References
- Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB et al. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med.305(24), 1431–1438 (1981).
- Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM et al.Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N. Engl. J. Med.305(24), 1425–1431 (1981).
- Losina E, Schackman BR, Sadownik SN et al. Racial and sex disparities in life expectancy losses among HIV-infected persons in the United States: impact of risk behavior, late initiation, and early discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis.49(10), 1570–1578 (2009).
- Lohse N, Hansen AB, Pedersen G et al. Survival of persons with and without HIV infection in Denmark, 1995–2005. Ann. Intern. Med.146(2), 87–95 (2007).
- Gandhi RT, Zheng L, Bosch RJ et al. The effect of raltegravir intensification on low-level residual viremia in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med.7(8), pii: e1000321 (2010).
- Hatano H, Hayes TL, Dahl V et al. A randomized, controlled trial of raltegravir intensification in antiretroviral-treated, HIV-infected patients with a suboptimal CD4+ T cell response. J. Infect. Dis.203(7), 960–968 (2011).
- Hatano H, Delwart EL, Norris PJ et al. Evidence of persistent low-level viremia in long-term HAART-suppressed, HIV-infected individuals. AIDS24(16), 2535–2539 (2010).
- Palmer S, Maldarelli F, Wiegand A et al. Low-level viremia persists for at least 7 years in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105(10), 3879–3884 (2008).
- Abbott A. Therapeutic HIV vaccines show promise. Nature466(7306), 539 (2010).
- Routy JP, Nicolette C. Arcelis AGS-004 dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for HIV infection. Immunotherapy2(4), 467–476 (2010).
- Jones T. Vacc-4x, a therapeutic vaccine comprised of four engineered peptides for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs11(8), 964–970 (2010).
- Coffin J. Persistence, resistance, diversity: insights into the HIV-host interaction. Presented at: HIV DART 2010: Frontiers in Drug Development for Antiretroviral Therapies. Los Cabos, Mexico, 7–10 December 2010.
- Liu L, Zhong Q, Tian T, Dubin K, Athale SK, Kupper TS. Epidermal injury and infection during poxvirus immunization is crucial for the generation of highly protective T cell-mediated immunity. Nat. Med.16(2), 224–227 (2010).
- Donnelly JJ, Ulmer JB, Shiver JW, Liu MA. DNA vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol.15, 617–648 (1997).
- Ada G. Overview of vaccines and vaccination. Mol. Biotechnol.29(3), 255–272 (2005).
- Douek DC, Kwong PD, Nabel GJ. The rational design of an AIDS vaccine. Cell124(4), 677–681 (2006).
- Rappuoli R. Reverse vaccinology. Curr. Opin. Microbiol.3(5), 445–450 (2000).
- Blazevic V, Mannik A, Malm M et al. Induction of human immunodeficiency virus type-1-specific immunity with a novel gene transport unit (GTU)-MultiHIV DNA vaccine. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses22(7), 667–677 (2006).
- Malm M, Sikut R, Krohn K, Blazevic V. GTU-MultiHIV DNA vaccine results in protection in a novel P815 tumor challenge model. Vaccine25(17), 3293–3301 (2007).
- Garcia F, Climent N, Assoumou L et al. A therapeutic dendritic cell-based vaccine for HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis.203(4), 473–478 (2011).
- Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P et al. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science247(4949 Pt 1), 1465–1468 (1990).
- Tang DC, DeVit M, Johnston SA. Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature356(6365), 152–154 (1992).
- Babiuk LA, Pontarollo R, Babiuk S, Loehr B, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines in large animals. Vaccine21(7–8), 649–658 (2003).
- Abdulhaqq SA, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines: developing new strategies to enhance immune responses. Immunol. Res.42(1–3), 219–232 (2008).
- Anderson RJ, Schneider J. Plasmid DNA and viral vector-based vaccines for the treatment of cancer. Vaccine25(Suppl. 2), B24–B34 (2007).
- Fioretti D, Iurescia S, Fazio VM, Rinaldi M. DNA vaccines: developing new strategies against cancer. J. Biomed. Biotechnol.2010, 174378 (2010).
- Stevenson FK, Ottensmeier CH, Rice J. DNA vaccines against cancer come of age. Curr. Opin. Immunol.22(2), 264–270 (2010).
- Lisziewicz J, Rosenberg E, Lieberman J et al. Control of HIV despite the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.340(21), 1683–1684 (1999).
- Lori F, Lewis MG, Xu J et al. Control of SIV rebound through structured treatment interruptions during early infection. Science290(5496), 1591–1593 (2000).
- Toke ER, Lorincz O, Somogyi E, Lisziewicz J. Rational development of a stable liquid formulation for nanomedicine products. Int. J. Pharm.392(1–2), 261–267 (2010).
- Lisziewicz J, Trocio J, Whitman L et al. DermaVir: a novel topical vaccine for HIV/AIDS. J. Invest. Dermatol.124(1), 160–169 (2005).
- Somogyi E, Xu J, Gudics A et al. A plasmid DNA immunogen expressing fifteen protein antigens and complex virus-like particles (VLP+) mimicking naturally occurring HIV. Vaccine29(4), 744–753 (2011).
- Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmeron J et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet374(9686), 301–314 (2009).
- Group TFIS. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N. Engl. J. Med.356(19), 1915–1927 (2007).
- Le Gall S, Erdtmann L, Benichou S et al. Nef interacts with the mu subunit of clathrin adaptor complexes and reveals a cryptic sorting signal in MHC I molecules. Immunity8(4), 483–495 (1998).
- Yang OO, Nguyen PT, Kalams SA et al. Nef-mediated resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Virol.76(4), 1626–1631 (2002).
- Piccinini G, Foli A, Comolli G, Lisziewicz J, Lori F. Complementary antiviral efficacy of hydroxyurea and protease inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected dendritic cells and lymphocytes. J. Virol.76(5), 2274–2278 (2002).
- Korber B, Brander C, Haynes BF et al.HIV Molecular Immunology. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA (2008).
- Sandstrom E, Nilsson C, Hejdeman B et al. Broad immunogenicity of a multigene, multiclade HIV-1 DNA vaccine boosted with heterologous HIV-1 recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara. J. Infect. Dis.198(10), 1482–1490 (2008).
- Ellenberger D, Wyatt L, Li B et al. Comparative immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys of multi-protein HIV-1 (CRF02_AG) DNA/MVA vaccines expressing mature and immature VLPs. Virology340(1), 21–32 (2005).
- Fischer W, Perkins S, Theiler J et al. Polyvalent vaccines for optimal coverage of potential T-cell epitopes in global HIV-1 variants. Nat. Med.13(1), 100–106 (2007).
- Montefiori DC, Safrit JT, Lydy SL et al. Induction of neutralizing antibodies and gag-specific cellular immune responses to an R5 primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in rhesus macaques. J. Virol.75(13), 5879–5890 (2001).
- Bellier B, Huret C, Miyalou M et al. DNA vaccines expressing retrovirus-like particles are efficient immunogens to induce neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine27(42), 5772–5780 (2009).
- Reddy ST, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Targeting dendritic cells with biomaterials: developing the next generation of vaccines. Trends Immunol.27(12), 573–579 (2006).
- Lisziewicz J, Gabrilovich DI, Varga G et al. Induction of potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific T-cell-restricted immunity by genetically modified dendritic cells. J. Virol.75(16), 7621–7628 (2001).
- Boussif O, Lezoualc’h F, Zanta MA et al. A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA92(16), 7297–7301 (1995).
- Choosakoonkriang S, Lobo BA, Koe GS, Koe JG, Middaugh CR. Biophysical characterization of PEI/DNA complexes. J. Pharm. Sci.92(8), 1710–1722 (2003).
- von Harpe A, Petersen H, Li Y, Kissel T. Characterization of commercially available and synthesized polyethylenimines for gene delivery. J. Control Release69(2), 309–322 (2000).
- Ohana P, Gofrit O, Ayesh S et al. Regulatory sequences of the H19 gene in DNA based therapy of bladder cancer. Gene Ther. Mol. Biol.8, 181–192 (2004).
- Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.363(5), 411–422 (2010).
- Peachman KK, Rao M, Alving CR. Immunization with DNA through the skin. Methods31(3), 232–242 (2003).
- Zinkernagel RM. Localization dose and time of antigens determine immune reactivity. Semin. Immunol.12(3), 163–171; discussion 257–344 (2000).
- Steinman RM. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu. Rev. Immunol.9, 271–296 (1991).
- Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science296(5566), 301–305 (2002).
- Nicolas JF, Guy B. Intradermal, epidermal and transcutaneous vaccination: from immunology to clinical practice. Expert Rev. Vaccines7(8), 1201–1214 (2008).
- Bauer J, Bahmer FA, Worl J, Neuhuber W, Schuler G, Fartasch M. A strikingly constant ratio exists between Langerhans cells and other epidermal cells in human skin. A stereologic study using the optical disector method and the confocal laser scanning microscope. J. Invest. Dermatol.116(2), 313–318 (2001).
- Porgador A, Irvine KR, Iwasaki A, Barber BH, Restifo NP, Germain RN. Predominant role for directly transfected dendritic cells in antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells after gene gun immunization. J. Exp. Med.188(6), 1075–1082 (1998).
- Powles T, Robinson D, Stebbing J et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers in people with HIV infection. J. Clin. Oncol.27(6), 884–890 (2009).
- Uglietti A, Maserati R. Antiviral hyperactivation-limiting therapeutics as a novel class for the treatment of HIV/AIDS: focus on VS411. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs20(4), 559–565 (2011).
- Calarota SA, Weiner DB, Lori F, Lisziewicz J. Induction of HIV-specific memory T-cell responses by topical DermaVir vaccine. Vaccine25(16), 3070–3074 (2007).
- Cristillo AD, Lisziewicz J, He L et al. HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine comprised of topical DermaVir prime and protein boost elicits cellular immune responses and controls pathogenic R5 SHIV162P3. Virology366(1), 197–211 (2007).
- Calarota SA, Foli A, Maserati R et al. HIV-1-specific T cell precursors with high proliferative capacity correlate with low viremia and high CD4 counts in untreated individuals. J. Immunol.180(9), 5907–5915 (2008).
- Buchbinder SP, Mehrotra DV, Duerr A et al. Efficacy assessment of a cell-mediated immunity HIV-1 vaccine (the Step Study): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, test-of-concept trial. Lancet372(9653), 1881–1893 (2008).
- Keating SM, Bejon P, Berthoud T et al. Durable human memory T cells quantifiable by cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assays are induced by heterologous prime boost immunization and correlate with protection against malaria. J. Immunol.175(9), 5675–5680 (2005).
- Schnuriger A, Dominguez S, Guiguet M et al. Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: rare spontaneous clearance correlates with weak memory CD4 T-cell responses to hepatitis C virus. AIDS23(16), 2079–2089 (2009).
- Lisziewicz J, Trocio J, Xu J et al. Control of viral rebound through therapeutic immunization with DermaVir. AIDS19(1), 35–43 (2005).
- Lisziewicz J, Calarota S, Banhegyi D, Lisziewicz Z, Ujhelyi E, Lori F. Single DermaVir patch treatment of HIV+ individuals induces long lasting, high magnitude and broad HIV-specific T cell responses. Presented at: CROI 2008. Boston, USA, 3–6 February 2008.
- Lisziewicz J, Calarota S, Banhegyi D, Lisziewicz Z, Ujhelyi E, Lori F. Single DermaVir patch treatment of HIV+ individuals induces long-lasting, high-magnitude, and broad HIV- specific T cell responses. Presented at: 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA, 3–6 February 2008 (Poster #715).
- Ladell K, Hellerstein MK, Cesar D, Busch R, Boban D, McCune JM. Central memory CD8+ T cells appear to have a shorter lifespan and reduced abundance as a function of HIV disease progression. J. Immunol.180(12), 7907–7918 (2008).
- van Lunzen J, Pollard R, Stellbrink HJ et al. DermaVir for initial treatment of HIV-infected subjects demonstrates preliminary safety, immunogenicity and HIV-RNA reduction versus placebo immunization. Presented at: XVIII International AIDS Conference. Vienna, Austria (2010) (Abstract #A-240-0111-12561).
- Rodriguez B, Asmuth D, Matining R et al. Repeated-dose transdermal administration of DermaVir, a candidate plasmid DNA-based therapeutic HIV vaccine, is safe and well-tolerated: a 61-week analysis of ACTG Study 5176. Presented at: XVIII International AIDS Conference. Vienna, Austria (2010) (Abstract # A-240-0111-10145).
- Katlama C, Ingrand D, Loveday C et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine-zidovudine combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients. A randomized controlled comparison with zidovudine monotherapy. Lamivudine European HIV Working Group. JAMA276(2), 118–125 (1996).
- Vidal C, Garcia F, Gatell JM et al. Predictive factors influencing peak viral load drop in response to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients. J. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol19(1), 55–60 (1998).
- Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science271(5255), 1582–1586 (1996).
- Davis BS, Chang GJ, Cropp B et al. West Nile virus recombinant DNA vaccine protects mouse and horse from virus challenge and expresses in vitro a noninfectious recombinant antigen that can be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J. Virol.75(9), 4040–4047 (2001).
- Garver KA, LaPatra SE, Kurath G. Efficacy of an infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus DNA vaccine in Chinook Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and sockeye O. nerka salmon. Dis. Aquat Organ64(1), 13–22 (2005).
- Thacker EL, Holtkamp DJ, Khan AS, Brown PA, Draghia-Akli R. Plasmid-mediated growth hormone-releasing hormone efficacy in reducing disease associated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. J. Anim Sci.84(3), 733–742 (2006).
- Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N. Engl. J. Med.360(18), 1815–1826 (2009).
Websites
- 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemiology www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/epidemiology
- HIV medications. How much do they cost? http://aids.about.com/od/hivmedicationfactsheets/a/drugcost.htm
- 2007 AIDS epidemic update – UNAIDS http://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf
- Global Alert and Response (GAR): Smallpox www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/
- DermaVir Patch (LC002) in HIV-1 Infected Treatment-naive Patients http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00711230
- Safety and Tolerability of and Immune Response to LC002, an Experimental Therapeutic Vaccine, in Adults Receiving Anti-HIV Treatment http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00270205
- Antiretroviral-Sparing Concept: Investigate the Effect of Therapeutic Immunization With DermaVir Patch http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00918840