520
Views
66
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Re-emergence of pertussis: what are the solutions?

&
Pages 1331-1346 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Friedrich MJ. Research aims to boost pertussis control. JAMA 306(1), 27–29 (2011).
  • Clark TA, Messonnier NE, Hadler SC. Pertussis control: time for something new? Trends Microbiol. 20(5), 211–213 (2012).
  • Gilberg S, Njamkepo E, Du Châtelet IP et al. Evidence of Bordetella pertussis infection in adults presenting with persistent cough in a French area with very high whole-cell vaccine coverage. J. Infect. Dis. 186(3), 415–418 (2002).
  • Campbell P, McIntyre P, Quinn H, Hueston L, Gilbert GL, McVernon J. Increased population prevalence of low pertussis toxin antibody levels in young children preceding a record pertussis epidemic in Australia. PLoS ONE 7(4), e35874 (2012).
  • Hozbor D, Mooi F, Flores D et al. Pertussis epidemiology in Argentina: trends over 2004–2007. J. Infect. 59(4), 225–231 (2009).
  • Skoff TH, Cohn AC, Clark TA, Messonnier NE, Martin SW. Early Impact of the US Tdap vaccination program on pertussis trends. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 166(4), 344–349 (2012).
  • de Melker HE, Schellekens JF, Neppelenbroek SE, Mooi FR, Rümke HC, Conyn-van Spaendonck MA. Reemergence of pertussis in the highly vaccinated population of The Netherlands: observations on surveillance data. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6(4), 348–357 (2000).
  • Winter K, Harriman K, Zipprich J et al. California Pertussis Epidemic, 2010. J. Pediatr. 161(6), 1091–1096 (2012).
  • Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM et al.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and recommendation of ACIP, supported by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), for use of Tdap among health-care personnel. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 55(RR-17), 1–37 (2006).
  • Broder KR, Cortese MM, Iskander JK et al.; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm. Rep. 55(RR-3), 1–34 (2006).
  • Güris D, Strebel PM, Bardenheier B et al. Changing epidemiology of pertussis in the United States: increasing reported incidence among adolescents and adults, 1990–1996. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28(6), 1230–1237 (1999).
  • Zhang Q, Zheng H, Liu M et al. The seroepidemiology of Immunoglobulin G antibodies against pertussis toxin in China: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis. 12, 138 (2012).
  • Cornia PB, Hersh AL, Lipsky BA, Newman TB, Gonzales R. Does this coughing adolescent or adult patient have pertussis? JAMA 304(8), 890–896 (2010).
  • Wei SC, Tatti K, Cushing K et al. Effectiveness of adolescent and adult tetanus, reduced-dose diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine against pertussis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51(3), 315–321 (2010).
  • Jenkinson D. Duration of effectiveness of pertussis vaccine: evidence from a 10-year community study. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 296(6622), 612–614 (1988).
  • CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2010. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 60(1), 13–15 (2011).
  • Paisley RD, Blaylock J, Hartzell JD. Whooping cough in adults: an update on a reemerging infection. Am. J. Med. 125(2), 141–143 (2012).
  • CDC. Pertussis-United States, 1997–2000. MMWR Morb. Mortal .Wkly Rep. 51(4), 73–76 (2002).
  • Bisgard KM, Pascual FB, Ehresmann KR et al. Infant pertussis: who was the source? Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23(11), 985–989 (2004).
  • Campbell H, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N et al. Accelerating control of pertussis in England and Wales. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18(1), 38–47 (2012).
  • Clarke MF, Rasiah K, Copland J et al. The pertussis epidemic: informing strategies for prevention of severe disease. Epidemiol. Infect. doi:10.1017/S0950268812001380 (2012)(Epub ahead of print).
  • Cortese MM, Baughman AL, Brown K, Srivastava P. A ‘new age’ in pertussis prevention new opportunities through adult vaccination. Am. J. Prev. Med. 32(3), 177–185 (2007).
  • Mink CM, Cherry JD, Christenson P et al. A search for Bordetella pertussis infection in university students. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14(2), 464–471 (1992).
  • Baughman AL, Bisgard KM, Edwards KM et al. Establishment of diagnostic cutoff points for levels of serum antibodies to pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, and fimbriae in adolescents and adults in the United States. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 11(6), 1045–1053 (2004).
  • Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang SJ et al.; APERT Study Group. Efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine among adolescents and adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(15), 1555–1563 (2005).
  • Hodder SL, Cherry JD, Mortimer EA Jr, Ford AB, Gornbein J, Papp K. Antibody responses to Bordetella pertussis antigens and clinical correlations in elderly community residents. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31(1), 7–14 (2000).
  • Cevik M, Beyazova U, Aral AL et al. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Bordetella pertussis in healthy individuals aged 4-24 years in Turkey. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(4), 388–390 (2008).
  • Rendi-Wagner P, Tobias J, Moerman L et al. The seroepidemiology of Bordetella pertussis in Israel – estimate of incidence of infection. Vaccine 28(19), 3285–3290 (2010).
  • CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 60(1), 13–15 (2011).
  • Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Baughman AL, Murphy TV. Increase in deaths from pertussis among young infants in the United States in the 1990s. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(7), 628–634 (2003).
  • Haberling DL, Holman RC, Paddock CD, Murphy TV. Infant and maternal risk factors for pertussis-related infant mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2004. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28(3), 194–198 (2009).
  • Howson CP, Fineberg HV. Adverse events following pertussis and rubella vaccines. Summary of a report of the Institute of Medicine. JAMA 267(3), 392–396 (1992).
  • Schmitt HJ, von König CH, Neiss A et al. Efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccine in early childhood after household exposure. JAMA 275(1), 37–41 (1996).
  • Liese JG, Meschievitz CK, Harzer E et al. Efficacy of a two-component acellular pertussis vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16(11), 1038–1044 (1997).
  • Simondon F, Preziosi MP, Yam A et al. A randomized double-blind trial comparing a two-component acellular to a whole-cell pertussis vaccine in Senegal. Vaccine 15(15), 1606–1612 (1997).
  • Olin P, Rasmussen F, Gustafsson L, Hallander HO, Heijbel H. Randomised controlled trial of two-component, three-component, and five-component acellular pertussis vaccines compared with whole-cell pertussis vaccine. Ad Hoc Group for the Study of Pertussis Vaccines. Lancet 350(9091), 1569–1577 (1997).
  • Edwards KM, Decker MD. Vaccines (5th Edition). Elsevier, PA, USA (2008).
  • Ad Hoc Group for the Study of Pertussis Vaccines. Placebo-controlled trial of two acellular pertussis vaccines in Sweden – protective efficacy and adverse events. Lancet 1(8592), 955–960 (1988).
  • Blackwelder WC, Storsaeter J, Olin P, Hallander HO. Acellular pertussis vaccines. Efficacy and evaluation of clinical case definitions. Am. J. Dis. Child. 145(11), 1285–1289 (1991).
  • Gustafsson L, Hallander HO, Olin P, Reizenstein E, Storsaeter J. A controlled trial of a two-component acellular, a five-component acellular, and a whole-cell pertussis vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 334(6), 349–355 (1996).
  • Greco D, Salmaso S, Mastrantonio P et al. A controlled trial of two acellular vaccines and one whole-cell vaccine against pertussis. Progetto Pertosse Working Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 334(6), 341–348 (1996).
  • Trollfors B, Taranger J, Lagergård T et al. A placebo-controlled trial of a pertussis-toxoid vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(16), 1045–1050 (1995).
  • Stehr K, Cherry JD, Heininger U et al. A comparative efficacy trial in Germany in infants who received either the Lederle/Takeda acellular pertussis component DTP (DTaP) vaccine, the Lederle whole-cell component DTP vaccine, or DT vaccine. Pediatrics 101(1 Pt 1), 1–11 (1998).
  • Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD001478 (2012).
  • Nilsson L, Lepp T, von Segebaden K, Hallander H, Gustafsson L. Pertussis vaccination in infancy lowers the incidence of pertussis disease and the rate of hospitalisation after one and two doses: analyses of 10 years of pertussis surveillance. Vaccine 30(21), 3239–3247 (2012).
  • Bisgard KM, Rhodes P, Connelly BL et al.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis vaccine effectiveness among children 6 to 59 months of age in the United States, 1998–2001. Pediatrics 116(2), e285–e294 (2005).
  • Black S, Friedland LR, Ensor K, Weston WM, Howe B, Klein NP. Diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccines given separately or combined for booster dosing at 4–6 years of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27(4), 341–346 (2008).
  • Gustafsson L, Hessel L, Storsaeter J, Olin P. Long-term follow-up of Swedish children vaccinated with acellular pertussis vaccines at 3, 5, and 12 months of age indicates the need for a booster dose at 5 to 7 years of age. Pediatrics 118(3), 978–984 (2006).
  • Salmaso S, Mastrantonio P, Tozzi AE et al.; Stage III Working Group. Sustained efficacy during the first 6 years of life of 3-component acellular pertussis vaccines administered in infancy: the Italian experience. Pediatrics 108(5), E81 (2001).
  • Witt MA, Katz PH, Witt DJ. Unexpectedly limited durability of immunity following acellular pertussis vaccination in preadolescents in a North American outbreak. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(12), 1730–1735 (2012).
  • Van Rie A, Hethcote HW. Adolescent and adult pertussis vaccination: computer simulations of five new strategies. Vaccine 22(23–24), 3154–3165 (2004).
  • Kandola K, Lea A, White W, Santos M. A comparison of pertussis rates in the northwest territories: pre- and postacellular pertussis vaccine introduction in children and adolescents. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. 16(5), 271–274 (2005).
  • Quinn HE, McIntyre PB. The impact of adolescent pertussis immunization, 2004-2009: lessons from Australia. Bull. World Health Organ. 89(9), 666–674 (2011).
  • Stokley S, Cohn A, Dorell C et al. Adolescent vaccination-coverage levels in the United States: 2006–2009. Pediatrics 128(6), 1078–1086 (2011).
  • CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 61(25), 468–470 (2012)
  • Pichichero ME, Rennels MB, Edwards KM et al. Combined tetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component pertussis vaccine for use in adolescents and adults. JAMA 293(24), 3003–3011 (2005).
  • Tomovici A, Barreto L, Zickler P et al. Humoral immunity 10 years after booster immunization with an adolescent and adult formulation combined tetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine. Vaccine 30(16), 2647–2653 (2012).
  • Linnemann CC Jr, Ramundo N, Perlstein PH, Minton SD, Englender GS. Use of pertussis vaccine in an epidemic involving hospital staff. Lancet 2(7934), 540–543 (1975).
  • Addiss DG, Davis JP, Meade BD et al. A pertussis outbreak in a Wisconsin nursing home. J. Infect. Dis. 164(4), 704–710 (1991).
  • Hope K, Butler M, Massey PD et al. Pertussis vaccination in Child Care Workers: room for improvement in coverage, policy and practice. BMC Pediatr. 12, 98 (2012).
  • Maltezou HC, Wicker S, Borg M et al. Vaccination policies for health-care workers in acute health-care facilities in Europe. Vaccine 29(51), 9557–9562 (2011).
  • Loulergue P, Moulin F, Vidal-Trecan G et al. Knowledge, attitudes and vaccination coverage of healthcare workers regarding occupational vaccinations. Vaccine 27(31), 4240–4243 (2009).
  • Wendelboe AM, Njamkepo E, Bourillon A et al.; Infant Pertussis Study Group. Transmission of Bordetella pertussis to young infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26(4), 293–299 (2007).
  • de Greeff SC, Mooi FR, Westerhof A et al. Pertussis disease burden in the household: how to protect young infants. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(10), 1339–1345 (2010).
  • Libster R, Edwards KM. How can we best prevent pertussis in infants? Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(1), 85–87 (2012).
  • Kowalzik F, Barbosa AP, Fernandes VR et al. Prospective multinational study of pertussis infection in hospitalized infants and their household contacts. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26(3), 238–242 (2007).
  • Leboucher B, Sentilhes L, Abbou F, Henry E, Grimprel E, Descamps P. Impact of postpartum information about pertussis booster to parents in a university maternity hospital. Vaccine 30(37), 5472–5481 (2012).
  • de La Rocque F, Grimprel E, Gaudelus J et al. Vaccination in parents of young infants survey. Arch. Pediatr. 14(12), 1472–1476 (2007).
  • National Health and Medical Research Council. Canberra: Australian Government. The Australian Immunisation Handbook. Ninth edition. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia (2008).
  • Castagnini L, Healy MC, Rench MA, Wootton SH, Munoz FM, Baker CJ. Impact of maternal postpartum tetanus diptheria toxoids and acellular pertussis immunization of infant pertussis infection. Clin. Inf. Dis. 54(1), 78–84 (2012).
  • CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women and persons who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant aged <12 months – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 60(41), 1424–1426 (2011).
  • Healy CM, Baker CJ. Prospects for prevention of childhood infections by maternal immunization. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 19(3), 271–276 (2006).
  • Gall SA, Myers J, Pichichero M. Maternal immunization with tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine: effect on maternal and neonatal serum antibody levels. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 204(4), 334.e1–334.e5 (2011).
  • Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M. Tetanus toxoid and congenital abnormalities. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 64(3), 253–258 (1999).
  • Van Savage J, Decker MD, Edwards KM, Sell SH, Karzon DT. Natural history of pertussis antibody in the infant and effect on vaccine response. J. Infect. Dis. 161(3), 487–492 (1990).
  • Englund JA, Anderson EL, Reed GF et al. The effect of maternal antibody on the serologic response and the incidence of adverse reactions after primary immunization with acellular and whole-cell pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Pediatrics 96(3 Pt 2), 580–584 (1995).
  • Halasa NB, O’Shea A, Shi JR, LaFleur BJ, Edwards KM. Poor immune responses to a birth dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine. J. Pediatr. 153(3), 327–332 (2008).
  • Knuf M, Schmitt HJ, Wolter J et al. Neonatal vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine accelerates the acquisition of pertussis antibodies in infants. J. Pediatr. 152(5), 655–60, 660.e1 (2008).
  • Wood N, McIntyre P, Marshall H, Roberton D. Acellular pertussis vaccine at birth and one month induces antibody responses by two months of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 29(3), 209–215 (2010).
  • White OJ, Rowe J, Richmond P et al. Th2-polarisation of cellular immune memory to neonatal pertussis vaccination. Vaccine 28(14), 2648–2652 (2010).
  • Tan T, Trindade E, Skowronski D. Epidemiology of pertussis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24(Suppl. 5), S10–S18 (2005).
  • Poolman JT, Hallander H, Halperin SA. Pertussis vaccines: where to now? Expert Rev. Vaccines 10(11), 1497–1500 (2011).
  • Sheridan SL, Ware RS, Grimwood K, Lambert SB. Number and order of whole cell pertussis vaccines in infancy and disease protection. JAMA 308(5), 454–456 (2012).
  • Mooi FR, van Loo IH, van Gent M et al. Bordetella pertussis strains with increased toxin production associated with pertussis resurgence. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15(8), 1206–1213 (2009).
  • Octavia S, Sintchenko V, Gilbert GL et al. Newly emerging clones of Bordetella pertussis carrying prn2 and ptxP3 alleles implicated in Australian pertussis epidemic in 2008-2010. J. Infect. Dis. 205(8), 1220–1224 (2012).
  • Bouchez V, Brun D, Cantinelli T, Dore G, Njamkepo E, Guiso N. First report and detailed characterization of B. pertussis isolates not expressing pertussis toxin or pertactin. Vaccine 27(43), 6034–6041 (2009).
  • Barkoff AM, Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela K, Vuononvirta J, Mertsola J, Kallonen T, He Q. Differences in avidity of IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin after acellular pertussis booster vaccination and natural infection. Vaccine doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.003 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Hegerle N, Paris AS, Brun D et al. Evolution of French Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis isolates: increase of Bordetellae not expressing pertactin. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(9), E340–E346 (2012).
  • Litt DJ, Neal SE, Fry NK. Changes in genetic diversity of the Bordetella pertussis population in the United Kingdom between 1920 and 2006 reflect vaccination coverage and emergence of a single dominant clonal type. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47(3), 680–688 (2009).
  • King AJ, van Gorkom T, van der Heide HG, Advani A, van der Lee S. Changes in the genomic content of circulating Bordetella pertussis strains isolated from The Netherlands, Sweden, Japan and Australia: adaptive evolution or drift? BMC Genomics 11, 64 (2010).
  • Kallonen T, Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela K, Elomaa A et al. Differences in the genomic content of Bordetella pertussis isolates before and after introduction of pertussis vaccines in four European countries. Infect. Genet. Evol. 11(8), 2034–2042 (2011).
  • Schmidtke AJ, Boney KO, Martin SW, Skoff TH, Tondella ML, Tatti KM. Population diversity among Bordetella pertussis isolates, United States, 1935–2009. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18(8), 1248–1255 (2012).
  • Locht C, Mielcarek N. New pertussis vaccination approaches: en route to protect newborns? FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 66(2), 121–133 (2012).
  • Gracia A, Polewicz M, Halperin SA et al. Antibody responses in adult and neonatal BALB/c mice to immunization with novel Bordetella pertussis vaccine formulations. Vaccine 29(8), 1595–1604 (2011).
  • Garlapati S, Eng NF, Kiros TG et al. Immunization with PCEP microparticles containing pertussis toxoid, CpG ODN and a synthetic innate defense regulator peptide induces protective immunity against pertussis. Vaccine 29(38), 6540–6548 (2011).
  • Polewicz M, Gracia A, Buchanan R et al. Influence of maternal antibodies on active pertussis toxoid immunization of neonatal mice and piglets. Vaccine 29(44), 7718–7726 (2011).
  • Sharma S, Mukkur TK, Benson HA, Chen Y. Enhanced immune response against pertussis toxoid by IgA-loaded chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles. J. Pharm. Sci. 101(1), 233–244 (2012).
  • Sun Y, Christensen J, Hviid A et al. Risk of febrile seizures and epilepsy after vaccination with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type B. JAMA 307(8), 823–831 (2012).
  • Hviid A. Effectiveness of two pertussis vaccines in preterm Danish children. Vaccine 27(23), 3035–3038 (2009).
  • Alvarez Hayes J, Erben E, Lamberti Y et al. Identification of a new protective antigen of Bordetella pertussis. Vaccine 29(47), 8731–8739 (2011).
  • Cheung GY, Xing D, Prior S, Corbel MJ, Parton R, Coote JG. Effect of different forms of adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis on protection afforded by an acellular pertussis vaccine in a murine model. Infect. Immun. 74(12), 6797–6805 (2006).
  • Asensio CJ, Gaillard ME, Moreno G et al. Outer membrane vesicles obtained from Bordetella pertussis Tohama expressing the lipid A deacylase PagL as a novel acellular vaccine candidate. Vaccine 29(8), 1649–1656 (2011).
  • Roberts R, Moreno G, Bottero D et al. Outer membrane vesicles as acellular vaccine against pertussis. Vaccine 26(36), 4639–4646 (2008).
  • Mielcarek N, Debrie AS, Raze D et al. Live attenuated B. pertussis as a single-dose nasal vaccine against whooping cough. PLoS Pathog. 2(7), e65 (2006).
  • Feunou PF, Kammoun H, Debrie AS, Mielcarek N, Locht C. Long-term immunity against pertussis induced by a single nasal administration of live attenuated B. pertussis BPZE1. Vaccine 28(43), 7047–7053 (2010).
  • Skerry CM, Mahon BP. A live, attenuated Bordetella pertussis vaccine provides long-term protection against virulent challenge in a murine model. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 18(2), 187–193 (2011).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.