Optimizing levodopa therapy to treat wearing-off symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: focus on levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone

References

• Karlsen KH, Tandberg E, Arsland D, Larsen JP. Health related quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: a prospective longitudinal study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry69(5), 584–589 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rijk MC, Launer LJ, Berger K et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology54(11 Suppl. 5), S21–S23 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajput AH. Frequency and cause of Parkinson’s disease. Can J. Neurol. Sci.19(1 Suppl.), 103–107 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samii A, Nutt JG, Ransom BR. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet363(9423), 1783–1793 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golbe LI. Young-onset Parkinson’s disease: a clinical review. Neurology41(2 Pt 1), 168–173 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson’s disease. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med.339(16), 1130–1143 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Rodriguez M et al. Pathophysiology of the basal ganglia in Parkinson’s disease. Trends Neurosci.23(10 Suppl.), S8–S19 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vingerhoets FJ, Snow BJ, Lee CS, Schulzer M, Mak E, Calne DB. Longitudinal fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies of the evolution of idiopathic parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol.36(5), 759–764 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnley JM, Lees AJ. Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain114(Pt 5), 2283–2301 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanow CW, Stern MB, Sethi K. The scientific and clinical basis for the treatment of Parkinson disease (2009). Neurology72(21 Suppl. 4), S1–S136 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benamer TS, Patterson J, Grosset DG et al. Accurate differentiation of parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: the [123I]-FP-CIT study group. Mov. Disord.15(3), 503–510 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druschky A, Hilz MJ, Platsch G et al. Differentiation of Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy in early disease stages by means of I-123-MIBG-SPECT. J. Neurol. Sci.175(1), 3–12 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerschlager W, Bencsits G, Pirker W et al. [123I]beta-CIT SPECT distinguishes vascular parkinsonism from Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord.17(3), 518–523 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schapira AH, Obeso J. Timing of treatment initiation in Parkinson’s disease: a need for reappraisal? Ann. Neurol.59(3), 559–562 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks DJ. Optimizing levodopa therapy for Parkinson’s disease with levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone: implications from a clinical and patient perspective. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat.4(1), 39–47 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schapira AH, Emre M, Jenner P, Poewe W. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Eur. J. Neurol.16(9), 982–989 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poewe W, Antonini A, Zijlmans JCM, Burkhard PR, Vingerhoetz F. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: an old drug still going strong. Clin. Interv. Aging5, 229–238 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlskog JE, Muenter MD. Frequency of levodopa-related dyskinesias and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature. Mov. Disord.16(3), 448–458 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori N, Fujimoto K, Kondo T, Murata M, Stacy M. Patient perspectives towards levodopa therapy in Japan and the United States – results of two patient surveys. Mov. Disord.25(Suppl. 3), S569–S717 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Stocchi F. The levodopa wearing-off phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease: pharmacokinetic considerations. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.7(10), 1399–1407 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y et al. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: current controversies. Mov. Disord.19(9), 997 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotzias GC, Van Woert MH, Schiffer LM. Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism. N. Engl. J. Med.276(7), 374–379 (1967).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkmayer W, Hornykiewics O. The effect of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenlyalanine (=DOPA) on akinesia in parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord.4(2), 59–60 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajput AH. Levodopa prolongs life expectancy and is non-toxic to substantia nigra. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord.8(2), 95–100 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinne UK, Bracco F, Chouza C et al. Early treatment of Parkinson’s disease with cabergoline delays the onset of motor complications. Results of a double-blind levodopa controlled trial. The PKDS009 Study Group. Drugs55(Suppl. 1), 23–30 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway RG, Shoulson I, Fahn S et al. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch. Neurol.61(7), 1044–1053 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson Study Group. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA284(15), 1931–1938 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RA, Rascol O, Korczyn AD et al. Ten-year follow-up of Parkinson’s disease patients randomized to initial therapy with ropinirole or levodopa. Mov. Disord.22(16), 2409–2417 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson’s Disease Research Group in the United Kingdom. Comparisons of therapeutic effects of levodopa, levodopa and selegiline, and bromocriptine in patients with early, mild Parkinson’s disease: three year interim report. BMJ307, 469–472 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oertel WH, Wolters E, Sampaio C et al. Pergolide versus levodopa monotherapy in early Parkinson’s disease patients: the PELMOPET study. Mov. Disord.21(3), 343–353 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Clarke CE, Lang AE. A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson’s disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.342(20), 1484–1491 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson Study Group. Long-term effect of initiating pramipexole vs levodopa in early Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol.66(5), 563–570 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RA, Holford NH. Quantitative description of loss of clinical benefit following withdrawal of levodopa–carbidopa and bromocriptine in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord.17(5), 961–968 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauser RA, Koller WC, Hubble JP, Malapira T, Busenbark K, Olanow CW. Time course of loss of clinical benefit following withdrawal of levodopa/carbidopa and bromocriptine in early Parkinson’ s disease. Mov. Disord.15(3), 485–489 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Chana P, Lera G, Rodriguez M, Olanow CW. The evolution and origin of motor complications in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology55(11 Suppl. 4), S13–S20 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapuis S, Ouchchane L, Metz O, Gerbaud L, Durif F. Impact of the motor complications of Parkinson’s disease on the quality of life. Mov. Disord.20(2), 224–230 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanow CW, Watts RL, Koller WC. An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson’s disease (2001): treatment guidelines. Neurology56(11 Suppl. 5), S1–S88 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson Study Group. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med.351(24), 2498–2508 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenschlager R, Head J, Schrag A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Evans A, Lees AJ. Fourteen-year final report of the randomized PDRG-UK trial comparing three initial treatments in PD. Neurology71(7), 474–480 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyholm D. Pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: an update. Clin. Pharmacokinet.45(2), 109–136 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahwa R, Lyons KE. Levodopa-related wearing-off in Parkinson’s disease: identification and management. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.25(4), 841–849 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel WH, Berardelli A, Bloem BR et al. Late (complicated) Parkinson’s disease. In: European Handbook of Neurological Management. Gilhus NE, Barnes MR, Brainin M (Eds). Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 584 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kuoppamäki M, Korpela K, Marttila R et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetic profile of levodopa throughout the day between levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone and levodopa/carbidopa when administered four- or five-times daily. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.65(5), 443–455 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt JG, Carter JH, Lea ES, Woodward WR. Motor fluctuations during continuous levodopa infusions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord.12(3), 285–292 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khor SP, Hsu A. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Curr. Clin. Pharmacol.2(3), 234–243 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Beckner RM et al. Effect of peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa in parkinsonian patients. Neurology44(5), 913–919 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myllylä VV, Sotaniemi KA, Illi A, Suominen K, Keranen T. Effect of entacapone, a COMT inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa and on cardiovascular responses in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.45, 419–423 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keränen T, Gordin A, Harjola VP et al. The effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition by entacapone on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of levodopa in healthy volunteers. Clin. Neuropharmacol.16(2), 145–156 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaakkola S, Gordin A, Mannisto PT. General properties and clinical possibilities of new selective inhibitors of catechol O-methyltransferase. Gen. Pharmacol.25(5), 813–824 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merello M, Lees AJ, Webster R, Bovingdon M, Gordin A. Effect of entacapone, a peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, on the motor response to acute treatment with levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry57, 186–189 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruottinen HM, Rinne UK. A double-blind pharmacokinetic and clinical dose–response study of entacapone as an adjuvant to levodopa therapy in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol.19(4), 283–296 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawle GV, Burn DJ, Morrish PK et al. The effect of entacapone (OR-611) on brain [18F]-6-L-fluorodopa metabolism: implications for levodopa therapy of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology44(7), 1292–1297 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuoppamäki M, Sauramo A, Korpela K et al. Night-time bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone is higher compared with controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.48(11), 756–760 (2010 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rinne UK, Larsen JP, Siden A, Worm-Petersen J. Entacapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. NOMECOMT Study Group. Neurology51(5), 1309–1314 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poewe WH, Deuschl G, Gordin A, Kultalahti ER, Leinonen M. Efficacy and safety of entacapone in Parkinson’s disease patients with suboptimal levodopa response: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study in Germany and Austria (Celomen study). Acta Neurol. Scand.105(4), 245–255 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks DJ, Sagar H. Entacapone is beneficial in both fluctuating and non-fluctuating patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, six month study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry74(8), 1071–1079 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson Study Group. Entacapone improves motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson’s disease patients. Ann. Neurol.42(5), 747–755 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane KH, Spieker S, Clarke CE. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD004554 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Larsen JP, Worm-Petersen J, Siden A, Gordin A, Reinikainen K, Leinonen M. The tolerability and efficacy of entacapone over 3 years in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur. J. Neurol.10(2), 137–146 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onofrj M, Thomas A, Vingerhoets F et al. Combining entacapone with levodopa/DDCI improves clinical status and quality of life in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients experiencing wearing-off, regardless of the dosing frequency: results of a large multicentre open-label study. J. Neural. Transm.111(8), 1053–1063 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissinen H, Kuoppamaki M, Leinonen M, Schapira AH. Early versus delayed initiation of entacapone in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson’s disease: a long-term, retrospective analysis. Eur. J. Neurol.16(12), 1305–1311 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert K, Skogar O, Amar K et al. Direct switch from levodopa/benserazide or levodopa/carbidopa to levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone in Parkinson’s disease patients with wearing-off: efficacy, safety and feasibility – an open-label, 6-week study. J. Neural. Transm.117(3), 333–342 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller W, Guarnieri M, Hubble J, Rabinowicz Al, Silver D. An open-label evaluation of the tolerability and safety of Stalevo® (carbidopa, levodopa and entacapone) in Parkinson’s disease patients experiencing wearing-off. J. Neural. Transm.112(2), 221–230 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RA, Panisset M, Abbruzzese G, Mancione L, Dronamraju N, Kakarieka A. Double-blind trial of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone versus levodopa/carbidopa in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord.24(4), 541–550 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocchi F, Rascol O, Kieburtz K et al. Initiating levodopa/carbidopa therapy with and without entacapone in early Parkinson disease: the STRIDE-PD study. Ann. Neurol.68(1), 18–27 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks DJ, Leinonen M, Kuoppamaki M, Nissinen H. Five-year efficacy and safety of levodopa/DDCI and entacapone in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J. Neural. Transm.115(6), 843–849 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuschl G, Vaitkus A, Fox GC, Roscher T, Schremmer D, Gordin A. Efficacy and tolerability of entacapone versus cabergoline in parkinsonian patients suffering from wearing-off. Mov. Disord.22(11), 1550–1555 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks DJ. Safety and tolerability of COMT inhibitors. Neurology62(1 Suppl. 1), S39–S46 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myllylä V, Haapaniemi T, Kaakkola S et al. Patient satisfaction with switching to Stalevo: an open-label evaluation in PD patients experiencing wearing-off (Simcom Study). Acta Neurol. Scand.114(3), 181–186 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linazasoro G, Kulisevsky J, Hernandez B. Should levodopa dose be reduced when switched to Stalevo? Eur. J. Neurol.15(3), 257–261 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosset D, Antonini A, Canesi M et al. Adherence to antiparkinson medication in a multicenter European study. Mov. Disord.24(6), 826–832 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingman K, Naukkarinen T, Vahteristo M, Korpela I, Kuoppamäki M, Ellmén J. The effect of different dosing regimens of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone on plasma levodopa concentrations. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. doi:10.1007/s00228-011-1121-5 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sethi KD, Hauser RA, Isaacson SH, Mcclain T. Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone 200/50/200 mg (Stalevo 200) in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a case series. Cases J.2, 7134 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Findley L, Aujla M, Bain PG et al. Direct economic impact of Parkinson’s disease: a research survey in the United Kingdom. Mov. Disord.18(10), 1139–1145 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dengler I, Leukel N, Meuser T, Jost WH. [Prospective study of the direct and indirect costs of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease]. Der. Nervenarzt.77(10), 1204–1209 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keranen T, Kaakkola S, Sotaniemi K et al. Economic burden and quality of life impairment increase with severity of PD. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord.9(3), 163–168 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodel RC, Berger K, Oertel WH. Health-related quality of life and healthcare utilisation in patients with Parkinson’s disease: impact of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Pharmacoeconomics19(10), 1013–1038 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findley LJ, Lees A, Apajasalo M, Pitkanen A, Turunen H. Cost-effectiveness of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (Stalevo) compared with standard care in UK Parkinson’s disease patients with wearing-off. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.21(7), 1005–1014 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer CS, Nuijten MJ, Schmier JK, Subedi P, Snyder EH. Cost effectiveness of treatment of Parkinson’s disease with entacapone in the United States. Pharmacoeconomics20(9), 617–628 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delea TE, Thomas SK, Hagiwara M. The association between adherence to levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone therapy and healthcare utilization and costs among patients with Parkinson’s disease: a retrospective claims-based analysis. CNS Drugs25(1), 53–66 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Hauser RA, Ellenbogen AL, Metman LV et al. Crossover comparison of IPX066 and a standard levodopa formulation in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord.26(12), 2246–2252 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss LE, Ferreira HS, Torrao L et al. Discovery of a long-acting, peripherally selective inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J. Med. Chem.53(8), 3396–3411 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaakkola S. Problems with the present inhibitors and a relevance of new and improved COMT inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease. Int. Rev. Neurobiol.95, 207–225 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli M, Carta AR, Jenner P. Adenosine A2A receptors and Parkinson’s disease. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. (193), 589–615 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommer DB, Stacy MA. What’s in the pipeline for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease? Expert Rev. Neurother.8(12), 1829–1839 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quik M, Bordia T, Huang L, Perez X. Targeting nicotinic receptors for parkinson’s disease therapy. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets.10(6), 651–658 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rangasamy SB, Soderstrom K, Bakay RA, Kordower JH. Neurotrophic factor therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Prog. Brain Res.184, 237–264 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt J, Marks WJ Jr. An update on gene therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep.11(4), 362–370 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilker R, Brotchie JM, Chapman J. Pros and cons of a prion-like pathogenesis in Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurology11, 74 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olanow CW, Mcnaught K. Parkinson’s disease, proteins, and prions: milestones. Mov. Disord.26(6), 1056–1071 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar