Innate immune recognition of poxviral vaccine vectors

References

• Pastoret PP, Vanderplasschen A. Poxviruses as vaccine vectors. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26(5–6), 343–355 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll MW, Moss B. Poxviruses as expression vectors. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.8(5), 573–577 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrino J, Graham BS. Smallpox vaccines: past, present, and future. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.118(6), 1320–1326 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs BL, Langland JO, Kibler KV et al. Vaccinia virus vaccines: past, present and future. Antivir. Ther.84(1), 1–13 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• McKinney BA, Reif DM, Rock MT et al. Cytokine expression patterns associated with systemic adverse events following smallpox immunization. J. Infect. Dis.194(4), 444–453 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez CE, Najera JL, Krupa M, Esteban M. The poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC as gene delivery systems for vaccination against infectious diseases and cancer. Curr. Gene Ther.8(2), 97–120 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard TJ, Alcami A, Andrea P, Smith GL. Modified vaccinia virus ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: implications for use as a human vaccine. J. Gen. Virol.79(5), 1159–1167 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine G, Scheiflinger F, Dorner F, Falkner FG. The complete genomic sequence of the modified vaccinia ankara strain: comparison with other orthopoxviruses. Virology244(2), 365–396 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr A. Smallpox vaccination and bioterrorism with pox viruses. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26(5–6), 423–430 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorrell L, Williams P, Suttill A et al. Safety and tolerability of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing an HIV-1 gag/multiepitope immunogen (MVA.HIVA) in HIV-1-infected persons receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Vaccine25(17), 3277–3283 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy JS, Greenberg RN. IMVAMUNE®: modified vaccinia Ankara strain as an attenuated smallpox vaccine. Expert Rev. Vaccines8(1), 13–24 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkord E, Dangoor A, Burt DJ et al. Immune evasion mechanisms in colorectal cancer liver metastasis patients vaccinated with TroVax (MVA-5T4). Cancer Immunol. Immunother.58(10), 1657–1667 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartaglia J, Perkus ME, Taylor J et al. NYVAC: a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus. Virology188(1), 217–232 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bart P-A, Goodall R, Barber T et al. EV01: a Phase I trial in healthy HIV negative volunteers to evaluate a clade C HIV vaccine, NYVAC-C undertaken by the EuroVacc Consortium. Vaccine26(25), 3153–3161 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harari A, Bart P-A, Stöhr W et al. An HIV-1 clade C DNA prime, NYVAC boost vaccine regimen induces reliable, polyfunctional, and long-lasting T cell responses. J. Exp. Med.205(1), 63–77 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockenhouse CF, Sun PF, Lanar DE et al. Phase I/IIa safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy trial of NYVAC-Pf7, a pox-vectored, multiantigen, multistage vaccine candidate for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J. Infect. Dis.177(6), 1664–1673 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Zsak L, Kutish GF, Rock DL. The genome of canarypox virus. J. Virol.78(1), 353–366 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soboll G, Hussey SB, Minke JM et al. Onset and duration of immunity to equine influenza virus resulting from canarypox-vectored (ALVAC®) vaccination. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.135(1–2), 100–107 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Seino KK, Long MT, Gibbs EPJ et al. Comparative efficacies of three commercially available vaccines against West Nile Virus (WNV) in a short-duration challenge trial involving an equine WNV encephalitis model. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.14(11), 1465–1471 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larson LJ, Schultz RD. Three-year duration of immunity in dogs vaccinated with a canarypox-vectored recombinant canine distemper virus vaccine. Vet. Ther.8(2), 101–106 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Riviere M et al. Applications of canarypox (ALVAC) vectors in human and veterinary vaccination. Dev. Biol. Stand.82, 131–135 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert PB, Chiu YL, Allen M et al. Long-term safety analysis of preventive HIV-1 vaccines evaluated in AIDS vaccine evaluation group NIAID-sponsored Phase I and II clinical trials. Vaccine21(21–22), 2933–2947 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S et al. Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand. N. Engl. J. Med.361(23), 2209–2220 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonczol E, Plotkin S. Development of a cytomegalovirus vaccine: lessons from recent clinical trials. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.1(3), 401–412 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartaglia J, Bonnet M-C, Berinstein N, Barber B, Klein M, Moingeon P. Therapeutic vaccines against melanoma and colorectal cancer. Vaccine19(17–19), 2571–2575 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle DB, Coupar BE. Construction of recombinant fowlpox viruses as vectors for poultry vaccines. Virus Res.10, 343–356 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor J, Weinberg R, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG, Paoletti E. Protective immunity against avian influenza induced by a fowlpox virus recombinant. Vaccine6(6), 504–508 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor J, Edbauer C, Rey-Senelonge A et al. Newcastle disease virus fusion protein expressed in a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection in chickens. J. Virol.64(4), 1441–1450 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxby D, Paoletti E. Potential use of non-replicating vectors as recombinant vaccines. Vaccine10(1), 8–9 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor J, Weinberg R, Languet B, Desmettre P, Paoletti E. Recombinant fowlpox virus inducing protective immunity in non-avian species. Vaccine6, 497–503 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard CW, Schnitzlein WM, Tripathy DN. Protection of chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N2) by recombinant fowlpox viruses. Avian Dis.35(2), 356–359 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery S, Kelleher AD, Workman C et al. Influence of IFNγ co-expression on the safety and antiviral efficacy of recombinant fowlpox virus HIV therapeutic vaccines following interruption of antiretroviral therapy. Hum. Vaccin.3(6), 260–267 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery S, Workman C, Puls RL et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase I/IIa evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of fowlpox virus expressing HIV gag-pol and interferon-γ in HIV-1 infected subjects. Hum. Vaccin.1(6), 232–238 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Martinez J, Huang X, Yang Y. Innate immunity against vaccinia virus is mediated by TLR2 and requires TLR-independent production of IFN-β. Blood109(2), 619–625 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbalat R, Lau L, Locksley RM, Barton GM. Toll-like receptor 2 on inflammatory monocytes induces type I interferon in response to viral but not bacterial ligands. Nat. Immunol.10(11), 1200–1207 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland DB, Ranasinghe C, Regner M et al. Evaluating vaccinia virus cytokine co-expression in TLR GKO mice. Immunol. Cell Biol.89, 706–715 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Quigley M, Martinez J, Huang X, Yang Y. A critical role for direct TLR2–MyD88 signaling in CD8 T-cell clonal expansion and memory formation following vaccinia viral infection. Blood113(10), 2256–2264 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, De Trez C, Flynn R, Ware CF, Croft M, Salek-Ardakani S. The adaptor molecule MyD88 directly promotes CD8 T cell responses to vaccinia virus. J. Immunol.182(10), 6278–6286 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Martinez J, Huang X, Yang Y. Direct TLR2 signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in response to vaccinia viral infection. PLoS Pathog.6(3), e1000811 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T et al. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity11, 443–451 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang B, Sikorski R, Kirn DH, Thorne SH. Synergistic anti-tumor effects between oncolytic vaccinia virus and paclitaxel are mediated by the IFN response and HMGB1. Gene Ther.18(2), 164–172 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi ME. HMGB1 loves company. J. Leukoc. Biol.86, 573–576 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchens M, Luker KE, Sottile P et al. TLR3 increases disease morbidity and mortality from vaccinia infection. J. Immunol.180(1), 483–491 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang T, Town T, Alexopoulou L, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, Flavell RA. Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis. Nat. Med.10(12), 1366–1373 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowen BB, Hoopes JD, Wong MH et al. TLR3 deletion limits mortality and disease severity due to Phlebovirus infection. J. Immunol.177(9), 6301–6307 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Goffic R, Balloy V, Lagranderie M et al. Detrimental contribution of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 to influenza A virus-induced acute pneumonia. PLoS Pathog.2(6), e53 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez J, Huang X, Yang Y. Toll-like receptor 8-mediated activation of murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells by vaccinia viral DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA107(14), 6442–6447 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lysakova-Devine T, Keogh B, Harrington B et al. Viral inhibitory peptide of TLR4, a peptide derived from vaccinia protein A46, specifically inhibits TLR4 by directly targeting MyD88 adaptor-like and TRIF-related adaptor molecule. J. Immunol.185(7), 4261–4271 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M et al. AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature458(7237), 514–518 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm SE, Reyburn HT. Recognition of vaccinia virus-infected cells by human natural killer cells depends on natural cytotoxicity receptors. J. Virol.80(5), 2225–2233 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks CR, Elliott T, Parham P, Khakoo SI. The inhibitory receptor NKG2A determines lysis of vaccinia virus-infected autologous targets by NK cells. J. Immunol.176(2), 1141–1147 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisinger-Henschel C, Schmidt M, Lukassen S et al. Genomic sequence of chorioallantois vaccinia virus Ankara, the ancestor of modified vaccinia virus Ankara. J. Gen. Virol.88(Pt 12), 3249–3259 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delaloye J, Roger T, Steiner-Tardivel Q-G et al. Innate immune sensing of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is mediated by TLR2–TLR6, MDA-5 and the NALP3 inflammasome. PLoS Pathog.5(6), e1000480 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waibler Z, Anzaghe M, Ludwig H et al. Modified vaccinia virus ankara induces Toll-like receptor-independent type I interferon responses. J. Virol.81(22), 12102–12110 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myskiw C, Arsenio J, Booy EP et al. RNA species generated in vaccinia virus infected cells activate cell type-specific MDA5 or RIG-I dependent interferon gene transcription and PKR dependent apoptosis. Virology413(2), 183–193 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samuelsson C, Hausmann J, Lauterbach H et al. Survival of lethal poxvirus infection in mice depends on TLR9, and therapeutic vaccination provides protection. J. Clin. Invest.118(5), 1776–1784 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lousberg EL, Diener KR, Fraser CK et al. Antigen-specific T-cell responses to a recombinant fowlpox virus are dependent on MyD88 and interleukin-18 and independent of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-mediated innate immune recognition. J. Virol.85(7), 3385–3396 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Harenberg A, Guillaume F, Ryan EJ, Burdin N, Spada F. Gene profiling analysis of ALVAC infected human monocyte derived dendritic cells. Vaccine26(39), 5004–5013 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Stack J, Haga IR, Schroder M et al. Vaccinia virus protein A46R targets multiple Toll-like-interleukin-1 receptor adaptors and contributes to virulence. J. Exp. Med.201(6), 1007–1018 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowie A, Kiss-Toth E, Symons JA, Smith GL, Dower SK, O’Neill LAJ. A46R and A52R from vaccinia virus are antagonists of host IL-1 and toll-like receptor signaling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97(18), 10162–10167 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harte MT, Haga IR, Maloney G et al. The poxvirus protein A52R targets Toll-like receptor signaling complexes to suppress host defense. J. Exp. Med.197(3), 343–351 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedey R, Jin XL, Hinthong O, Shisler JL. Poxviral regulation of the host NF-κB response: the vaccinia virus M2L protein inhibits induction of NF-κB activation via an ERK2 pathway in virus-infected human embryonic kidney cells. J. Virol.80(17), 8676–8685 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng L, Dai P, Ding W, Granstein RD, Shuman S. Vaccinia virus infection attenuates innate immune responses and antigen presentation by epidermal dendritic cells. J. Virol.80(20), 9977–9987 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobs N, Bartlett NW, Clark RH, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus lacking the Bcl-2-like protein N1 induces a stronger natural killer cell response to infection. J. Gen. Virol.89(11), 2877–2881 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Lynch HE, Ray CA, Oie KL et al. Modified vaccinia virus ankara can activate NFκB transcription factors through a double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)-dependent pathway during the early phase of virus replication. Virology391(2), 177–186 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• DiPerna G, Stack J, Bowie AG et al. Poxvirus protein N1L targets the IκB kinase complex, inhibits signaling to NF-κB by the tumor necrosis factor superfamily of receptors, and inhibits NF-κB and IRF3 signaling by Toll-like receptors. J. Biol. Chem.279(35), 36570–36578 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovey MG, Lallemand C, Thyphronitis G. Adjuvant activity of type I interferons. Biol. Chem.389(5), 541–545 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsharifi M, Lobigs M, Regner M, Lee E, Koskinen A, Mullbacher A. Type I interferons trigger systemic, partial lymphocyte activation in response to viral infection. J. Immunol.175(7), 4635–4640 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Samuel CE. Antiviral actions of interferons. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.14(4), 778–809 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsharifi M, Mullbacher A, Regner M. Interferon type I responses in primary and secondary infections. Immunol. Cell Biol.86, 239–245 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Hance KW, Rogers CJ, Zaharoff DA, Canter D, Schlom J, Greiner JW. The antitumor and immunoadjuvant effects of IFN-α in combination with recombinant poxvirus vaccines. Clin. Cancer Res.15(7), 2387–2396 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Feng D. The role of type I interferon production by dendritic cells in host defense. Biochimie89, 843–855 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lousberg EL, Fraser CK, Tovey MG, Diener KR, Hayball JD. Type I interferons mediate the innate cytokine response to recombinant fowlpox virus but not the induction of plasmacytoid dendritic cell-dependent adaptive immunity. J. Virol.84(13), 6549–6563 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Quakkelaar ED, Redeker A, Haddad EK et al. Improved innate and adaptive immunostimulation by genetically modified HIV-1 protein expressing NYVAC vectors. PLoS ONE6(2), e16819 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Symons JA, Alcami A, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus encodes a soluble type I interferon receptor of novel structure and broad species specificity. Cell81(4), 551–560 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waibler Z, Anzaghe M, Frenz T et al. Vaccinia virus-mediated inhibition of type I interferon responses is a multi-factorial process involving the soluble type I interfreon receptor B18 and intracellular components. J. Virol.83(4), 1563–1571 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Day SL, Ramshaw IA, Ramsay AJ, Ranasinghe C. Differential effects of the type I interferons α4, β, and ε on antiviral activity and vaccine efficacy. J. Immunol.180(11), 7158–7166 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beattie E, Denzler KL, Tartaglia J, Perkus ME, Paoletti E, Jacobs BL. Reversal of the interferon-sensitive phenotype of a vaccinia virus lacking E3L by expression of the reovirus S4 gene. J. Virol.69(1), 499–505 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beattie E, Paoletti E, Tartaglia J. Distinct patterns of IFN sensitivity observed in cells infected with vaccinia K3L- and E3L- mutant viruses. Virology210(2), 254–263 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenio J, Deschambault Y, Cao J. Antagonizing activity of vaccinia virus E3L against human interferons in Huh7 cells. Virology377(1), 124–132 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Xiang Y, Condit RC, Vijaysri S, Jacobs B, Williams BRG, Silverman RH. Blockade of interferon induction and action by the E3L double-stranded RNA binding proteins of vaccinia virus. J. Virol.76(10), 5251–5259 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beattie E, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E. Vaccinia virus-encoded elF-2α homolog abrogates the antiviral effect of interferon. Virology183(1), 419–422 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann BA, Huang JH, Li P et al. Vaccinia virus blocks Stat1-dependent and Stat1-independent gene expression induced by type I and type II interferons. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.28(6), 367–380 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banadyga L, Veugelers K, Campbell S, Barry M. The fowlpox virus Bcl-2 homologue, FPV039, interacts with activated Bax and a discrete subset of BH3-only proteins to inhibit apoptosis. J. Virol.83(14), 7085–7098 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Banadyga L, Gerig J, Stewart T, Barry M. Fowlpox virus encodes a Bcl-2 homologue that protects cells from apoptotic death through interaction with the proapoptotic protein Bak. J. Virol.81(20), 11032–11045 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Huang J, Huang Q, Zhou X et al. The poxvirus p28 virulence factor is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. J. Biol. Chem.279(52), 54110–54116 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brick DJ, Burke RD, Schiff L, Upton C. Shope fibroma virus RING finger protein N1R binds DNA and inhibits apoptosis. Virology249(1), 42–51 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Jesenberger V, Jentsch S. Deadly encounter: ubiquitin meets apoptosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.3(2), 112–121 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooray S, Bahar MW, Abrescia NGA et al. Functional and structural studies of the vaccinia virus virulence factor N1 reveal a Bcl-2-like anti-apoptotic protein. J. Gen. Virol.88(6), 1656–1666 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasilenko ST, Banadyga L, Bond D, Barry M. The vaccinia virus F1L protein interacts with the proapoptotic protein Bak and inhibits Bak activation. J. Virol.79(22), 14031–14043 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Campbell S, Hazes B, Kvansakul M, Colman P, Barry M. Vaccinia virus F1L interacts with Bak using highly divergent Bcl-2 homology domains and replaces the function of Mcl-1. J. Biol. Chem.285(7), 4695–4708 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Fischer SF, Ludwig H, Holzapfel J et al. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara protein F1L is a novel BH3-domain-binding protein and acts together with the early viral protein E3L to block virus-associated apoptosis. Cell Death Differentiation13(1), 109–118 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Heinkelein M, Pilz S, Jassoy C. Inhibition of CD95 (Fas/Apo1)-mediated apoptosis by vaccinia virus WR. Clin. Exp. Immunol.103(1), 8–14 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billiau A, Matthys P. Interferon-γ: a historical perspective. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.20(2), 97–113 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puehler F, Schwarz H, Waidner B et al. An interferon-γ-binding protein of novel structure encoded by the fowlpox virus. J. Biol. Chem.278(9), 6905–6911 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verardi PH, Jones LA, Aziz FH, Ahmad S, Yilma TD. Vaccinia virus vectors with an inactivated γ interferon receptor homolog gene (B8R) are attenuated in vivo without a concomitant reduction in immunogenicity. J. Virol.75(1), 11–18 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mossman K, Upton C, Buller RML, McFadden G. Species specificity of ectromelia virus and vaccinia virus interferon-γ binding proteins. Virology208(2), 762–769 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Lalani AS, McFadden G. Secreted poxvirus chemokine binding proteins. J. Leukoc. Biol.62(5), 570–576 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afonso CL, Tulman ER, Lu Z et al. The genome of swinepox virus. J. Virol.76(2), 783–790 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakala IG, Chaudhri G, Buller RM et al. Poxvirus-encoded gamma interferon binding protein dampens the host immune response to infection. J. Virol.81(7), 3346–3353 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Shi X-M, Zhao Y, Gao H-B et al. Evaluation of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene and chicken interferon-γ gene for immune protection against heterologous strains. Vaccine29(8), 1576–1582 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Franchi L, Munoz-Planillo R, Reimer T, Eigenbrod T, Nunez G. Inflammasomes as microbial sensors. Eur. J. Immunol.40(3), 611–615 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcami A, Smith GL. A soluble receptor for interleukin-1β encoded by vaccinia virus: a novel mechanism of virus modulation of the host response to infection. Cell71(1), 153–167 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcami A, Smith GL. A mechanism for the inhibition of fever by a virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 11029–11034 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staib C, Kisling S, Erfle V, Sutter G. Inactivation of the viral interleukin 1β receptor improves CD8+ T-cell memory responses elicited upon immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. J. Gen. Virol.86(7), 1997–2006 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afonso C, Tulman E, Lu Z, Zsak L, Kutish G, Rock D. The genome of fowlpox virus. J. Virol.74(8), 3815–3831 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reading PC, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus interleukin-18-binding protein promotes virulence by reducing gamma interferon production and natural killer and T-cell activity. J. Virol.77(18), 9960–9968 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith VP, Bryant NA, Alcami A. Ectromelia, vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode secreted interleukin-18-binding proteins. J. Gen. Virol.81(5), 1223–1230 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston JB, Barrett JW, Nazarian SH et al. A poxvirus-encoded pyrin domain protein interacts with ASC-1 to inhibit host inflammatory and apoptotic responses to infection. Immunity23(6), 587–598 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman MM, Mohamed MR, Kim M, Smallwood S, McFadden G. Co-regulation of NF-κB and inflammasome-mediated inflammatory responses by Myxoma virus pyrin domain-containing protein M013. PLoS Pathog.5(10), e1000635 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Puig J, Sanchez L, Roy G, Blasco R. Susceptibility of different leukocyte cell types to Vaccinia virus infection. Virol. J.1(1), 10 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu Q, Hu N, Ostrowski M. Poxvirus tropism for primary human leukocytes and hematopoietic cells. In: Viral Applications of Green Fluorescent Protein. Humana Press, NY, USA, 309–328 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Jenne L, Hauser C, Arrighi JF, Saurat JH, Hugin AW. Poxvirus as a vector to transduce human dendritic cells for immunotherapy: abortive infection but reduced APC function. Gene Ther.7, 1575–1583 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelmayer J, Larsson M, Subklewe M et al. Vaccinia virus inhibits the maturation of human dendritic cells: a novel mechanism of immune evasion. J. Immunol.163, 6762–6768 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walzer T, Galibert L, De Smedt T. Poxvirus semaphorin A39R inhibits phagocytosis by dendritic cells and neutrophils. Eur. J. Immunol.35(2), 391–398 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humrich JY, Thumann P, Greiner S et al. Vaccinia virus impairs directional migration and chemokine receptor switch of human dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol.37(4), 954–965 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Chahroudi A, Garber DA, Reeves P, Liu L, Kalman D, Feinberg MB. Differences and similarities in viral life cycle progression and host cell physiology after infection of human dendritic cells with modified vaccinia virus Ankara and Vaccinia virus. J. Virol.80(17), 8469–8481 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Chavan R, Feinberg M. Dendritic cells are preferentially targeted among hematolymphocytes by modified vaccinia virus ankara and play a key role in the induction of virus-specific T cell responses in vivo. BMC Immunol.9(1), 15 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Li P, Singh P et al. Vaccinia virus infection induces dendritic cell maturation but inhibits antigen presentation by MHC class II. Cell Immunol.246(2), 92–102 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Drillien R, Spehner D, Hanau D. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara induces moderate activation of human dendritic cells. J. Gen. Virol.85(8), 2167–2175 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal S, Gupta S, Agrawal A. Vaccinia virus proteins activate human dendritic cells to induce T cell responses in vitro. Vaccine27(1), 88–92 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Berthoud TK, Fletcher H, Porter D, Thompson F, Hill AVS, Todryk SM. Comparing human T cell and NK cell responses in viral-based malaria vaccine trials. Vaccine28(1), 21–27 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener KR, Lousberg EL, Beukema EL et al. Recombinant fowlpox virus elicits transient cytotoxic T cell responses due to suboptimal innate recognition and recruitment of T cell help. Vaccine26(29–30), 3566–3573 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Ryan EJ, Harenberg A, Burdin N. The canarypox-virus vaccine vector ALVAC triggers the release of IFN-γ by natural killer (NK) cells enhancing Th1 polarization. Vaccine25(17), 3380–3390 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trakatelli M, Toungouz M, Lambermont M, Heenen M, Velu T, Bruyns C. Immune characterization of clinical grade-dendritic cells generated from cancer patients and genetically modified by an ALVAC vector carrying MAGE minigenes. Cancer Gene Ther.12(6), 552–559 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilett EJ, Prestwich RJD, Melcher AA. The evolving role of dendritic cells in cancer therapy. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.10(3), 369–379 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi RT, O’Neill D, Bosch RJ et al. A randomized therapeutic vaccine trial of canarypox–HIV-pulsed dendritic cells vs. canarypox-HIV alone in HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Vaccine27(43), 6088–6094 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelmayer J, Larsson M, Lee A et al. Mature dendritic cells infected with canarypox virus elicit strong anti-human immunodeficiency virus CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses from chronically infected individuals. J. Virol.75(5), 2142–2153 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emu B, Sinclair E, Favre D et al. Phenotypic,functional, and kinetic parameters associated with apparent T-cell control of human immunodeficiency virus replication in individuals with and without antiretroviral treatment. J. Virol.79(22), 14169–14178 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich TC, Valentine LE, Yant LJ et al. Subdominant CD8+ T-cell responses are involved in durable control of AIDS virus replication. J. Virol.81(7), 3465–3476 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Clay TM, Hobeika AC et al. Phase I study of immunisation with dendritic cells modified with fowlpox encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and costimulatory molecules. Clin. Cancer Res.11(8), 3017–3024 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu A, Guardino A, Chinsangaram L, Goldstein MJ, Panicali D, Levy R. Therapeutic vaccination against murine lymphoma by intratumoral injection of recombinant fowlpox virus encoding CD40 ligand. Cancer Res.67(14), 7037–7044 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Liu J, Yu Q, Stone GW et al. CD40L expressed from the canarypox vector, ALVAC, can boost immunogenicity of HIV-1 canarypox vaccine in mice and enhance the in vitro expansion of viral specific CD8+ T cell memory responses from HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals. Vaccine26(32), 4062–4072 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gómez CE, Nájera JL, Sánchez R, Jiménez V, Esteban M. Multimeric soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) efficiently enhances HIV specific cellular immune responses during DNA prime and boost with attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC expressing HIV antigens. Vaccine27(24), 3165–3174 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyakov IM, Isakov D, Zhu Q, Dzutsev A, Klinman D, Berzofsky JA. Enhancement of CD8+ T cell immunity in the lung by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increases protective efficacy of a modified vaccinia ankara vaccine against lethal poxvirus infection even in a CD4-deficient host. J. Immunol.177(9), 6336–6343 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwissa M, Amara RR, Robinson HL et al. Adjuvanting a DNA vaccine with a TLR9 ligand plus Flt3 ligand results in enhanced cellular immunity against the Simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Exp. Med.204(11), 2733–2746 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees DGC, Gates AJ, Green M et al. CpG-DNA protects against a lethal orthopoxvirus infection in a murine model. Antiviral Res.65(2), 87–95 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Kass E, Parker J, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Compartive studies of the effects of recombinant GM-CSF and GM-CSF administered via a poxvirus to enhance the concentration of antigen-presenting cells in the regional lymph nodes. Cytokine12(7), 960–971 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavan R, Marfatia KA, An IC, Garber DA, Feinberg MB. Expression of CCL20 and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not Flt3-L, from modified vaccinia virus ankara enhances antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses. J. Virol.80(15), 7676–7687 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass E, Panicali DL, Mazzara G, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor produced by recombinant avian poxviruses enriches the regional lymph nodes with antigen-presenting cells and acts as an immunoadjuvant. Cancer Res.61(1), 206–214 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reali E, Canter D, Zeytin H, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Comparative studies of avipox-GM-CSF versus recombinant GM-CSF protein as immune adjuvants with different vaccine platforms. Vaccine23(22), 2909–2921 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM et al. Phase I study of sequential vaccinations with fowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM alone and sequentially with vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM, with and without granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in patients with carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing carcinomas. J. Clin. Oncol.23(4), 720–731 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofbauer GF, Baur T, Bonnet MC et al. Clinical Phase I intratumoral administration of two recombinant ALVAC canarypox viruses expressing human granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interleukin-2: the transgene determines the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate. Melanoma Res.18(2), 104–111 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abaitua F, Rodríguez JR, Garzón A, Rodríguez D, Esteban M. Improving recombinant MVA immune responses: potentiation of the immune responses to HIV-1 with MVA and DNA vectors expressing Env and the cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ. Virus Res.116(1–2), 11–20 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed CM, Martin JP, Johnson HM. IFN mimetic as a therapeutic for lethal vaccinia virus infection: possible effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. J. Immunol.178(7), 4576–4583 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mingxiao M, Ningyi J, Zhenguo W et al. Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant fowlpox vaccines coexpressing HA of AIV H5N1 and chicken IL18. Vaccine24(20), 4304–4311 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Guoshun S, Ningyi J, Mingxiao M et al. Immune responses of pigs inoculated with a recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing GP5/GP3 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine IL-18. Vaccine25(21), 4193–4202 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Gherardi MM, Ramirez JC, Esteban M. IL-12 and IL-18 act in synergy to clear vaccinia virus infection: involvement of innate and adaptive components of the immune system. J. Gen. Virol.84(8), 1961–1972 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera P-Y, Derrick SC, Kolibab K et al. A multi-valent vaccinia virus-based tuberculosis vaccine molecularly adjuvanted with interleukin-15 induces robust immune responses in mice. Vaccine27(15), 2121–2127 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poon LLM, Leung YHC, Nicholls JM et al. Vaccinia virus-based multivalent H5N1 avian influenza vaccines adjuvanted with IL-15 confer sterile cross-clade protection in mice. J. Immunol.182(5), 3063–3071 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foong YY, Jans DA, Rolph MS, Gahan ME, Mahalingam S. Interleukin-15 mediates potent antiviral responses via an interferon-dependent mechanism. Virology393(2), 228–237 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudet F, Chevalier M, Jourdier TM, Tartaglia J, Moste C. Modulation of the antibody response to the HIV envelope subunit by co-administration of infectious or heat-inactivated canarypoxvirus (ALVAC) preparations. Vaccine19(30), 4267–4275 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franchini M, Hefti H, Vollstedt S et al. Dendritic cells from mice neonatally vaccinated with modified vaccinia virus ankara transfer resistance against herpes simplex virus type I to naive one-week-old mice. J. Immunol.172(10), 6304–6312 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar