrovascular disease and depression symptoms in the cardiovascular health study. Stroke30, 2159–2166 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffens DC, Taylor WD, Krishnan KR. Progression of subcortical ischemic disease from vascular depression to vascular dementia. Am. J. Psychiatry160, 1751–1756 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast BT, Miles T, Penninx BW et al. Vascular disease and future risk of depressive symptomatology in older adults; findings from health, aging and body composition. Biol. Psychiatr.64, 320–326 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall F, Brayne C. Systematic review of the depressive symptoms associated with vascular conditions. J. Affect. Disord.104, 25–35 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naarding P, Veereschild M, Bremmer MA et al. The symptom profile of vascular depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry24, 1–5 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faramawi MF, Gustat J Wildma RP et al. Relation between depressive symptoms and common carotid artery atherosclerosis in American persons ≥ 65 years of age. Am. J. Cardiol.99, 1610–1613 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiemeier H, van Dijck W, Hofman A et al. Relationship between atherosclerosis and late-life depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry61, 369–376 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai I, Fujikawa T, Horiguchi J et al. The 3-year course and outcome of patients with major depression and silent cerebral infarction. J. Affect. Disord.47, 25–30 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamashita H, Fujikawa T, Yanai I et al. Clinical features and treatment response of patients with major depression and silent cerebral infarction. Neuropsychobiology44, 176–182 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockwood KA, Alexopoulos GS, van Gorp WG. Executive dysfunction in geriatric depression. Am. J. Psychiatry159, 1119–1126 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS, Raue PJ, Kanellopoulos D et al. Problem solving therapy for the depression-executive dysfunction syndrome of late life. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry23, 782–788 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorge RE, Moser DJ, Acion L et al. Treatment of vascular depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry65, 268–276 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K et al. Double-blind treatment of apathy in patients with poststroke depression using nefiracetam. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.21, 144–151 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry55, 580–592 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teper E, O’Brien JT. Vascular factors and depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr.23, 993–1000 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery VO, Oxman TE. Update on the dementia spectrum of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry149, 305–317 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker G. Classifying depression: should paradigms lost be regained? Am. J. Psychiatry157, 1195–1203 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korszun A, Moskvina V, Brewster S et al. Familiality of symptom dimensions in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry61, 468–474 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan LR, Schmamann JD, Kase CS et al. Caudate infarcts. Arch. Neurol.47, 133–143 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaratham N, Nagaratham K, Ng K et al. Akinetic mutism following stroke. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosc.11, 25–30 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Kakuma T, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. Clinically defined vascular depression. Am. J. Psychiatry154(4), 562–565 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar